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Sakon Nakhon Province

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(Redirected from Sakhon Nakhon Province)
Sakon Nakhon
สกลนคร
Province
General
Coordinates17.19, 103.97
CountryThailand
RegionNortheastern Thailand
Administration
CapitalSakon Nakhon
Districts0
Demographics
Population(2023)
Total1,142,657
Geography
Area
Total9,605.8 km²
Cannabis documentation
⛶
Growing regions1
Growing areas1
Appellations0
Accessions38
Eradication campaigns0
News items0
Research items0

Sakon Nakhon (สกลนคร) is a province of Thailand in the north-east of the country. The Phu Phan range takes up its south. Its central lowland, suited to rice, holds the lake of Nong Han in the district of the provincial capital.[1]: x In the mid-1980s intelligence reports from Thailand placed the centre of the country's cannabis cultivation in Sakon Nakhon, Nakhon Phanom and Nong Khai.[2] Officials cut illicit plots in the valleys and forest of the range in Kut Bak district in 2019 and 2020.[3][4]

After Thailand allowed the medical use of cannabis in 2019, two university campuses in the province grew it for the Thai-medicine formulae of Phra Ajarn Fan Ajaro Hospital.[5] Two of the five cultivars registered with the Department of Agriculture by January 2022, Hang Kra Rog Phu Phan ST1 and Hang Suea Sakon Nakhon TT1, were selected from seed matched with the descriptions of folk doctors in Sakon Nakhon.[6]: 2, 12[7]

Geography

The Phu Phan range runs north-west to south-east through the middle of the Khorat Plateau and divides it into two basins, the Sakon Nakhon basin to the north and the Khorat basin to the south.[8]: 2, 4[9]: 6 The illicit plots found in 2019 and 2020 lay in the valleys and dense forest of the range in Kut Bak district.[3][4] The Sakon Nakhon campus of Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, which grew cannabis under licence from 2019, is in Phang Khon district.[10][11]

The province covers 9,605.8 square kilometres. Its neighbours are Nong Khai and Bueng Kan to the north, Nakhon Phanom to the north and east, Mukdahan and Kalasin to the south and Udon Thani to the south and west.[1]: x Most of it is plateau ringed by hills and forest, at about 172 metres above sea level. The central lowland is suited to rice, above all in Mueang Sakon Nakhon district, where Nong Han gathers a number of streams. The south is upland: the plateau on the Phu Phan range and the plains between its valleys, with streams rising in the range and forest and grassland suited to grazing.[1]: x The 699-square-kilometre Phu Phan National Park takes in parts of Sakon Nakhon, Nakhon Phanom and Kalasin.[1]: xiii

Nong Han is the largest natural body of standing water in the north-east and the second largest in Thailand, after Bueng Boraphet. Its mean depth is 2.0 to 2.5 metres. Its water surface of about 73.6 square kilometres lies within a total area of 123 square kilometres.[12] The lake drains by the Nam Kam, which runs 95 kilometres to the Mekong in That Phanom district of Nakhon Phanom; the Nam Pung, which flows into it, rises in the Phu Phan range.[13] The 420-kilometre Songkhram River also passes through Sakon Nakhon on its way to the Mekong at Tha Uthen in Nakhon Phanom.[14]

Administrative subdivisions

In 2023 the province's 1,524 villages were grouped in 125 subdistricts (tambon) under 18 districts (amphoe): Mueang Sakon Nakhon, Kusuman, Kut Bak, Phanna Nikhom, Phang Khon, Warichaphum, Nikhom Nam Un, Wanon Niwat, Kham Ta Kla, Ban Muang, Akat Amnuai, Sawang Daen Din, Song Dao, Tao Ngoi, Khok Si Suphan, Charoen Sin, Phon Na Kaeo and Phu Phan.[1]: x

No subdivisions documented yet.

Demographics

Population

Department of Provincial Administration figures for 2023 put the population of the province at 1,142,657, of whom 567,271 were men and 575,386 women.[1]: x

Peoples

The provincial statistical office names six peoples who keep their own descent, culture and customs, with the districts where each lives: the Lao in Charoen Sin, Sawang Daen Din, Song Dao and Kham Ta Kla; the Kaloeng in Kut Bak, Phu Phan and Nikhom Nam Un; the Nyaw in Mueang Sakon Nakhon, Tao Ngoi, Phon Na Kaeo and Khok Si Suphan; the So in Kusuman; the Phu Thai in Warichaphum, Phanna Nikhom, Phang Khon and Ban Muang; and the Yoy in Akat Amnuai and Wanon Niwat.[1]: [ix] The Kaloeng, Nyaw, Phu Thai and Yoy of the Sakon Nakhon basin are believed to have settled there in the early 19th century, after the Siamese army moved them by force from their homes in Laos.[15]: 3

Agriculture

Of the province's 6,003,602 rai (a rai is 1,600 square metres), 3,279,379 rai were farmed in 2022, 2,182,588 of them as paddy. Forest covered 1,036,317 rai.[1]: 119 In the 2023 crop year glutinous rice was planted on about 1,575,000 rai and non-glutinous rice on about 546,000.[1]: 121 Para rubber was planted that year on about 387,000 rai, cassava on about 168,000 and sugarcane on about 28,400; tobacco took 130 rai.[1]: 124–125, 136

Cannabis in Sakon Nakhon

History

A 1985 article by drug-intelligence staff of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, citing intelligence reports from Thailand, put the centre of the country's cannabis cultivation in Nakhon Phanom, Sakon Nakhon and Nong Khai. The crop was grown "on hilly terrain and on flat lowlands", often "interspersed among legitimate crops to deter detection".[2]

In January 2018 Prapat Panyachatrak, president of the National Farmers Council, announced a pilot planting of 5,000 rai of cannabis in Sakon Nakhon on land under military control. On 10 February the provincial farmers' council was to begin choosing the growers.[16][17] He said that the province had been chosen first because it held the headwaters of the Songkhram and because the Phu Phan range had been the best source of cannabis varieties in the past. He added that villagers wanted to grow it because cassava, maize and sugarcane left them only with debt.[16][17] The Food and Drug Administration replied that it had not permitted the production, sale or possession of cannabis and had never permitted planting at the Sakon Nakhon site.[18]

In September 2019 the narcotics control office found 30 illicit plots in three districts of Sakon Nakhon, Mukdahan and Kalasin. Twenty-six of them, located by helicopter survey, lay in the valleys and stream gullies of Kut Bak district. Matichon reported that the Kut Bak area was the largest growing area in Thailand.[3] The plots measured up to about 100 square wa (about 400 square metres) and were planted in holes of three or four plants each, which stood 2.5 to 3 metres tall.[3]

In November 2020 the deputy governor of the province sent teams to cut and burn 14 plots on the range in Kut Bak, found under the survey plan for 2020/21 that covered Sakon Nakhon, Kalasin and Udon Thani. The growers had planted in dense forest reached by winding paths and had made their plots smaller to escape detection. Each plot held about ten plants of the hang kra rog variety, four to five months old and on average 2.5 metres tall. Part of the crop was kept as evidence and for research.[4] An official of the regional narcotics control office said that cannabis was still a category 5 narcotic, which could be grown only under licence, for research or medical use.[4]

Cultivation

In February 2019 the Sakon Nakhon campus of Rajamangala University of Technology Isan set a target of 15 rai for medical cannabis within its Faculty of Natural Resources, with a growing period of four months.[10] In March the director of the Thai Traditional Medicine Institute announced a plan with that campus and the Sakon Nakhon campus of Kasetsart University to plant about 1,400 rai of hang kra rog between them, with Phra Ajarn Fan Ajaro Hospital as the centre of production. He said that the province had been chosen because old medical texts named a quality variety called hang kra rog there.[19] In June the Department of Thai Traditional and Alternative Medicine named the two campuses the growers of fresh cannabis for the hospital. Of the 11 tonnes of fresh cannabis it expected to need in a year, it assigned 2 tonnes to the Rajamangala campus and 1 tonne to the Kasetsart campus.[5]

The Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon campus of Kasetsart University harvested its first leaves and leaf stalks on 29 October 2019 and delivered them to the hospital as raw material for Thai medicines. By early December the hospital had received 52.76 kilograms of fresh leaf from the campus, 11.428 kilograms once dried.[20] When the secretary-general of the Office of the Narcotics Control Board inspected the Rajamangala campus in December 2019, it held a licence to grow 2,000 kilograms for study, research and Thai medicine and had harvested 241.26 kilograms of leaf and flower. Its research concentrated on the hang suea and hang kra rog varieties.[11]

The registered lines Hang Kra Rog Phu Phan ST1 and Hang Suea Sakon Nakhon TT1 were each selected over three generations from seed declared under the 2019 amnesty, after the seed was matched with the descriptions given by village sages and folk doctors in Sakon Nakhon.[6]: 2, 12 In March 2021 the Sakon Nakhon Provincial Administrative Organisation signed an academic memorandum with the Rajamangala campus and the Newland Technology group of companies to develop Phu Phan hang kra rog cannabis for medicine and health food.[21] A 2022 study of how growers tell male from female plants by their outward features interviewed six people in the province who held licences to grow cannabis.[22]

Preparations and consumption

The leaf from the Kasetsart campus had by then gone into three formulae of 5,000 sachets each: Sukhasaiyat (ศุขไสยาศน์), Kae Lom Kae Sen and an ointment for haemorrhoids and skin disease.[20] By December 2019 the hospital was making seven of the 16 cannabis formulae of the Thai-medicine programme and had dispensed three: Sukhasaiyat, Thamlai Phra Sumen and a cannabis oil made to the formula of Ajarn Decha. Of 388 people who had asked for its Thai-medicine cannabis service, 120 had passed screening.[11]

The Thai-medicine cannabis clinic of the Rajamangala campus, at the Sakon Nakhon Thai Traditional Medicine Hospital Luang Pu Fap Suphatto, used 15 cannabis-containing formulae between February 2020 and January 2022. Sukhasaiyat was prescribed most often, followed by Thamlai Phra Sumen and Kae Lom Kae Sen. Its patients came mainly with insomnia, loss of appetite, bloating, aches and chronic pain, numb hands and feet, headache, haemorrhoids, skin disease and the tremor of Parkinson's disease.[23] Researchers at the Kasetsart campus write that hang krarok is commonly grown in the province and that its leaves have been used in folk medicine for epilepsy, paralysis, stomach ache, nausea and lack of appetite and as a sleeping aid.[24]: 4

Trade and commerce

In June 2017 police found 960 kilograms of compressed marijuana, in 48 boxes of twenty 1-kilogram bricks, at a truck operator's home and business in Mueang Sakon Nakhon district, after the owner's arrest in the south on drug-trafficking charges.[25] In August they found 980 one-kilogram packs of compressed marijuana in a van left at Ban Don Moo, tambon Ngiew Don, in the same district.[26] In December 2021 police stopped a courier on the Nong Waeng–Ban Dung road in Wanon Niwat district with 550 one-kilogram slabs in his vehicle. They had been told that a gang would bring marijuana from Laos into the interior by the Seka–Akat Amnuai route through Bueng Kan. The courier said he had been paid 10,000 baht to deliver it to a customer in Udon Thani.[27]

Growers in a Sakon Nakhon community enterprise told The Nation in 2024 that after decriminalisation their leaf had sold for 10,500 baht a kilogram and their flowers had gone to the Department of Thai Traditional and Alternative Medicine and a hospital in Sakon Nakhon. They also made tea from the leaves and branches. By 2024 their stock lay unsold and buyers offered 1,200 baht a kilogram, while investors were importing foreign strains to sell at higher prices than "the Thai strain" they grew.[28]

Main article: Thailand

Thailand amended its narcotics law in February 2019 to allow the medical use of cannabis.[29] Cannabis and hemp plants were removed from its list of narcotics with effect from 9 June 2022.[30] In June 2025 the Ministry of Public Health restricted the sale and advertising of cannabis flower, which it classes as a controlled herb.[31]

Growing Regions

Region
Northeastern Thailand

Growing Areas

Growing AreaHas growing region
Phu PhanNortheastern Thailand

Accessions

Accession IDNameCollectedArea
IUB-THA-SAK-00199500011995 IUB Sakon Nakhon Th-2 Reproduction
IUB-THA-SAK-00199600011996 IUB Sakon Nakhon Th-2 Reproduction
ZOM-THA-PHU-0120250001Ta Lo Farm Squirrel Tail Selection 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-0120250002Ta Lo Farm 'Tiger Tail' Selection 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-0120250003Ta Lo Farm Foytong Selection 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-0120250004Khun Aek Farm General Population 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-0120250005Khun Aek Farm 'Tiger Tail' Selection 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-0220250001Krabangkham 'Squirrel Tail' Selection 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-0220250002Krabangkham Farm 'Tiger Tail' Selection 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-0220250003Krabangkham Farm 'Suriyan’s' Selection 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-0220250004Khok Phu OG Phu Phan General Population 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-0320250001Khun Aek Farm 'Squirrel Tail' Selection 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-0320250002Ban Nan Toeng 'Mama Somchai' General Population 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-0420240001Krabangkham General Population 2023Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-0420240002Krabangkham 'Squirrel Tail' Selection 2023Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-0420240003Krabangkham Farm 'Tiger Tail' Selection 2023Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-0420240004Krabangkham 'Suriyan's' Selection 2023Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-0420240005Ban Nan Toeng General Population 2023Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-0420240006Nam Phung 'Squirrel Tail' Selection 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-0420240007Kok Phu 'Squirrel Tail' Selection 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-0420240008Kok Do 'Squirrel Tail' Selection 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-1120240001Ban Nan Toeng 'The Boys' Selection 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-1120240002Ban Nan Toeng General Population 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-1120240003Ban Nan Toeng 'Elite' Selection #1 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-1120240004Ban Nan Toeng 'Elite' Selection #2 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-1120240005Ban Nan Toeng 'Elite' Selection #3 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-1120240006Ban Nan Toeng 'Elite' Selection #4 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-1120240007Ban Nan Toeng 'Elite' Selection #5 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-1120240008Ban Nan Toeng 'Elite' Selection #6 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-1120240009Ban Nan Toeng 'Elite' Selection #7 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-1120240010Ban Nan Toeng 'Elite' Selection #8 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-1120240011Ban Nan Toeng 'Purple' Selection 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-1120240012Krabangkham Farm General Population 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-1220240001Lin Pooh General Population 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-1220240002Ta Lo General Population 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-1220240003Ban Bua 'Tiger Tail' Selection 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-1220240004Ban Bua 'Squirrel Tail' Selection 2024Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-PHU-1220240005Ban Bua General Population 2024Phu Phan

Conservation status

The registration notice rates the genotype of Hang Suea Sakon Nakhon TT1 rare.[6]: 13 The Department of Medical Sciences stated in 2021 that the four Thai cultivars it had collected were found only in particular localities and were rare.[32] In an ISSR study of 50 samples, accessions from Sakon Nakhon and Nakhon Phanom grouped with breeding lines of United States origin bred at Maejo University.[33]: 63, 69–70 In a 2023 analysis of flower samples from across Thailand, most of them claimed to be Hang Kra Rog Phu Phan, the lowest THC content among the north-eastern samples, 7.43 per cent, was in a sample from Sakon Nakhon.[34]

A search of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility returns no Cannabis occurrence recorded in Sakon Nakhon.[35] Three preserved specimens at the Indiana University Herbarium (IND-0149680 to IND-0149682), prepared by Karl W. Hillig from plants grown in the university's greenhouses in 1995 and 1996, give the country of origin of their seed as "Thailand (Sakon Nokhon)". The seed came from HortaPharm in Amsterdam, under the parallel code Th-2.[36]

Recent news

No recent news items.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Sakon Nakhon Provincial Statistical Office (2025). รายงานสถิติจังหวัดสกลนคร พ.ศ. 2567 [Sakon Nakhon Provincial Statistical Report: 2024] (PDF) (Report) (in ไทย). National Statistical Office. ISSN 1905-8314. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Stamler, R. T.; Fahlman, R. C.; Vigeant, H. (1985). "Illicit traffic and abuse of cannabis in Canada". Bulletin on Narcotics (4). United Nations: 37–49.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "ใหญ่ที่สุดในไทย! ป.ป.ส.ตัดทำลาย 26 แปลงกัญชาลักลอบปลูกป่าลึก" [The largest in Thailand: narcotics office destroys 26 illicit cannabis plots deep in the forest]. Matichon (in ไทย). 6 November 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "สกลนครลุยตัดทำลายแปลงกัญชาผิดกฎหมายบนเขาภูพาน" [Sakon Nakhon cuts down illegal cannabis plots on the Phu Phan]. Post Today (in ไทย). 18 November 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "กรมแพทย์แผนไทยฯขยับลงนามแหล่งปลูกกัญชา 5 จังหวัด 4 ภูมิภาค" [Thai medicine department moves to sign with cannabis growing sites in five provinces and four regions]. Krungthep Turakij (in ไทย). 5 June 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Department of Agriculture (Thailand) (July 2021). ประกาศกรมวิชาการเกษตร เรื่อง โฆษณาคำขอให้ออกหนังสือรับรองพันธุ์พืชขึ้นทะเบียน ตามพระราชบัญญัติพันธุ์พืช พ.ศ. ๒๕๑๘ [Notification of the Department of Agriculture: publication of applications for certificates of registered plant varieties under the Plant Varieties Act B.E. 2518] (PDF) (Report) (in ไทย). Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  7. ↑ "งัด กฎหมาย ปิดทางนำเข้า 'กัญชา-กัญชง' เมล็ดพันธุ์ ช่อดอก เสรี" [Law invoked to close free import of cannabis and hemp seed and flowers]. Thansettakij (in ไทย). 27 January 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  8. ↑ Chenrai, Piyaphong; Jitmahantakul, Sukonmeth; Bissen, Raphael; Assawincharoenkij, Thitiphan (5 August 2022). "A preliminary assessment of geological CO2 storage in the Khorat Plateau, Thailand". Frontiers in Energy Research. 10 909898. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2022.909898.
  9. ↑ Jacobson, Herbert S.; Pierson, Charles T.; Danusawad, Thawisak; et al. (1969). Mineral Investigations in Northeastern Thailand. Geological Survey Professional Paper 618. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. doi:10.3133/pp618.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "มทร.อีสาน พร้อมเปิดพื้นที่สร้างตำรับยาสกัดจากกัญชา" [Rajamangala University of Technology Isan ready to open land for cannabis-extract formulae]. Krungthep Turakij (in ไทย). 27 February 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "ป.ป.ส.ตรวจระบบควบคุมแปลงปลูกกัญชาทำยา และระบบคัดกรองผู้ป่วยรับยา จ.สกลนคร" [Narcotics office inspects the controls on the medical cannabis plots and the patient screening system in Sakon Nakhon]. Thai PBS (in ไทย). 19 December 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  12. ↑ สาวิกา กัลปพฤกษ์; สิทธิ กุหลาบทอง; ญาณนันท์ สุนทรกิจ (May–June 2014). "ความหลากหลายของชนิดปลาเศรษฐกิจ และการทำกิจกรรมประมงบริเวณหนองหาร จังหวัดสกลนคร" [Species diversity of economic fishes and fisheries activity in Nong Han, Sakon Nakhon Province]. Veridian E-Journal Science and Technology Silpakorn University (in ไทย). 1 (3): 68–76. ISSN 2408-1248.
  13. ↑ Wongthes, Sujit (31 July 2017). "สุจิตต์ วงษ์เทศ : สกลนคร อยู่ในแอ่งน้ำใหญ่หลวง หลายพันปีมาแล้ว" [Sujit Wongthes: Sakon Nakhon has lain in a great water basin for thousands of years]. Matichon (in ไทย). Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  14. ↑ "ขุดลอกอ่างเก็บน้ำห้วยสาป กระทบมดลูกแม่น้ำโขง รู้จักลุ่มน้ำสงครามพื้นที่ชุ่มน้ำแรมซาร์ไซต์" [Dredging the Huai Sap reservoir harms the womb of the Mekong: the Songkhram basin Ramsar wetland]. Stockholm Environment Institute (in ไทย). 22 July 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  15. ↑ Timsuksai, Pijika; Rambo, A. Terry (11 January 2016). "The influence of culture on agroecosystem structure: a comparison of the spatial patterns of homegardens of different ethnic groups in Thailand and Vietnam". PLOS ONE. 11 (1) e0146118. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146118.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 พลวุฒิ สงสกุล (15 January 2018). "นำร่องปลูกกัญชา 5,000 ไร่ใน จ.สกลนคร ใช้สกัดยารักษาโรค" [Pilot of 5,000 rai of cannabis in Sakon Nakhon for medicinal extracts]. The Standard (in ไทย). Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 เอกชัย จั่นทอง (20 January 2018). "กัญชาสร้างเศรษฐกิจ สกัดทำยา ทำรายได้แสนล้าน" [Cannabis for the economy: medicinal extracts to earn a hundred billion]. Post Today (in ไทย). Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  18. ↑ "10 ข้อดราม่ากัญชา ฝรั่งกินได้ถูกกฎหมาย คนไทยอย่าริลอง!" [Ten points of the cannabis drama: legal for Westerners, Thais should not try it]. Thairath (in ไทย). 19 January 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  19. ↑ "กรมแพทย์แผนไทยฯประกาศผลิต 16 ตำรับยากัญชาไทยเสร็จ ก.ค.นี้ ใช้รักษาคนไข้ไม่คิดเงิน!!" [Department of Thai Traditional Medicine to finish producing 16 Thai cannabis formulas by July, for patients free of charge]. Matichon (in ไทย). 7 March 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "ตรวจต้นกัญชาแปลงปลูกในม.เกษตรฯวิทยาเขตสกลนครพบมีคุณภาพเยี่ยม" [Cannabis plants in the Kasetsart Sakon Nakhon campus plot found to be of excellent quality]. Post Today (in ไทย). 3 December 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  21. ↑ "สกลฯขับเคลื่อนเมืองกัญชาหางกระรอกทางการแพทย์ ต่อยอดสู่อาหารเพื่อสุขภาพ" [Sakon Nakhon drives a medical hang kra rog cannabis city, extending to health food]. Naewna (in ไทย). 5 March 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  22. ↑ Hongsuwan, Noppadol; Intaket, Rattana; Khotsombat, Athitaya; Thapseekaeo, Butsaraporn (2022). "ภูมิปัญญาการวิเคราะห์คุณลักษณะภายนอกเพื่อบ่งชี้เพศของต้นกัญชา ในพื้นที่เขตจังหวัดสกลนคร" [The wisdom of analyzing external attributes to determine the sex of the cannabis plant in the area of Sakon Nakhon Province]. Udon Thani Rajabhat University Journal of Sciences and Technology (in ไทย). 10 (1): 27–44.
  23. ↑ Srithat, Dutsadee; Pranakhon, Ratree; Khamluerit, Phakamas; Tongkasee, Pongsathorn; Sansupa, Kanokwan (26 April 2022). "การให้บริการตำรับยาที่มีกัญชาปรุงผสมในคลินิกกัญชาทางการแพทย์แผนไทย มหาวิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีราชมงคลอีสาน วิทยาเขตสกลนคร" [The service of medicinal recipes containing cannabis mixed in Thai traditional medical cannabis clinics of Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Sakon Nakhon Campus]. วารสารวิชาการกัญชา กัญชง และสมุนไพร (in ไทย). 1: 1–9. ISSN 2985-0177.
  24. ↑ Watanakul, Phurin; Phattaralerphong, Jessada; Pitija, Kitsada; Nakmee, Pattarawadee Sumthong (2024). "Terpenoid profiling of Thai strain cannabis leaves (Cannabis sativa L. subsp. sativa) by headspace (HS) couple with GC/MS". Journal of Pharmacy. 4 (1): 3–11. doi:10.31436/jop.v4i1.225.
  25. ↑ Kajonvuthinun, Pratuan (16 June 2017). "B30m ganja seized at truck operator's home". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  26. ↑ Kajonvuttinun, Pratuan (12 August 2017). "Tonne of pot seized in Sakon Nakhon". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  27. ↑ Ngamkham, Wassayos (16 December 2021). "Courier held, 550kg of marijuana seized". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  28. ↑ "Sakon Nakhon ganja growers fret over unsold stock, change in govt policy". The Nation. 12 May 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  29. ↑ "โปรดเกล้าฯ พ.ร.บ.ยาเสพติด ใช้ 'กัญชา-กระท่อม' ทางการแพทย์ได้" [Royal assent to the narcotics act: cannabis and kratom may be used in medicine]. Thai PBS (in ไทย). 19 February 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  30. ↑ "ประกาศกระทรวงสาธารณสุข เรื่อง ระบุชื่อยาเสพติดให้โทษในประเภท 5 พ.ศ. 2565 มีผลบังคับใช้ตั้งแต่วันที่ 9 มิถุนายน 2565" [Notification of the Ministry of Public Health naming the category 5 narcotics, B.E. 2565, in force from 9 June 2022]. Cannabisinfo (in ไทย). Food and Drug Administration (Thailand). 20 March 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  31. ↑ "Thailand reclassifies cannabis bud as a controlled herb, restricts sales and advertising". The Nation. 26 June 2025. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  32. ↑ "'อนุทิน' ตัดช่อดอกกัญชาพันธุ์ไทยที่กรมวิทย์ฯ ผลิตพันธุ์กัญชาต้นแบบคุณภาพดี" [Anutin cuts flower heads of the Thai cannabis cultivars produced by the Department of Medical Sciences as good-quality prototypes] (Press release) (in ไทย). Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health. 21 June 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  33. ↑ Kraisittipanit, Rungroj; Jaiharn, Orawan; Fungnumcharoensab, Kritsada; et al. (September 2025). "Unraveling the genetic diversity of local Thai Cannabis strains using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) molecular markers". Journal of Medical Globalization. 4 (3): 62–72.
  34. ↑ Charoenchai, Laksana; Monton, Chaowalit; Wunnakup, Thaniya; Madaka, Famera; Wutthipong, Artimond; Songsak, Thanapat (2023). "TLC densitometry analysis of cannabis flower growing in Thailand". Interprofessional Journal of Health Sciences. 21 (1–2) IJHS-0256.
  35. ↑ "Occurrence search: Cannabis, Thailand, state or province Sakon Nakhon". GBIF. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  36. ↑ "Occurrence search: Cannabis, full-text search "Sakon"". GBIF. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
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