Kullu District
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| Kullu District | |
|---|---|
| जिला कुल्लू | |
| District | |
 | |
| Kullu District within Himachal Pradesh. | |
| General | |
| Coordinates | 31.97, 77.10 |
| Country | India |
| Region | Western Himalayas |
| Province/State | Himachal Pradesh |
| Formed | 1963(as a district of Punjab; part of Himachal Pradesh from 1 November 1966) |
| Administration | |
| Capital | Kullu |
| Tehsils | 0(7 tehsils and 2 sub-tehsils) |
| Demographics | |
| Population(2011 Census) | |
| Total | 437,903 |
| Rank | 9th |
| Density | 80/km² (210/sq mi) |
| Urban | 9.45% |
| Rural | 90.55% |
| Geography | |
| Area | |
| Total | 5,503 km² (2,125 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | over 6,000 m |
| Lowest elevation | about 1,000 m |
| Cannabis documentation | |
| Growing regions | 0 |
| Growing areas | 5 |
| Appellations | 28 |
| Accessions | 137 |
| Eradication campaigns | 0 |
| News items | 11 |
| Research items | 0 |
Kullu District (जिला कुल्लू) is one of the 12 districts of Himachal Pradesh, India. It lies on the banks of the Beas and is administered from the town of Kullu.[1][2] At the 2011 Census it covered 5,503 km² and had 437,903 inhabitants.[2] Under British rule the tract was the Kulu sub-division of Kangra District. It became a district of Punjab in 1963 and passed to Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966.[2][3] The district lies in the Western Himalayas growing region. The Kullu Valley of the main Beas, the Parvati Valley, the Malana Valley, the Tirthan Valley and Jalori, around the Jalori Pass, are among its landrace cannabis growing areas.
In 1897 hemp in Kullu was an untaxed crop, "grown exclusively for the sake of the fibre" according to the Kangra District gazetteer.[4]: 112 The charas of Ladakh and Yarkand passed through Kullu on its way to the Punjab.[5][6] In 2021 the district police reported surveying the district for cannabis every year and destroying the plantations they found.[7] In 2022 the Central Bureau of Narcotics destroyed cannabis on 12,900 bigha of forest land in the district.[8] In 2026 the state notified rules for licensed cultivation for medicinal, scientific and industrial purposes. Reporting on the rules named Kullu among the districts where such cultivation "can boost the rural economy".[9]
Geography
In the census handbook's scheme Kullu district lies in the "eastern part of central Himachal Pradesh micro region". Its area, 5,503 km² by the Survey of India, has not changed since the district was created in 1963.[2] The neighbouring districts are Kangra, Mandi, Shimla, Kinnaur and Lahaul and Spiti.[10] Elevations in the district range "from about 1000 m to more than 6000 m" over "deeply incised river valleys interspersed with high mountain ridges and massifs of very high, glacier mountain peaks".[11]
Three rivers flow through the district: the Beas, its tributary the Parvati and the Sutlej.[10] The Beas rises near the Rohtang Pass, "about 51 km north of Manali town". Its upper course from Larji to the pass, "about 90 km long" and "relatively broad at its base (up to 3 km)", is the Kullu valley proper.[11] The Parvati joins the Beas "at Bhuin (six miles below Kulu)", where the tributary "at its junction is as large as the Beas", and "the Malana joins the north bank of the Parbati at Jari".[6] The growing areas of the Kullu, Parvati and Malana valleys follow this drainage. In the south the district takes in Outer Saraj, "consisting of Ani and Nirmand of the present times", which by the district administration's account joined the Kullu kingdom in 1672, when the Sutlej became its southern boundary.[3] The Great Himalayan National Park lies in the Banjar sub-division.[10]
The district is "mainly covered with Pine and Deodar forests and sprawling apple orchards".[1] Average annual rainfall at two agricultural research stations in the Kullu valley was 918 mm at Bajaura (1,090 m) and 1,124 mm at Katrain (1,550 m), with July the wettest month and November the driest.[12] Reports compiled in the district's hazard profile put the fall in the Kullu valley's rainfall at about 7 cm and in its snowfall at about 12 cm, and the rise in mean minimum and maximum temperatures at 0.25 to 1 °C. The Parbati glacier retreated by 178 m a year between 1962 and 2000.[13]
Administrative subdivisions
At the 2011 Census the district had four tehsils (Manali, Kullu, Banjar and Nirmand), two sub-tehsils (Anni and Sainj), 326 villages, four statutory towns and one census town. It had five community development blocks: Naggar, Kullu, Banjar, Anni and Nirmand.[2] Rumsu, Pulag and Hallan, the source villages of the Kullu Valley accessions, lie in the Naggar block.[2] Naggar, a former capital of the kingdom of Kullu and in the census handbook's words "the seat of the Government for as many as 1,400 years", is now the seat of a development block and a panchayat samiti.[3][2][14] The district now has five sub-divisions (Kullu, Manali, Banjar, Nirmand and Anni) and seven tehsils: Kullu, Bhuntar, Manali, Banjar, Anni, Sainj and Nirmand. It also has two sub-tehsils (Jari and Nitthar), six development blocks (Kullu, Naggar, Banjar, Anni, Bhuntar and Nirmand) and 235 gram panchayats. Bhuntar, absent from the 2011 lists of tehsils and blocks, is now both.[2][14]
From 1846 the British administered Kulu as a sub-division of Kangra District under an Assistant Commissioner; the census handbook dates the sub-division from 1849.[3][2] J. B. Lyall's settlement report of 1874 names "three great divisions, viz. Waziri Parol, Lag, and Rupi". Waziri Parol comprised "all the upper valley of the Beas river down to the junction of the Phojal river on the right bank, and that of the Parbatti on the left".[15] The 1897 gazetteer identifies Waziri Rupi with the Parvati valley.[4] The kothis lay within the waziris, as with "kothi Kanawar, in Waziri Rupi".[15] Raja Jagat Singh (1637–1672) incorporated Lag into the kingdom.[3]
No tehsils documented yet.
Demographics
Population
Nine-tenths of the district's people lived in villages at the 2011 Census: 396,512 of 437,903, in 326 villages, fewer villages than in any other district of the state.[2] The 41,391 urban residents lived in Kullu (18,536), Shamshi (8,870), Manali (8,096), Bhuntar (4,475) and Banjar (1,414).[2] Of the five development blocks, Kullu and Naggar held the most people. The district's population of 225,452 males and 212,451 females in 94,807 households grew by 14.76 per cent between 2001 and 2011, against 12.94 per cent for the state. The district ranked ninth of the state's 12 districts by population.[2] Density was 80 persons per km² and the sex ratio 942 females per 1,000 males.[2] The literacy rate was 79.40 per cent. Scheduled Castes made up 28.01 per cent of the population and Scheduled Tribes 3.84 per cent.[2]
| Block | Households | Population | Scheduled Castes | Scheduled Tribes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naggar | 22,630 | 101,550 | 22,371 | 8,764 |
| Kullu (with the census town of Shamshi) | 27,517 | 133,620 | 36,581 | 4,883 |
| Banjar | 11,943 | 60,206 | 17,255 | 169 |
| Anni | 12,292 | 56,917 | 17,242 | 157 |
| Nirmand | 12,057 | 53,089 | 23,886 | 180 |
| Statutory towns (Kullu, Manali, Bhuntar and Banjar) | 8,368 | 32,521 | 5,324 | 2,669 |
Languages
People in the Manikaran valley speak Hindi and the "Kulluvi dialect";[16] a survey of the Kullu, Manali and Bhuntar tehsils spells it "Kullvi".[17] Walter Norman Koelz, who arrived at Naggar in 1930 to head the botanical section of the Urusvati Himalayan Research Institute, wrote the plant's name in the "Kulu" dialect as "Bang" on the label of Koelz 1665 (1931).[18][19]
Agriculture
The 1897 gazetteer valued hemp at Rs. 8 an acre, against Rs. 16 for tobacco and Rs. 40 for fruit.[4]: 84, 89 At the 2011 Census cultivators made up 73.26 per cent of the district's 269,084 workers, against 57.93 per cent for the state; the district's economy depended mainly on agriculture. The district ranked fourth in the state by number of cultivators.[2] In 2016 it had 65,186 ha of agricultural land, of which 39,434 ha was net sown area and 8,250 ha was irrigated.[1]
"About 35,000 families of the valley" grow apples, and research cited in the district disaster management plan found that "the apple belt was shifting upwards due to climbing regional temperatures".[10] A climatological study of the valley found that the apple belt "has moved 30 kilometers northwards (higher altitude) from Bajaura to Raisan".[12]
Cannabis in Kullu District
For the district's landrace populations, see Kullu Valley, Parvati Valley, Malana Valley, Tirthan Valley and Jalori.
History
William Moorcroft, whose Travels were published in 1841, "remained some days at Kulu to collect grain and porters" before resuming his journey on 10 August 1820. He wrote of the mountaineers that "a narcotic preparation of the juice of hemp is also used, but it is said that few are guilty of excess".[20]: 182
Lyall's settlement report of 1874 records that "the bhang or hemp is grown for the fibre, which is made into ropes, sandals, &c., &c."[15] The 1897 gazetteer found "no tax on the cultivation of hemp within the sub-division", while imported charas moved under permit to Amritsar or Hoshiarpur.[4]: 112 A. H. Diack's settlement report of 1898 places the crop in the highest zone of cultivation: "Above an elevation of 7,000 feet sarara and buckwheat (kathu) are almost the only crops in the kharif, except that small patches near villages are cultivated with hemp."[21] The 1917 gazetteer records hemp "grown extensively in the high-lying villages on the slopes on both sides of the Jalori ridge", where "the excessive rainfall which is fatal to the charas excretion of the plant, is favourable to the development of the excellent fibre".[6]: 91
The Indian Hemp Drugs Commission reported that in the Himalayan tracts of the Punjab the plant "is grown principally for fibre and in small scattered patches, so that its area cannot be estimated". It added that Alexander Anderson, a former Assistant Commissioner of Kulu, had "ascertained in 1880 that the area in Kulu and Plach was then about 200 acres".[22][23] His report of 1880, printed with his evidence, puts the area under hemp cultivation at "72 acres, viz., 33 acres in Kulu, and 39 acres in Plach" and the spontaneous growth at 204 acres, 94 in the Kulu tahsil and 110 in Plach, close to the Commission's "about 200 acres".[23]: 379 The Commission judged that in Kulu "charas is not looked upon as a regular bye-produce of hemp cultivation to the same extent that it is in Garhwal further east".[22] Anderson's 1880 report states that "a man can make in one day from Kulu bhang only enough for two smokes".[23]: 379
George Watt gathered a cannabis specimen in the district on 1 October 1888, "on the descent to Manglaur from Bathad" (Watt 9644 (1888)). Its label records that "in this & in many other localities only the female plants are allowed to grow".[24]
Cultivation
Anderson described a plant that "grows abundantly in the Kulu sub-division of the Kangra district, and spontaneously", with "a patch near every house almost". He added that it "grows well in Kulu, say, 5,000 to 6,000 feet above sea level" and that rain "is bad for it, at least so far as charas is concerned".[23]
A report in The Tribune in 2018 described cultivation continuing "in the high-altitude areas on forest land, where the police are unable to reach".[25] A report of September 2019 on the state police's plans to use drones stated that "95 per cent of the cannabis is grown in high-altitude forest areas" in Kullu, Mandi, Shimla, Sirmaur and Chamba districts. It listed the cultivation areas of Kullu district as "Malana, Manikaran, Tosh Kutla, Banjar, Sainj, Anni-Khanag region, Malandar Thach, Avgal Thach, Bhelang, Thisco, Waichin, Magic, Neeramg, Chanderkhani Pass, Fauzal, Kathi Kukdi". Police sources added that Nepalese labourers were growing cannabis in far-flung areas.[26] The same week the district's Superintendent of Police said that cultivation had been found "in an organised way in Parbati and Manikaran valleys of Kullu district" and in the Banjar and Sainj valleys. The same report described growers "using forest lands in high-altitude areas to produce hybrid cannabis plants to meet the market demand".[27] A wire report of January 2021 stated that "police records show that there are 50,000 acres of land under cannabis cultivation in the Kullu Valley alone".[28] A report of November 2021 said that growers had "shifted their base to the higher reaches of the district".[7] A report of January 2025 described growers in Mandi and Kullu moving from private land to government land "in higher and less accessible regions".[29]
The Zomia Collective's regional index describes the Chanderkhani-Naggar zone as a "Mid-altitude belt above the Beas, with rotational field systems and long-established household seedlines". It describes cultivation in the Sainj and Tirthan valleys as "reported but underdocumented".[30]
Preparations and consumption
In "Kulu and the Hill States" of the Punjab, the Commission's report describes charas made by rubbing the flower heads between the hands and scraping the resin from the palms.[31] Anderson reported that the only part of the cultivated plant used in Kulu as a drug was the seed, bhangolu, parched and eaten with parched grain. It was "found in largest quantity in Rupi and Seoraj, and in Kulu principally in the Kothis on the Sarvari, where also the hemp plant grows wild".[23] The 1897 gazetteer records that in Waziri Rupi "a mildly intoxicating, but very refreshing, infusion of hemp-leaves (bhang), violets, and sugar is occasionally indulged in at fairs".[4]: 34
In the Manikaran valley, on the Parvati side, an ethnobotanical survey found hemp seed (mangolu) roasted and ground into a condiment for the dishes siddu and aaksalu, and hemp leaves used to make dhehli, the starter for the local drink sur.[16]
Religious and cultural use
In the Kullu, Manali and Bhuntar tehsils Cannabis sativa goes by the local names bhang and bhong. A survey of plants used in magico-religious practice there in 2021–22 found that its leaves "are offered to Lord Shiva" and its "seeds and leaves are used for making a drink called 'Ghota' and is offered to Lord Shiva during Shivratri".[17] In the Manikaran valley, too, ghota was offered at Shivratri and hemp leaves were offered to Shiva every day.[16] In the Parvati valley the devta (village deity) of one village banned all intoxicants within its boundary, "including alcohol, but not cannabis".[32]: 514
In the Manikaran valley hemp stems were dew-retted for about a month, soaked in running water and stripped by hand for fibre (shel). The fibre is made into ropes, mats, bull masks (chikda) and pullan, footwear "worn during religious ceremonies, within sacred precincts and also to walk on snow".[16] Reporting in 2026 described people in Kullu and Mandi as "traditionally harvesting the crop for use of its fibre and dry leaves domestically and for farm purposes".[9]
Trade and commerce
R. H. Davies's report of 1862 on the trade of the north-western frontier states that the trade between the Punjab, Ladakh and Yarkand "passes almost entirely by Kulu and Rampur to Leh, and from Leh to Yarkund".[33] The Kulu route had come last under Sikh rule; Davies wrote that "now the order of their prosperity is inverted, Kulu drawing by far the largest portion". He attributed the change to the route lying within British territory.[33]: 55–56 His table of the route from Mandi to Rudok runs through "Bajoura", "Sultanpore", "Nagar" and "Jagatsukh".[33] The Indian Hemp Drugs Commission estimated that "six or seven times as much" charas was "imported direct through Kulu to Hoshiarpur" as came by the Kashmir route. It recorded 2,201 maunds in 1890–91, 3,242 in 1891–92 and 3,932 in 1892–93.[5] Anderson's report of 1880 states that the general contractor for the sale of intoxicating drugs "purchases from the Ladakh dealers who annually come to Sultanpur".[23]: 379
By 1916–17, according to the 1917 gazetteer, "much charas comes down from Leh to Hoshiarpur via Kulu in the autumn". The charas was imported in the names of six Hoshiarpur licensees and either stored at the Kulu warehouse or sent on under a fresh pass. That year 1,204¾ maunds arrived; duty stood at "Rs. 14 per seer".[6]: 173–174 The sub-division had three licensed charas shops, and charas revenue for 1915–16 was Rs. 1,306.[6]: 175 The town of Sultanpur and "the bazar of Bhuntar" were managed by small committees that collected weighment dues and brokerage.[6] The Dussehra assembly of the valley's deities meets "in open compound of Dhalpur near Sultanpur".[2] Sultanpur was the old capital; Dhalpur remains the seat of the district administration.[3] When the fair fell late, the gazetteer noted "picturesquely clad Yarkandis and Ladakis who have just finished their long journey from Central Asia with ponies and charas, silks and carpets for sale in the plains".[6]
A report of 2019 stated that the "charas produced in Kullu district is sold as Malana cream" and that Malana cream "was produced in Malana village a few years back".[27] A report of 2021 named "Banjar, Kullu, Manali, Anni and Nirmand" among the areas whose charas "is known as Malana cream and is in huge demand in national and international markets".[7] District police data reported in 2018 counted 164 foreign nationals arrested with drugs since 2003.[25] A 2019 study of drug tourism, based on fieldwork at Malana, reported that local peddlers used the crowds of the Dussehra festival to move drugs from Malana to tourists.[34] A column in The Tribune in 2024 described "the Kullu-Manali valley" as having "gained notoriety for the cultivation and trafficking of cannabis".[35]
Legal status
Cannabis in the district is governed by the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, which came into force on 14 November 1985. The Act controls charas and ganja; bhang, the leaf, falls outside its definition of cannabis.[36][32]: 508 Kullu Police's annual report for 2011 records cannabis destroyed on "more than 6700 bighas" and "around 100 cases" registered, "the highest figure achieved by Kullu Police till date". Rs 8.5 lakh from the rural employment guarantee scheme was spent on destroying cannabis. Awareness camps were held in six gram panchayats, among them Garsa.[37] The office of the Superintendent of Police reported "around 510 cases (out of which 143 were local residents)" under the Act in the district in 2012.[32]: 510
The police destroyed cannabis on 2,700 bigha in 2018 and on 6,175 bigha in 2019, when 13 cases were registered against cannabis and opium cultivators.[27] In January 2021 the Director General of Police announced the seizure of 122 kg of charas and 295 kg of ganja in a 20-hour operation "in the interiors of the Kullu Valley", including about 111 kg of charas from the Banjar area.[28] Charas seizures in the district rose from 169.7 kg in 2020 to 263.4 kg by November 2021. That year the police registered 184 cases under the Act, arrested 277 people and destroyed 110,872 cannabis plants.[7] In April 2022 they destroyed 160 kg of charas, 120 cannabis plants and 80 opium plants seized in 43 cases, 37 of them from Banjar, five from Anni and one from Manali. The same report credited the district police with the state's largest haul of charas, 123.5 kg from the Banjar area.[38]
In September 2022 the Central Bureau of Narcotics, working with drones and GPS tagging, destroyed cannabis on 12,900 bigha (1,032 ha) of forest land in a two-week operation. Its officers climbed to 11,000 feet. Villages passed resolutions to destroy the plantations around them.[8] Hindi-language coverage of the operation, which gives 13,000 bigha over about three weeks, lists some 16 localities. They include Rumsu and "Halan" in the Kullu valley and Malana, Tosh, Grahan and Manikaran in the Malana and Parvati valleys.[39] In October 2023 a police operation in the Manikaran valley made 34 arrests and found 283,000 plants on 235 bigha of forest land. More than 200,000 of them stood at Rajag Thach near Grahan.[40] For 2024 two reports published the same day give different district figures. One reports 73 kg of charas seized, 241 cases, 231 arrests and more than 26 lakh (2.6 million) cannabis plants destroyed; the other reports 62.92 kg seized and 215 arrests.[41][29]
On 6 September 2024 the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed a resolution for legal cannabis cultivation, following the report of a committee led by Revenue Minister Jagat Singh Negi.[42] The committee had met representatives of the panchayati raj institutions in six districts, Kullu among them, "which are climatically suited for cannabis cultivation". The press reported that cultivation for medicinal, scientific and industrial purposes rested on sections 10 and 14 of the Act and rule 29 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Rules, 1989. The committee proposed that farmers be supplied with seed containing less than 0.3 per cent THC.[35] A pilot study approved by the state cabinet on 24 January 2025 was assigned to universities at Palampur and at Nauni in Solan.[43] In July 2026 Himachal Pradesh permitted controlled cultivation for medicinal, scientific and industrial purposes under licence. Reporting on the amended rules named Kullu, Mandi, Chamba and Shimla as districts where such cultivation "can boost the rural economy, generate employment and create new income opportunities for farmers". It added that "the government will identify the areas and fix adequate terms and conditions".[9] A second amendment in August 2026 cut the cultivation licence fee from ₹3 lakh to ₹1 lakh per bigha and set a minimum contiguous area of five bighas.[44]
Growing Areas
Accessions
By growing area
| Growing area | Accessions |
|---|---|
| Parvati Valley | 76 |
| Malana Valley | 46 |
| Kullu Valley | 10 |
| Jalori | 1 |
| Tirthan Valley | 2 |
| All accessions in the district | 137 |
Conservation status
Conservation status is recorded by growing area and by accession, in the growing-area articles and the tables above. The eradication reporting summarised under Legal status documents destruction on forest land across the district, at localities that are also collection sites of the district's accessions, among them Rumsu, Tosh and Grahan.[39][40] The Zomia Collective's regional index tags several of its documented areas in the district as under ongoing eradication.[30] Seed of a population labelled "India Kullu", collected in October 2015, was grown in a growth chamber; the plants are preserved as herbarium sheets at the Institut Botànic de Barcelona.[45]
Recent news
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 District Profile: Kullu (PDF) (Report). District Disaster Management Authority, Kullu. 2018.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 Directorate of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh (2014). District Census Handbook, Kullu: Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract (Report). Census of India 2011, Himachal Pradesh, Series 03, Part XII-B. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 "History". District Kullu. Government of Himachal Pradesh. Retrieved 27 September 2026.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Diack, A.H. (1899). Gazetteer of the Kangra District, Parts II to IV: Kulu, Lahul and Spiti, 1897. Lahore: Punjab Government – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Indian Hemp Drugs Commission (1894). Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94, Vol. I: Report. Simla: Government Central Printing Office. ch. VII, pp. 113–114 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Punjab District Gazetteers, Vol. XXX-A: Kangra District, Parts II–IV (Kulu, Lahul and Spiti). Lahore: Government of Punjab. 1918 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Manta, Dipender (16 November 2021). "Despite vigil, cannabis cultivation goes on in Kullu". The Tribune. Tribune News Service.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Cannabis plants destroyed on 12,900-bigha forestland in Kullu". The Tribune. Tribune News Service. 21 September 2022.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Sharma, Ashwani (27 August 2026). "InDepth: Implications of Himachal Pradesh legalising the controlled cultivation of cannabis". Outlook India.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 District Disaster Management Plan, Kullu (PDF) (Report). District Disaster Management Authority, Kullu. 2017.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Prasad, Abhay S.; Pandey, Bindhy W.; Leimgruber, Walter; Kunwar, Ripu M. (2016). "Mountain hazard susceptibility and livelihood security in the upper catchment area of the river Beas, Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India". Geoenvironmental Disasters. 3 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/s40677-016-0037-x.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Jangra, Suman; Singh, Mohan (2011). "Analysis of rainfall and temperatures for climatic trend in Kullu valley". MAUSAM. 62 (1): 77–84. doi:10.54302/mausam.v62i1.207.
- ↑ Hazard Profile of District Kullu (PDF) (Report). District Disaster Management Authority, Kullu. 2018.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Administrative Setup". District Kullu. Government of Himachal Pradesh. Retrieved 27 September 2026.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Lyall, J. B. (1874). Report of the Land Revenue Settlement of the Kangra District, Panjab, 1865–72. Lahore: Central Jail Press – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Rathore, S.; Shashni, S.; Samant, S.S.; Sundriyal, R.C. (2018). "Indigenous uses of wild hemp (Cannabis sativa) by the local inhabitants in Manikaran Valley of Himachal Pradesh, North Western Himalaya". Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products. 25 (3): 127–130. doi:10.54207/bsmps2000-2018-7393KF.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Thakur, Smriti; Jamwal, Radhika; Negi, Subodh (2023). "Ethnobotanical survey of plants used in magico-religious practices in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh, India". Ethnobotany Research and Applications. 25: 1–18. doi:10.32859/era.25.39.1-18.
- ↑ "Annual report of the Himalayan Research Institute, 1929–1930" (PDF). Journal of Urusvati Himalayan Research Institute. 1 (1). New York: Roerich Museum Press: 74–76. July 1931 – via Nicholas Roerich Museum.
- ↑ "Digitised sheet 1414431: Koelz 1665". Virtual Herbarium image service. New York Botanical Garden. Retrieved 16 September 2026.
- ↑ Moorcroft, William; Trebeck, George (1841). Wilson, H. H. (ed.). Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab. Vol. I. London: John Murray – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ Diack, A. H. (1898). Final Report on the Revised Settlement of the Kulu Sub-division of the Kangra District – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Indian Hemp Drugs Commission (1894). Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94, Vol. I: Report. Simla: Government Central Printing Office. ch. IV, "Extent of cultivation, and its tendency to increase or decrease", paras. 111 and 114, pp. 42–43 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 Indian Hemp Drugs Commission (1894). Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94, Vol. V: Evidence of witnesses from North-Western Provinces and Oudh and Punjab. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. Punjab witness no. 10, Mr. Alexander Anderson, pp. 377–380 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ "Digitised sheet E00248828: Cannabis sativa L." RBGE IIIF image service. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Retrieved 16 September 2026.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Manta, Dipender (26 July 2018). "Kullu drug haven for foreigners". The Tribune. Tribune News Service.
- ↑ Lohumi, Bhanu P (24 September 2019). "Drones to spot cannabis crop in Himachal". The Tribune. Tribune News Service.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Manta, Dipender (23 September 2019). "Cannabis cultivation on in Kullu, Mandi". The Tribune. Tribune News Service.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Huge cache of cannabis worth Rs 4 cr seized in Kullu Valley". Daijiworld. Daijiworld Media Network. IANS. 14 January 2021.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Manta, Dipender (6 January 2025). "Illegal cannabis trade sparks concerns in Mandi, Kullu". The Tribune.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Growing Regions". Zomia Collective. Retrieved 27 September 2026.
- ↑ Indian Hemp Drugs Commission (1894). Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. I: Report. Simla: Government Central Printing Office. ch. VI, "Preparation of the raw drugs from the cultivated and wild plant", paras. 238–245, pp. 93–95 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Tribhuvan, Prasenjeet (2018). "Cannabis and Social Change in the Indian Himalayas". Journal of Ethnobiology. 38 (4): 504–516. doi:10.2993/0278-0771-38.4.504.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Davies, R. H. (1862). Report on the Trade and Resources of the Countries on the North-Western Boundary of British India. Lahore: Government Press – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ Junaid KC; Mohamed Riyas Kozhikkattil; Divya N V (2019). "Drug tourism in India: trends and challenges". International Journal of Technical Research & Science. 4 (2): 30–34. doi:10.30780/ijtrs.v04.i02.004.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Chauhan, Pratibha (9 September 2024). "Himachal Calling: Panel on controlled cultivation of cannabis submits report in Assembly". The Tribune.
- ↑ The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985(Act No. 61 of 1985), 1985, sections 2(iii) and 8.India.
- ↑ "Kullu Police Annual Report 2011". Kullu Police. 7 January 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2026.
- ↑ "Charas destroyed in Kullu". The Tribune. 30 April 2022.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Central Bureau of Narcotics की बड़ी कार्रवाई, 13 हजार बीघा भूमि से नष्ट की चरस की खेती [Major Central Bureau of Narcotics operation: charas cultivation destroyed on 13,000 bigha of land]. ETV Bharat (in हिन्दी). 20 September 2022.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Crackdown on cannabis mafia in Kullu, 34 arrested". The Tribune. 13 October 2023.
- ↑ कुल्लू में चरस मामलों में आई कमी, एक्साइज के बढ़े मामले, तस्करों के निशाने पर नेपाली मूल के लोग [Charas cases fall in Kullu, excise cases rise, people of Nepali origin in the smugglers' sights]. ETV Bharat (in हिन्दी). 6 January 2025.
- ↑ "Himachal assembly passes resolution for legal cannabis cultivation". DD News. 6 September 2024.
- ↑ Bhagirath (28 January 2025). "Himachal Pradesh launches pilot project for cannabis farming to capitalise its medicinal and industrial value". Down to Earth.
- ↑ Bhandari, Rahul (25 August 2026). "Himachal Eases Cannabis Rules, Reduces Cultivation and Processing Licence Fees". The News Himachal.
- ↑ "Occurrence 5797296600: Cannabis sativa L. (BC-997785, "India Kullu")". GBIF. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 27 September 2026.
