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Portal:South Asia
Introduction

Dense green cannabis plants on a steep slope in the foreground, above a deep forested valley with mountain ridges beyond.

Cannabis fields above Atolang, looking down towards Malana and the Parvati Valley, September 2023.

This portal covers the six countries filed here under South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Afghanistan and Iran, which the United Nations statistical geoscheme also places in Southern Asia, are filed under West Asia.

Cannabis in the region has a long written history. Under the excise law of colonial Bengal, licensed growing of cannabis for ganja was confined to one compact tract, the Ganja Mahal around Naogaon, in what is now Bangladesh. In 1893 and 1894 the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission gathered evidence from across British India, along with answers from the government of Nepal, on how the plant was grown, traded and used.

Wild cannabis is recorded along the Himalaya and its foothills, from the streamsides of Bhutan to the plains and foothills of northern Pakistan. Many of the accessions documented here come from India: from the valleys of Kullu District in the Western Himalayas, and from the Dooars and the North Bengal Plains at the foot of the eastern Himalaya.

481 accessions · 548 news items · 25 growing regions · 75 growing areas

Countries
2 accessions · 7 news items
Bangladesh
11 accessions · 0 news items
Bhutan
407 accessions · 428 news items
India
32 accessions · 37 news items
Nepal
19 accessions · 19 news items
Pakistan
10 accessions · 57 news items
Sri Lanka
Featured article
Did you know...
  • ...that in the 1890s the government of Nepal told the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission that cannabis grew wild all over the country, more abundantly in the Terai than in the hills, while James Fisher wrote in 1975 that it did not grow wild in the Terai but was extensively cultivated there?
  • ...that ganja cultivation in Bangladesh ended in 1987, after the country signed a drug-control agreement in 1974 that required it to stop within 15 years?
  • ...that an account of Kulu printed with the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission's evidence found bhangolu, parched cannabis seed mixed with grain and eaten against the cold, "in largest quantity" in Rupi and Seoraj?
  • ...that the anthropologist Colin Rosser's review of farming in 1950s Malana never mentions cannabis, and that Richard Axelby dates the village's turn to commercial cultivation to the late 1970s?
  • ...that William Griffith, who crossed Bhutan with a British mission in 1837–38, saw hemp near villages but too little of it to suppose that anyone used it?
  • ...that in June 2024 Sri Lanka's police Special Task Force used drones to find two cannabis plantations in the Hambegamuwa Forest Reserve, one of them of 187,857 plants?
Selected picture

Cannabis plants growing among conifers on a hillside under a bright, cloudy sky.

Landrace cannabis growing on a hillside in the Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh.
Accession map
Growing regions
Brahmaputra Valley · Central Himalayas · Eastern Ghats · Eastern Himalayas · Eastern Terai · Garhjat · Hindu Kush · Indo-Burman Range · Karakoram · Kohistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) · Malwa · Nimar · North Avadh · North Bengal Plains · North Bihar Plains · Potohar Plateau · Punjab submontane belt · Rohilkhand · Shillong Plateau · Southern Sri Lanka · Terai · The Dooars · Western Ghats · Western Himalayas · Western Terai
Growing areas
Ahmednagar · Alipurduar · Angul · Antri · Araku Valley · Attappadi · Barwani · Bhimbar · Bhopawar · Brahmaputra chars · Chamarajanagar · Chamoli · Chitral · Chittagong Hill Tracts · Darma Valley · Dir · Dolpa · Fatehgarh · Ganja Mahal · Garo Hills · Gilgit · Gori Valley · Hispar Valley · Hopar Valley · Hunza · Idukki · Jaintia Hills · Jalori · Jalpaiguri · Jalpaiguri Dooars · Jamuna chars · Johar Valley · Jomotshangkha · Kalat · Kali Valley · Kashmir Valley · Khandwa · Khasi Hills · Koch Bihar · Kolai-Palas · Kolar · Koraput · Kullu Valley · Loralai · Lower Kohistan · Mahadeva · Malana Valley · Manipur Hills · Mikir Hills · Mizo Hills · Naga Hills · Pakke-Kessang · Parvati Valley · Patkai Bum · Pindar Valley · Pishin · Poshina · Punakha · Qila Abdullah · Satara · Saur Valley · Shivamogga · Sonepur · Swat · Tirah · Tirthan Valley · Tripura Hills · Udawalawe · Upper Doab · Upper Jaldhaka Valley · Upper Kohistan · West Kameng · Wungchilo · Yala-Lunugamvehera · Zhob
Sources

A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India · A Geographical Account of Countries Round the Bay of Bengal, 1669 to 1679 · A Statistical Account of Bengal, Volume X (1876) · An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon (Knox 1681) · Annual Administration Report of the Cooch Behar State (1883) · Annual Administration Report of the Cooch Behar State (1891–92) · Annual Administration Report of the Cooch Behar State (1893–94) · Annual Report on the General Administration of the Cooch Behar State (1934–35) · Bengal District Gazetteers: Pabna (1923) · Bengal District Gazetteers: Rajshahi (1916) · Bengal District Gazetteers: Santal Parganas (1910) · Bulletin on Narcotics · Cannabis in Nepal: An Overview (1975) · Cikitsasarasangraha · Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India (1563) · Eastern Bengal and Assam District Gazetteers: Jalpaiguri (1911) · Ganja matters (2026) · Gazetteer of the Kangra District, Parts II to IV: Kulu, Lahul and Spiti (1897) · Government of India Resolution No. 1369 Ex. (1895) · History of Medical Cannabis in Sri Lanka (Weliange 2018) · History of Opium in Sri Lanka (Uragoda 1983) · Indian Hemp Drugs Commission · Mahanirvana Tantra · On the Natural History, Action, and Uses of Indian Hemp (1851) · Papers Relating to the Consumption of Ganja and Other Drugs in India (1893) · Pharmacopoeia of India (1868) · Pharmakologisch-medicinische Studien über den Hanf (1856) · Report on the Cultivation and Use of Gánjá (1893) · Report on the Cultivation of, and Trade in, Ganjá in Bengal (1877) · Robert Hooke Bangue Experiment (1689) · Social Aspects of the Use of Cannabis in India (1975) · Studies in Santal Medicine and Connected Folklore (1940) · Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia of India (1869) · Thalpathe Piliyam · Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab (1841) · Western Himalaya and Tibet (1852)

Categories
Latest news
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16 Oct 2026Eradication
ETV Bharat reported that police teams from the Rohida, Pindwara, Swarupganj and Abu Road Sadar stations raided fields at Pagara Phali in Valoria village, in the Rohida police station area, on an informer's tip and seized 2,950.84 kg of green ganja plants. Police alleged that the ganja was grown in separate fields under the cover of maize and fennel crops, held by different khatedars. Four men were arrested and five cases were registered under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act.
India · Rajasthan · Sirohi · Valoria
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15 Oct 2026Enforcement
Prabhat Khabar and Patna Press reported that a team from the 45th Battalion of the Sashastra Seema Bal found 13 bundles of ganja, about 510 kg in total, hidden in a mango orchard near Fatehpur village in Supaul district, Bihar. Acting on information received, the team from the Fatehpur border outpost searched the orchard, which lies about 700 metres inside Indian territory from Border Pillar 204, and found no suspect. The SSB handed the ganja to Virpur police station.
India · Bihar · Supaul · Fatehpur
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15 Oct 2026Enforcement
Northeast Today and India Today NE reported that a joint search by Sonamura Police Station, the 81st Battalion of the Border Security Force and the 11th Battalion of Tripura State Rifles in the Kamalnagar Krishnadola area of Sepahijala district recovered 327.7 kg of dry ganja packed in seven plastic drums. According to police sources, the operation began at about 12.30 am on 15 October 2026 and continued until 5 am. No one came forward to claim the consignment, and no arrests were reported. Police sources estimated its market value at about Rs 1,63,85,000, and Sonamura police began an investigation into who stored it.
India · Tripura · Sepahijala (appellation) · Kamalnagar Krishnadola · Indo-Burman Range
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15 Oct 2026Trafficking
Newswire reported that officers of the Police Narcotics Bureau arrested three Thai nationals, aged 22, 22 and 33, at Bandaranaike International Airport in Katunayake early on 15 October 2026 as they tried to leave the airport. According to reports, the three had arrived from Bangkok on Thai Airways flight TG-307 at about 12.30 a.m. A search of their three pieces of luggage found 5.96 kg of hashish concealed inside cosmetic product containers, which the article valued at about Rs. 51 million. The three were due before the Negombo Magistrate's Court on 15 October.
Sri Lanka · Western Province · Gampaha District · Katunayake
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14 Oct 2026Eradication
First India reported that under Operation Ganjagaveshana a joint team from the Narcotics Control Bureau's Jodhpur Zonal Unit, the Anti-Narcotics Task Force Rajasthan and Rajasthan Police destroyed about 133,000 cannabis plants growing over about 57 hectares in Mandwa village, Kotra tehsil, Udaipur district. The article says that about 70 personnel, 10 labourers and 3 tractors took part and that a patwari verified the land as 56 khasra numbers. It gives an estimated potential yield of about 39,900 kg of ganja, valued at about ₹199.50 crore at an assumed ₹50,000 per kg. Crime No. 08/2026 was registered at NCB Jodhpur, and no arrests were reported.
India · Rajasthan · Udaipur · Mandwa
14 Oct 2026Trafficking
The Hindu reported that a special team of Thanjavur District Police, acting on information that ganja was being smuggled through the district to Sri Lanka, seized 100 kg of ganja from a mini-goods carrier on Medical College Road near the outer ring road on 14 October 2026. According to police, a car driver stopped during vehicle checks said that he and a friend in another car were escorting the carrier. Four men from the Pudukottai, Villupuram and Vellore districts were arrested, and the ganja and the vehicles were handed to Medical College Police.
India · Tamil Nadu · Thanjavur District · Thanjavur