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Portal:Botany
Introduction

Cannabis field at peak flowering, showing characteristic morphology and habit

Cannabis botany examines the plant biology of Cannabis sativa L., covering morphology, physiology, reproductive biology, chemical ecology and environmental adaptation. Cannabis has been cultivated for millennia across a wide latitudinal range, and traditional populations differ markedly in habit, chemistry and the conditions they are adapted to.

Cannabis is a dioecious annual herb in the family Cannabaceae, with palmate leaves, serrated leaflets and pistillate and staminate flowers borne on separate plants. Its glandular trichomes produce the secondary metabolites that give the plant its chemistry, among them the cannabinoids and terpenes. Form varies widely, from compact plants that ripen in a short season to long-season tropical types flowering under equatorial photoperiods.

The portal covers photoperiod response and flowering triggers, trichome development and resin production, phenotypic plasticity and climate adaptation, life cycle and phenology across climates and the relationship between growing conditions and chemical profile.

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Did you know...
  • ...that because cannabis is dioecious, with pollen and seed borne on separate plants, a landrace population cannot be reproduced from a single individual?
  • ...that cannabis pollen is carried on the wind over long distances, so a traditional population grown near hybrid crops is readily contaminated by their pollen, although effective pollen density drops sharply with distance from the source?
  • ...that day-neutral ruderal cannabis of temperate continental Eurasia can run from germination to ripe seed in about 90 days, while long-season tropical narrow-leaflet landraces may take 200 days or more?
  • ...that height, branching and biomass respond so strongly to sowing date, density, latitude and season that cultivars often change rank between environments, while the cannabinoid ratio defining a plant's chemotype stays comparatively stable?
  • ...that the resin cannabis packs into its trichomes is made for the plant's own purposes rather than ours, most likely chemical defence, though a benefit in the field has been hard to demonstrate and experiments with ultraviolet light have given conflicting results?
  • ...that the stalked trichomes of a mature cannabis flower are not a separate lineage but grow out of sessile-like precursors, their disc cells rising from about eight to between 12 and 16 as the flower matures?
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Leaf morphology variation across landrace populations, showing differences in leaflet number, serration depth and overall form
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