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Nakhon Phanom Province

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Nakhon Phanom
นครพนม
Province
General
Coordinates17.20, 104.61
CountryThailand
RegionNortheastern Thailand
Administration
CapitalNakhon Phanom
Districts0
Cannabis documentation
⛶
Growing regions1
Growing areas3
Appellations0
Accessions19
Eradication campaigns0
News items0
Research items0

Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม) is a province of Thailand in the north-east of the country. The Mekong forms its border with the Lao provinces of Khammouane and Bolikhamxai.[1] In 1977 police told a Bangkok newspaper that Nakhon Phanom was "the largest marihuana growing province in the northeast".[2]: 26 In 1986 the State Department reported that most of Thailand's commercial cannabis production centred "around Nakhon Phanom, where the highest quality marijuana is grown".[3] In 2022 a navy commander said that cannabis smuggling in the north-east ran "particularly through Nakhon Phanom". The provincial police commander called the province an important border for continuous smuggling.[4][1] After Thailand allowed the medical use of cannabis in 2019, a subdistrict health-promoting hospital and community enterprises in the province grew it under licence.[5][6]

Geography

Cannabis smuggled from Laos has been seized on the Mekong bank in That Phanom, Tha Uthen and Ban Phaeng districts.[7][8][9] Officers briefing the press at That Phanom in January 2019 said that most of the cannabis came in through Tha Uthen and That Phanom because the terrain there favoured transport.[10]

The Songkhram River, 420 kilometres long, joins the Mekong at the Chaiyaburi river mouth in Tha Uthen district.[11] Its lower reach, 92 kilometres from the mouth at Ban Chaiyaburi to Ban Pak Yam in Si Songkhram district, became Thailand's 15th Ramsar site with effect from 15 May 2019.[12] The Nam Kam, the outflow of the lake of Nong Han in Sakon Nakhon, reaches the Mekong in That Phanom district.[13] Part of Phu Phan National Park lies in Nakhon Phanom.[14]: xiii

Administrative subdivisions

The province has 12 districts: Mueang Nakhon Phanom, That Phanom, Tha Uthen, Renu Nakhon, Na Kae, Pla Pak, Wang Yang, Phon Sawan, Si Songkhram, Na Wa, Na Thom and Ban Phaeng.[15]

No subdivisions documented yet.

Demographics

Peoples

The So of Phathai subdistrict in Tha Uthen district split off from the So of Kusuman district in Sakon Nakhon after epidemics, a growing population and drought.[16] The Phu Thai of Ban Nabua in Renu Nakhon district came from Ban Phon Sao E in the same district and founded their village in 1891.[17] Renu Nakhon was raised to a mueang around 1830, in the reign of Rama III, with Thao Sai as its first ruler under the title Phra Kaeo Komon. It was later reduced to a district of Nakhon Phanom and in 1907 to a subdistrict of That Phanom district, before it became a district again.[18]

Cannabis in Nakhon Phanom

History

In June 1977 suspects arrested with a ton of marijuana in Bangkok's Bang Khen district said they had been hired to carry it from Nakhon Phanom.[19]: 31 Ten days later police told the newspaper Nation Review that Nakhon Phanom was "the largest marihuana growing province in the northeast"; "It is second only to rice there," a senior officer said.[2]: 26 A 1985 article by drug-intelligence staff of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, citing intelligence reports from Thailand, put the centre of cultivation in Nakhon Phanom, Sakon Nakhon and Nong Khai.[20] The State Department reported in 1986 that most commercial production centred "around Nakhon Phanom, where the highest quality marijuana is grown". It added that the average $17 a kilogram paid to farmers earned them five times the income of tomatoes, the next most profitable crop.[3] Peter Maguire and Mike Ritter describe one export cargo, just under 10 tons of "grade-A Thai sticks", as "handpicked from dozens of farms between Udorn and Nakhon Phanom".[21]: 101–102

Between 1 October 2018 and 31 May 2019 the authorities in Nakhon Phanom seized 29 marijuana plants, along with 6 tonnes of marijuana and 7 million methamphetamine pills.[22]

Cultivation

MGR Online reported in 2021 that the Ban Lao subdistrict health-promoting hospital in Si Songkhram district had received the first licence to grow cannabis in the province.[5] Yothin Chaithongyot, chair of a network of community enterprises at Ban Nong Saeng in Renu Nakhon district, told Naewna in 2022 that his group had received its permit to hold seed and grow cannabis on 17 May 2019, under an agreement to supply leaf, flower, root and stem to a research centre of Prince of Songkla University. The group began production in early 2022 and applied for two crops a year of about 3,200 plants each, on about 2 rai in a standard greenhouse.[6] Jirawat Rungsri, president of the Medicinal Herbs Community Enterprise of Na Kham in Si Songkhram district, said that he had started the group in 2020 with the Tambon Na Kham health-promoting hospital and that its 30 members had begun with about 30,000 plants.[23]

On 10 March 2021 an event at Nong Khan Chang, tambon Na Kham, in Si Songkhram marked preparations for what Thairath called the province's first community cannabis market. Supachai Phosu, a Bhumjaithai member of parliament for Nakhon Phanom, said that every subdistrict health-promoting hospital was to have a greenhouse for medical cannabis, with the provincial agriculture office and Nakhon Phanom University advising on soil, growing and greenhouses.[24] Yothin said in 2022 that almost 100 community enterprises in the province had no legal cover.[6] A Thai PBS programme of 2026 said that more than 400 community enterprises had been growing cannabis in Nakhon Phanom three or four years earlier.[25]

Preparations and consumption

On 28 June 2021 the Thai traditional and alternative medicine hospital of Nakhon Phanom Hospital opened a shop for cannabis and hemp products. Health Region 8 of the Ministry of Public Health required such a shop in every province of the region. It sold cannabis leaf, stem and root and ready-cooked food from a medicinal-herb enterprise and from the Ban Lao hospital.[5]

Trade and commerce

At the same briefing in That Phanom in January 2019, officers said that trafficking networks had moved their routes from the North to the Isan border.[10] In 2022 the commander of the navy's Mekong Riverine Unit said that the smuggling of marijuana was "rampant in the Northeast, particularly through Nakhon Phanom where frequent seizures were made".[4] Many of the seizures were of compressed bars of about 1 kilogram packed in sacks;[26][27][28] one load in 2017 was "high quality marijuana freshly wrapped in golden foil".[29] Loads in 2023 held dried flowers and buds.[30][31] An officer put the price in 2017 at about 5,000 baht a kilogram at the border and about 20,000 baht in the interior.[9][32]

In That Phanom district, police arrested seven men with 252 kilograms of compressed marijuana smuggled from Laos on the bank at Ban Khap Phuang, tambon Nam Kam, in September 2013.[7] In January 2019 a man from Savannakhet was arrested as 350 kilograms were unloaded from a boat at Ban Saimoon in the same tambon.[33][10] On 30 April smugglers unloading sacks there jumped back into their boat and left 480 bars behind.[26] In September 2020 police found 450 bars in a pick-up; two teams of carriers were to be paid 30,000 baht each to move the load from That Phanom to Nakhon Ratchasima and Bangkok.[27] In January 2022, 200 slabs were seized at Don Nang Hong village.[4]

In Tha Uthen district, 106 bars were found in fertiliser sacks in bushes at Dondu village, tambon Chai Buri, in February 2016.[34] In December 2017 a navy patrol came on smugglers unloading sacks from a boat onto the bank of the Songkhram at Ban Chaiyaburi. The smugglers fled and left 610 kilograms of compressed slabs.[29] In October 2018 the authorities seized 1,000 kilograms in 25 sacks at Ban Nong Ngiew.[35] In November 2018 the authorities seized 538 bars in 13 sacks that seven or eight people had landed from a long-tail boat from Laos at Ban Na Kha Tha, tambon Phathai.[8] Nearly 300 kilograms of compressed dried cannabis were seized at the entrance to Ban Wen Phra Bat in May 2019.[36] In February 2021 border patrol police found 920 kilograms at the mouth of the Songkhram after the men on a large long-tail boat escaped in a smaller one.[37] In November they seized 1,320 kilograms from a van abandoned after a chase.[38]

In Ban Phaeng district, 470 kilograms smuggled across the river were seized at Ban Phaeng Tai in May 2017. Matichon reported that it was the harvest season and that the cannabis had been brought in to be held for sale in the rainy season. According to the paper, smugglers mostly used the method called kongthap mot ("army of ants"), carrying the cannabis by long-tail boat and storing it along the border to wait for onward transport.[32][9] In March 2020 the Mekong Riverine Unit found about a tonne on the bank in neighbouring Bueng Kan that was to be landed between Bung Khong Long and Ban Phaeng.[39] Rangers found 500 bars in a palm plantation by the Mekong at Ban Pak Huai Muang, tambon Na Khe, in August 2021; they believed the cannabis was in transit through Thailand, to be sold abroad by way of the southern border.[40] A patrol found 900 to 1,000 kilograms in bags on motorcycle sidecars near Ban Don Phaeng in December 2022.[28] In February 2023 the navy seized 580 kilograms of dried cannabis, believed bound for foreign markets, from a pick-up abandoned by its driver.[30] In April 2023 rangers arrested four Thai men with about 250 kilograms of packed flower in 13 sacks that had been brought in without clearing customs.[31]

In Si Songkhram district police found 499 one-kilogram slabs of cannabis in a car at a rubber plantation at Ban Kham Sa-ard, tambon Na Kham, in January 2017. Police believed the cannabis had been smuggled from Laos and put its price at 5,000 baht a kilogram locally and 20,000 baht if it reached southern Thailand.[41]

Officials said in February 2016 that more than 3,000 kilograms of compressed marijuana smuggled in through the province had been intercepted the previous year.[34] Police put seizures at more than 2 tonnes in 2017, 8 tonnes in 2018 and more than 4 tonnes in the first five months of 2019.[36] On 26 June 2019 the provincial administration burned 8.4 tonnes of marijuana and 67.3 tonnes of kratom leaves in front of the Mueang district office.[22] Officials put the seizures of 2021 at more than 5 tonnes by mid-November.[38] The Mekong Riverine Unit put those of 2022 at about 10 tonnes by early December.[28]

After cannabis was delisted, Jirawat Rungsri of the Na Kham enterprise said in September 2022 that the price of fresh leaf had fallen from 15,000 to 3,000 baht a kilogram and that of fresh stems from 10,000 to 1,000 baht. He said that about 20 community enterprises in the province planned a cannabis cooperative to bargain with middlemen.[23]

Main article: Thailand

Thailand amended its narcotics law in February 2019 to allow the medical use of cannabis.[42] Cannabis and hemp plants were removed from its list of narcotics with effect from 9 June 2022.[43] In January 2022 the commander of the Mekong Riverine Unit said that although cannabis had been removed from the narcotics list, smuggling it was still illegal because it bypassed customs.[4] On the eve of delisting the provincial police commander described Nakhon Phanom as an important border for continuous smuggling. Security officers said that the customs law would be applied to smugglers for the time being.[1] In June 2025 the Ministry of Public Health restricted the sale and advertising of cannabis flower, which it classes as a controlled herb.[44]

Growing Regions

Region
Northeastern Thailand

Growing Areas

Growing AreaHas growing region
Ban PhaengNortheastern Thailand
Si SongkhramNortheastern Thailand
That PhanomNortheastern Thailand

Accessions

Accession IDNameCollectedArea
RSC-THA-NAK-0120240001Nakhon Phanom Thai General Population 2024
ZOM-THA-ISA-0220250001Nakhon Phanom 'Squirrel Tail' Selection 2023
ZOM-THA-NKP-0220250001Si Songkhram 'Khun Seri' General Population 2024Si Songkhram
ZOM-THA-NKP-0220250002Wang Yang 'Jen Jen Selection' General Population 2024
ZOM-THA-NKP-0220250003Si Songkhram 'Tiampon' General Population 2024Si Songkhram
ZOM-THA-NKP-0220250005Ban Phaeng 'Amanda's Farm' General Population 2024Ban Phaeng
ZOM-THA-NKP-0320250001Phiman 'Mango Tail' IBL General Population 2025Phu Phan
ZOM-THA-NKP-0420240001Si Songkhram ‘Kham Hai’ General Population 2024Si Songkhram
ZOM-THA-NKP-0420240002Si Songkhram ‘Tha Bo’ General Population 2024Si Songkhram
ZOM-THA-NKP-0420240003Si Songkhram ‘Nong Sarai’ General Population 2024Si Songkhram
ZOM-THA-NKP-0420240004Si Songkhram ‘Don Toei’ General Population 2024Si Songkhram
ZOM-THA-NKP-0420240005Thai Issara 'Freedom' General Population 2023That Phanom
ZOM-THA-NKP-0420240006Tanaosri 'White' General Population 2023That Phanom
ZOM-THA-NKP-0420240007Suranaree University 'Squirrel Tail' General Population 2023That Phanom
ZOM-THA-NKP-0420240008Suranaree University 'Tiger Tail' General Population 2023That Phanom
ZOM-THA-NKP-0420240009NKPB 'Erawan' General Population 2023
ZOM-THA-NKP-0420240010NKPB 'Skunk' General Population 2023
ZOM-THA-NKP-0420240011NKPB 'Thai Stick' General Population 2023
ZOM-THA-NPK-0220250004Ban Phaeng General Population 2024Ban Phaeng

Conservation status

The Global Biodiversity Information Facility holds one occurrence of Cannabis for Nakhon Phanom, an iNaturalist observation of 28 December 2023.[45] In an ISSR study of 50 samples, accessions from Sakon Nakhon and Nakhon Phanom grouped with breeding lines of United States origin bred at Maejo University.[46]: 63, 69–70 A 2023 analysis of flower samples from across Thailand, most of them claimed to be Hang Kra Rog Phu Phan, found the highest THC content among the north-eastern samples, 12.70 per cent, in a sample from Nakhon Phanom.[47]

Recent news

No recent news items.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "วุ่นแน่! ปลดล็อกกัญชา วันนี้ 9 มิ.ย. หน่วยความมั่นคง ไม่รู้จะใช้กฎหมายฉบับไหน" [Confusion: cannabis unlocked today, 9 June; security units do not know which law to apply]. Krungthep Turakij (in ไทย). 9 June 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Translations on Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, No. 311 (Report). Arlington, Virginia: Joint Publications Research Service. 21 July 1977. JPRS 69464 – via HathiTrust.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bureau of International Narcotics Matters (1 February 1986). International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (PDF) (Report). Vol. I. United States Department of State. p. 212. Retrieved 4 October 2026 – via National Criminal Justice Reference Service.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Sripiachai, Pattanapong (25 January 2022). "200kg of marijuana seized on Mekong River bank". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "สายเขียวเฮ! รพ.นครพนมเปิดร้านขายผลิตภัณฑ์กัญชง-กัญชาหนุนเศรษฐกิจชุมชน" [Green fans cheer: Nakhon Phanom Hospital opens a shop for hemp and cannabis products to support the community economy]. MGR Online (in ไทย). 28 June 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "อาฟเตอร์ช็อก!ผู้ปลูกกัญชาเผยกม.ถูก'แช่แข็ง' วิสาหกิจชุมชนเคว้ง-เสี่ยง'เถื่อน'" [Aftershock: cannabis growers say the law is frozen, community enterprises adrift and at risk of being illegal]. Naewna (in ไทย). 18 September 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Online Reporters (15 September 2013). "7 men arrested with 252kg ganja". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "นครพนมยึดอีก กัญชาเกรด A กว่าครึ่งตัน คาริมโขง เข้มชายแดน" [Nakhon Phanom seizes more than half a tonne more of grade A cannabis on the Mekong bank; border tightened]. Matichon (in ไทย). 19 November 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Sripiachai, Pattanapong (7 May 2017). "470kg of marijuana seized". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 ""กัญชา-ยาบ้า" ทะลักจังหวัดนครพนม-เผยภูมิประเทศเอื้อลักลอบลำเลียง" [Cannabis and methamphetamine flood into Nakhon Phanom; terrain said to favour smuggling]. Sanook (in ไทย). 18 January 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  11. ↑ "ขุดลอกอ่างเก็บน้ำห้วยสาป กระทบมดลูกแม่น้ำโขง รู้จักลุ่มน้ำสงครามพื้นที่ชุ่มน้ำแรมซาร์ไซต์" [Dredging the Huai Sap reservoir harms the womb of the Mekong: the Songkhram basin Ramsar wetland]. Stockholm Environment Institute (in ไทย). 22 July 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  12. ↑ "ข่าวดี ขึ้นทะเบียน "แม่น้ำสงครามตอนล่าง" แรมซาร์ไซต์แห่งใหม่" [Good news: the lower Songkhram River listed as a new Ramsar site]. Thai PBS (in ไทย). 28 May 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  13. ↑ Wongthes, Sujit (31 July 2017). "สุจิตต์ วงษ์เทศ : สกลนคร อยู่ในแอ่งน้ำใหญ่หลวง หลายพันปีมาแล้ว" [Sujit Wongthes: Sakon Nakhon has lain in a great water basin for thousands of years]. Matichon (in ไทย). Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  14. ↑ Sakon Nakhon Provincial Statistical Office (2025). รายงานสถิติจังหวัดสกลนคร พ.ศ. 2567 [Sakon Nakhon Provincial Statistical Report: 2024] (PDF) (Report) (in ไทย). National Statistical Office. ISSN 1905-8314. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  15. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐานด้านการเกษตรจังหวัดนครพนม" [Basic agricultural data of Nakhon Phanom province]. Nakhon Phanom Provincial Agricultural Extension Office (in ไทย). Department of Agricultural Extension. 30 January 2026. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  16. ↑ Kidkhamsuan, Wisit; Khotchomphu, Watchiraporn; Olsen, Luna (17 December 2024). "อัตลักษณ์ไทโส้ ตำบลพะทาย อำเภอท่าอุเทน จังหวัดนครพนม" [The Identity of Thai So, Phathai Sub-District, Tha Uthen District, Nakhon Phanom Province]. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Phranakhon Si Ayutthaya Rajabhat University (in ไทย). 12 (2): 1–19. doi:10.14456/husoaru.2024.9.
  17. ↑ ศรีสุข ผาอินทร์ (October–December 2016). "การเปลี่ยนแปลงทางเศรษฐกิจ สังคมและวัฒนธรรมของกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ผู้ไทย: กรณีศึกษา บ้านนาบัว ตำบลโคกหินแฮ่ อำเภอเรณูนคร จังหวัดนครพนม" [Economic the social and cultural changes of the Phutai ethnic group: a case study of Nabua village in the Kokhinhak sub-district of the Renu Nakhon district in Nakhon Phanom province]. Journal of Graduate School Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University (in ไทย). 13 (63): 119–132.
  18. ↑ Chareerak, Natthaphon; Wongpinunwatana, Wirat (May–August 2023). ""ผู้ไทย, ผู้ไท และ ภูไท" ความหมายของคำเรียกชื่อ การตั้งถิ่นฐานเดิมและการตั้งถิ่นฐานใหม่ในประเทศไทย" [“Phuthai” meaning of the name, original settlement and new settlement in Thailand]. KKU International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (in ไทย). 13 (2): 134–162. ISSN 3057-0573.
  19. ↑ Translations on Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, No. 310 (Report). Arlington, Virginia: Joint Publications Research Service. 14 July 1977. JPRS 69428 – via HathiTrust.
  20. ↑ Stamler, R. T.; Fahlman, R. C.; Vigeant, H. (1985). "Illicit traffic and abuse of cannabis in Canada". Bulletin on Narcotics (4). United Nations: 37–49.
  21. ↑ Maguire, Peter; Ritter, Mike (2013). Thai Stick: Surfers, Scammers, and the Untold Story of the Marijuana Trade. Foreword by David Farber. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-16134-3.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "8 tonnes of marijuana burned in Nakhon Phanom". The Nation. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Sripiachai, Pattanaphong (26 September 2022). "Cannabis farmers ask for help as prices drop". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  24. ↑ ""ศุภชัย" ปลื้มคนแห่ร่วมงาน "ตลาดกัญชาชุมชน" แห่งแรกนครพนมล้นหลาม" [Supachai delighted as crowds throng Nakhon Phanom's first community cannabis market]. Thairath (in ไทย). 11 March 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  25. ↑ "ความหวังผู้ปลูกกัญชา กับนโยบายรัฐบาลใหม่" [Cannabis growers' hopes and the new government's policy]. Thai PBS. จับตารอบทิศ (in ไทย). 9 April 2026. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Sripiachai, Pattanapong (1 May 2019). "Huge ganja bust on Mekong riverbank, smugglers flee". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Sripiachai, Pattanapong (23 September 2020). "450kg marijuana seized in Nakhon Phanom". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Sripiachai, Pattanapong (7 December 2022). "More ganja seized on Mekong river bank". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Sripiachai, Pattanapong (11 December 2017). "Large marijuana delivery seized near Mekong River". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Sripiachai, Pattanapong (28 February 2023). "580kg smuggled ganja seized". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "ยึดกัญชาช่อดอก สวมสิทธิ อัดแน่น 13 กระสอบ ข้ามโขง พื้นที่ อ.บ้านแพง จ.นครพนม" [Packed cannabis flower in 13 sacks seized after crossing the Mekong in Ban Phaeng district, Nakhon Phanom]. Matichon (in ไทย). 17 April 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "ยึดกัญชานำเข้าจากลาว น้ำหนักครึ่งตัน หวังนำมาสต็อกขายหน้าฝน" [Half a tonne of cannabis from Laos seized, meant to be stocked for sale in the rainy season]. Matichon (in ไทย). 7 May 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  33. ↑ Sripiachai, Pattanapong (17 January 2019). "Smuggler arrested, ganja seized". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Sripiachai, Pattanapong (11 February 2016). "100kg ganja found in bushes in Nakhon Phanom". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  35. ↑ "1,000kg marijuana seized in Nakhon Phanom". The Nation. 28 October 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "5 เดือนกัญชาข้ามโขงทะลักไทยกว่า 4 ตัน" [Five months: more than 4 tonnes of cannabis flood across the Mekong into Thailand]. Thai PBS (in ไทย). 27 May 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  37. ↑ Sripiachai, Pattanapong (28 February 2021). "920kg ganja seized on Mekong bank". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Sripiachai, Pattanapong (13 November 2021). "1.3 tonnes of ganja seized in Nakhon Phanom". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  39. ↑ Sripiachai, Pattanapong (25 March 2020). "Tonne of ganja seized on Mekong bank". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  40. ↑ "ทหารพรานบ้านแพงยึดอีกกัญชาเกรด A ซุกริมโขง 500 กิโลฯ เตรียมส่งออกมูลค่ากว่า 10 ล้านบาท" [Ban Phaeng rangers seize another 500 kilos of grade A cannabis hidden by the Mekong, ready for export, worth over 10 million baht]. MGR Online (in ไทย). 27 August 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  41. ↑ Seepiachai, Pattanapong (20 January 2017). "Half-a-tonne of ganja found in parked car". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  42. ↑ "โปรดเกล้าฯ พ.ร.บ.ยาเสพติด ใช้ 'กัญชา-กระท่อม' ทางการแพทย์ได้" [Royal assent to the narcotics act: cannabis and kratom may be used in medicine]. Thai PBS (in ไทย). 19 February 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  43. ↑ "ประกาศกระทรวงสาธารณสุข เรื่อง ระบุชื่อยาเสพติดให้โทษในประเภท 5 พ.ศ. 2565 มีผลบังคับใช้ตั้งแต่วันที่ 9 มิถุนายน 2565" [Notification of the Ministry of Public Health naming the category 5 narcotics, B.E. 2565, in force from 9 June 2022]. Cannabisinfo (in ไทย). Food and Drug Administration (Thailand). 20 March 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  44. ↑ "Thailand reclassifies cannabis bud as a controlled herb, restricts sales and advertising". The Nation. 26 June 2025. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  45. ↑ "Occurrence search: Cannabis, Thailand, state or province Nakhon Phanom". GBIF. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
  46. ↑ Kraisittipanit, Rungroj; Jaiharn, Orawan; Fungnumcharoensab, Kritsada; et al. (September 2025). "Unraveling the genetic diversity of local Thai Cannabis strains using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) molecular markers". Journal of Medical Globalization. 4 (3): 62–72.
  47. ↑ Charoenchai, Laksana; Monton, Chaowalit; Wunnakup, Thaniya; Madaka, Famera; Wutthipong, Artimond; Songsak, Thanapat (2023). "TLC densitometry analysis of cannabis flower growing in Thailand". Interprofessional Journal of Health Sciences. 21 (1–2) IJHS-0256.
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