Haouz
More actions
| Haouz | |
|---|---|
| HistoricalCannabis last recorded here in 1964 | |
| Geography | |
| Country | Morocco |
| Province/State | Marrakesh Prefecture, Al Haouz Province |
| Coordinates | 31.63, -7.99 |
| Landscape | |
| Area | 8,700 km² |
| Terrain | Irrigated plain round Marrakesh and the valleys of the northern flank of the High Atlas; approximately Marrakesh Prefecture and Al Haouz Province |
| Growing history | |
| Grown | 1902[2]–1964[1] |
| Documentation | |
| Appellations | 0 |
| Accessions | 0 |
| Conservation | |
| Populations | none documented yet |
Haouz is a historical landrace cannabis growing area in Morocco, on the plain of the Haouz round Marrakesh, between the High Atlas and the Jebilet hills,[3] and in the valleys of the High Atlas above it. Kif was grown there on irrigated land early in the twentieth century,[4]: 103 and under the French protectorate on a large scale in the plains of Marrakesh for the tobacco and kif monopoly.[5]: 7 Fibre hemp was grown in the region into the 1960s.[1]: 129 Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy names the Gharb and the Haouz in particular among the places outside the Rif where cannabis was grown before independence, and writes that cultivation is now limited to the Rif.[6]
Irrigated kif in the early twentieth century
Lucien Raynaud, a physician who served at Mogador from 1900 to 1903,[1]: 128 wrote in 1902 that there were many plantations of Indian hemp in Morocco, notably in the Souss and at Marrakesh, grown mainly to make kif.[2]: 108
Dr Guichard, who treated patients at the Mauchamp hospital in Marrakesh, published a study of kif in the Marrakesh region in 1919. Kif, he wrote, was grown close to the city at Ouidane, on the irrigated land of the Rehamna, and all along the Atlas, in particular in the valley of the Oued N'fis among the Goundafa, at Talat N'Yagoub and Talat N'bou Raïm. In Marrakesh the kif of the Goundafa was the most valued, and smokers generally held that the best kif came from the best-irrigated districts. Kif and tobacco were grown together and sold in the rural markets outside the security zone, where the Régie did not operate, and country people and camel drivers carried them into the city in secret. The most famous kif of all, the ktami of the Djebala in the Rif, could not be had since the war.[4]: 102–103 Jamal Bellakhdar, citing Guichard and Alfred Dardanne's study of Indian hemp published in 1924, lists among the growers of irrigated resin hemp the Rehamna of Al-Ouidane, the Goundafa of the upper N'fis, notably at Talat N'Yaâqoub, and the Haskoura of the region of Demnate.[1]: 128
Under the Régie
The dahir of 12 November 1932 on the tobacco régime banned the growing of kif throughout the French zone, but allowed the Régie to have it grown for its own needs by cultivators to whom it issued permits.[7] According to Kenza Afsahi, the Régie developed cannabis growing in particular places of the French zone, which she lists as the "Moyen Atlas (Marrakech)", the Gharb round Kenitra and the western Rif, and the qualities of the period included a gnawi produced in the Marrakesh region.[8]: 106 Growers in the Rif interviewed by Afsahi and Chouvy remembered the protectorate as a time when kif was grown on a large scale in the plains of Kenitra and Marrakesh for the Régie, and feared that legal cannabis would again favour regions with more fertile and less broken land.[5]: 7 The dahir of 24 April 1954 banned the cultivation of kif hemp in the French zone altogether.[9]
Writing on data for 1956, Ahmed Benabud reported general cultivation "even by the best families" in the southern Atlas region and the Moroccan Sahara of kif varieties he called zerouali, soussi, gnaoui, haouzi (sadda, teloeut) and makhlif.[10] Chouvy counts haouzi among the geographically named kif cultigens still grown in Morocco in the first half of the twentieth century, of which only ktami has possibly reached the present.[6]
Fibre hemp
Guichard distinguished kif from kenneb, textile hemp, which he wrote was also much grown in the Marrakesh region.[4]: 103 In Émile Miège's account, cited by Bellakhdar, the traditional textile crop was found mainly in the regions of Marrakesh and Fès in 1936, where it covered about 450 hectares against 1,500 in 1925. Several of these farms in the Marrakesh region were still working around 1950, and in the 1960s only about a hundred hectares remained, round Aït Ourir.[1]: 129
Accessions
No accessions documented yet.
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Bellakhdar, Jamal (2017). "Les voies suivies par le chanvre dans sa conquête du Maghreb" (PDF). Hespéris-Tamuda (in français). LII (2): 117–150. ISSN 0018-1005. Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Raynaud, Lucien (1902). Étude sur l'hygiène et la médecine au Maroc, suivie d'une notice sur la climatologie des principales villes de l'empire (in français). Alger: S. Léon. Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ Noin, Daniel. "Haouz". Encyclopædia Universalis (in français). Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Guichard (15 April 1919). "Étude sur le kif dans la région de Marrakech". France-Maroc (in français). 3 (4). Rabat: 101–104. Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Afsahi, Kenza and Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy, Le haschich marocain, du kif aux hybrides, Drogues, enjeux internationaux, n° 8, Observatoire français des drogues et des toxicomanies (OFDT), février 2015, 8 p.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Chouvy, Pierre-Arnaud (2022). "Moroccan hashish as an example of a cannabis terroir product". GeoJournal. 88 (4): 3833–3850. doi:10.1007/s10708-022-10791-5.
- ↑ "Dahir du 12 novembre 1932 (12 rejeb 1351) relatif au régime des tabacs au Maroc" [Dahir of 12 November 1932 on the tobacco régime in Morocco]. Bulletin Officiel (in français) (1049). Rabat: 1334–1344. 2 December 1932. Retrieved 8 October 2026.
- ↑ Afsahi, Kenza (2017). "La construction socio-économique du cannabis au Maroc : le kif comme produit traditionnel, produit manufacturé et produit de contrebande". Tempo Social (in français). 29 (2): 99–114. doi:10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2017.125668.
- ↑ "Dahir du 24 avril 1954 (20 chaabane 1373) portant prohibition du chanvre à kif" [Dahir of 24 April 1954 prohibiting kif hemp] (PDF). Bulletin Officiel (in français) (2167). Rabat: 640. 7 May 1954. Retrieved 8 October 2026.
- ↑ Benabud, Ahmed (1957). "Psycho-pathological aspects of the cannabis situation in Monaco [sic]: statistical data for 1956". Bulletin on Narcotics (4): 1–16.