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Muller 329 herbarium specimen, Phú Quốc (1938)
Muller 329 is a herbarium accession of Cannabis sativa collected on Phú Quốc, an island in the Gulf of Thailand, on 15 August 1938. The Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle holds the sheet as P06781059. The page files it under Vietnam; the label and the catalogue place it in Cambodia. The label states that the Chinese smoked the plant in a bamboo water pipe.
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Cannabis in vallenato
Cannabis in vallenato covers the place of the marijuana trade in vallenato, the accordion music of Colombia's Caribbean coast, during and after the bonanza marimbera, the export of marijuana from northern Colombia to the United States in the 1970s and early 1980s. The trade's intermediaries and exporters, known as marimberos, hosted vallenato parrandas (private parties built around the music), paid composers and performers, met the costs of recordings, bought records in bulk to give away and had their names called out in songs. Composers wrote songs in their honour; a few songs took up the trade itself.
The historian Lina Britto argues that the marimberos helped carry vallenato from the local stage to the national market in the 1970s. She also argues that their part in its history was afterwards left out of the national memory. Franklin Bonivento van Grieken, working from the greetings recorded on 751 songs, argues that the support of politicians and cultural promoters would not have been enough, without the patronage of the marimberos, to make vallenato Colombia's leading genre.
Until the middle of the 20th century the upper classes of the region looked down on accordion music, the music of peasants, farm workers and the urban underworld. The composer Gustavo Gutiérrez Cabello told Britto that the rules of the Valledupar Club prohibited it. The cattle-ranching families who moved into cotton in the 1950s and 1960s took the music up and held vallenato parrandas while lobbying for the creation of Cesar Department in 1967. In Britto's account they made the music part of their own claim to lead the region. …
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