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Khun Aek Farm General Population 2024
Khun Aek Farm General Population 2024 is a domesticate landrace cannabis accession collected by Isabella of the Zomia Collective in Sakhon Nakhon Province, Thailand.
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Moroccan hashish trade
The Moroccan hashish trade is the export of cannabis resin made in the Rif Mountains of northern Morocco, mainly to Western Europe by way of Spain and in smaller part eastwards through Algeria and the rest of North Africa. Growers in the Rif began making hashish for export in the 1960s, when European demand for the drug was rising; before then their crop had been smoked in Morocco as kif. From the early 1980s Moroccan resin became dominant on Western European markets. In 2019 the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and Europol still named the Rif as the region of origin of most of the resin available in Europe. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) called North Africa in 2025 "the main hub for interregional trafficking in cannabis resin to Western Europe". The trade is illegal in Morocco and in the countries it supplies. Morocco's Law 13-21 of 2021 allowed cannabis to be grown, processed and exported under licence for medical, pharmaceutical and industrial purposes in three provinces of the Rif, and the first legal crop was harvested in 2023.
Until the 1960s the Rif grew cannabis for kif, dried cannabis mixed with shredded tobacco and smoked in a pipe. Small farmers gave only a few plots to it, for their own use and for the local market. Cultivation was tolerated in a limited historic zone of the central Rif and covered probably less than 10,000 hectares at the end of the 1970s.
The geographer Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy and Kenza Afsahi attribute the turn from kif to hashish to European demand, which grew in the 1960s and above all in the 1970s and 1980s, together with an economic crisis in the Rif that emigration and remittances did not offset. …
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