Southern hemp
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Southern hemp (Russian: южная конопля, yuzhnaya konoplya) was one of the geographic types into which Soviet agronomy divided cultivated hemp. It was a tall, large-seeded hemp, zoned for the North Caucasus and the south of Ukraine.[1] Further north, in the main hemp-growing belt of the Soviet Union, it was sown for fibre alone.[1] In 1995 the southern cultivars of the former Soviet Union were late-maturing and were bred at the agricultural research institute of Krasnodar. A cultivar with yuzhnaya ("southern") in its name belonged to this ecotype.[2] Southern varieties included South Krasnodar, South Arkhon and South Chuy hemp.[3]: 108[4]: 96 From 1965 the RSFSR criminal code made it a crime to sow some of these varieties, as it already was for Indian hemp.[5][6]
A geographic type
The third edition of the Soviet Сельскохозяйственная энциклопедия (Agricultural Encyclopaedia) divided hemp by its biological and economic traits into 14 forms, or geographic types: northern, Siberian, Central Russian, South Ukrainian, West European, Balkan, southern, Mozdok, North Caucasian, Transcaucasian, Asia Minor, Indian, East Asian and wild. Each type was made up of smaller units, the geographic varieties or kryazhi.[1] Southern forms had the largest seeds, 16 to 26 grams per thousand, against 12 to 20 grams in the forms of the central and northern belts and 8 to 12 grams in wild hemp. Their stems grew 2.5 to 4 metres tall and sometimes 6 metres; stems of Central Russian hemp reached 1.25 to 1.5 metres.[1] In the Institute of Hemp's grouping of varieties by seed weight, the large-seeded group held the southern varieties South Krasnodar, South Chuy and Ferralonia, the bred YuS varieties and the South Ukrainian varieties.[3]: 108
Southern hemp was zoned for the southern districts of the Ukrainian SSR (the Odesa, Dnipropetrovsk and Mykolaiv oblasts) and for the North Caucasus: Krasnodar and Stavropol krais and the North Ossetian and Kabardian ASSRs. East Asian hemp was zoned for the Kirghiz SSR.[1]
Hemp for fibre in the central belt
Grown in the central belt, southern hemp gave one and a half to two times the fibre of the best local varieties.[7] By another estimate the gain was two to two and a half times.[1] In the central belt the crop was grown as zelenets, for fibre: the whole stand was cut at one time, when the male plants had mostly finished flowering.[1] The Institute of Bast Crops drew up a zoning of southern varieties for zelenets in the central belt, with different varieties for different groups of provinces.[8]: 100–101
Trials of Italian hemp in Russia began under the Department of Agriculture in 1842. Hemp breeding in Krasnodar Krai began after the first congress of hemp growers, held at Oryol in 1928. The work on southern hemp started at the North Caucasus Experimental Station of Bast Crops and moved in 1956 to the Krasnodar agricultural research institute. Its first organiser, V. A. Nevinnykh, led it until 1981 and bred 12 varieties of hemp.[7]
Varieties
Varieties of southern hemp named in Soviet agronomic writing of the 1950s to 1970s include:
- South Krasnodar (Южная краснодарская), bred by Nevinnykh and zoned on the Kuban from 1949.[7]
- South Cherkassy (Южная черкасская), selected from South Krasnodar hemp at the Cherkasy hemp seed station.[9]: 67
- South Pavlograd (Южная павлоградская), one of the varieties popular with hemp growers in 1971, together with YuS-6, South Arkhon and Krasnodar 35.[4]: 96
- South Arkhon (Южная архонская), popular with hemp growers in 1971.[4]: 96
- South Chuy (Южная чуйская), bred at the Chuy Experimental Station for the Kirghiz SSR.[10]: 101
- South Manchurian (Южная маньчжурская), sown in Chernihiv Oblast in 1954.[11]: 40
South Manchurian hemp
In 1954 the collective farm Zhovten in the Novhorod-Siverskyi district of Chernihiv Oblast sowed South Manchurian hemp on 39 hectares. The seed was drilled crosswise with a horse-drawn drill at 110 kilograms a hectare, and each hectare gave 64 quintals of retted stalks, or 11.6 quintals of fibre.[11]: 40 Hemp called Manchurian was among the varieties in trials of the zelenets harvest in 1954 and 1955.[12]: 70 From 1959 to 1961 seed of Manchurian hemp was brought from China into the central belt of the RSFSR. It carried the hemp moth, Grapholita delineana.[13]: 102 In 1965 South Manchurian hemp became one of the two hemps added to the RSFSR criminal code's ban on sowing.[5]
The name "Manchurian" is also used for the wild hemp of Primorsky Krai in the Russian Far East. A 2009 study of young people's attitudes to drugs in the krai calls the wild hemp that grows there "South Manchurian".[14] In June 2017 police in Krasnoarmeysky district destroyed more than 10,500 plants near the village of Romny, which the regional police called wild Manchurian hemp.[15]
The end of the old varieties
Before 1970 the content of tetrahydrocannabinol in southern varieties ranged from 4.5 to 1.5 per cent, and in Central Russian varieties it did not exceed 1.0 per cent, according to Romanenko, Skripnikov and Sukhorada.[16] By the Krasnodar breeding laboratory's figures, its southern hemp held 1.5 to 2.0 per cent in 1970.[7] In Sukhorada's account, drug use became a problem in Russia at the end of the 1960s. Crops of southern hemp suffered especially: plants were broken and the crops became hard to harvest, and militia patrols and volunteers had to guard them.[17]
Work on varieties with no more than 0.1 per cent of the drug began in 1973 at the Krasnodar institute, the Institute of Bast Crops at Glukhov and the Vavilov Institute.[16] The Krasnodar laboratory has since brought its southern hemp down to 0.1 per cent or less.[7] As the sown area fell between 1971 and 1988, Soviet output of hemp fibre dropped from 70,500 to 23,800 tonnes.[17]
Soviet law
The RSFSR criminal code of 1960 punished the sowing of opium poppy or Indian hemp without permission.[18] A decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of 3 July 1965 added a second part to the article: the sowing of South Manchurian or South Chuy hemp was punished with up to three years' imprisonment.[5] In the Kirghiz SSR the republic's Council of Ministers had already decided on 9 July 1964 to end the growing of South Chuy hemp from 1965.[19]: 25–26
A decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 22 June 1987, No. 7226-XI, extended the list to five names, in Babayan's English "Indian, South Manchurian, South Chuya, South Arkhon or South Krasnodar cannabis".[6] The RSFSR followed with a decree of 29 June 1987, No. 6462-XI.[20] In that wording, article 225 punished the sowing or growing of «индийской, южной маньчжурской, южной чуйской, южной архонской и южной краснодарской конопли». The sowing of other hemp without permission went to a new article 225.1 and was a crime only when repeated within a year of an administrative penalty.[21] The criminal code of the Kazakh SSR took the same five names in July 1987,[22] and article 236 of the Kirghiz SSR code also listed the varieties by name in its edition of 1997.[23]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Dmitriev, B. "Конопля". Сельскохозяйственная энциклопедия (in русский) (3rd ed.). Moscow. Retrieved 24 October 2026 – via agrolib.ru.
- ↑ de Meijer, E. P. M. (1995). "Fibre hemp cultivars: a survey of origin, ancestry, availability and brief agronomic characteristics". Journal of the International Hemp Association. 2 (2): 66–73.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Arinshtein, A. I. (1950). "К вопросу о масличности семян сортов конопли при различных условиях выращивания". In Tollochko, Ya. M. (ed.). Лубяные культуры: конопля, кенаф, канатник, рами, джут, бамия (in русский). Moscow: Сельхозгиз. pp. 108–114 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Demkin, A. P. (1971). "Сорт и производительность труда в коноплеводстве". Биология, возделывание и первичная обработка конопли и кенафа (in русский). Vol. 34. Glukhov: Всесоюзный научно-исследовательский институт лубяных культур. pp. 96–101 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 О внесении изменений и дополнений в Уголовный кодекс РСФСР(Указ Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР), 3 July 1965, para. 6.RSFSR.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Babayan, E. A. (1990). "The legal regulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics". Bulletin on Narcotics. 42 (1): 73–81.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 "Лаборатория селекции и семеноводства конопли". ФГБНУ «НЦЗ им. П. П. Лукьяненко» (in русский). Archived from the original on 15 November 2019.
- ↑ Rudnikov, V. N.; Litvin, S. A. (1958). "Рациональный подбор зеленцовых сортов конопли — важный резерв увеличения производства волокна". Возделывание и первичная обработка конопли: сборник статей. Передовой опыт в сельском хозяйстве (in русский). Moscow: Сельхозгиз. pp. 89–101 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ Lesik, B. V.; Shkvar, Ya. Ya. (1957). "Район высоких урожаев конопли (из опыта черкасских коноплеводов)". Выращивание высоких урожаев конопли, кенафа и джута: сборник статей. Передовой опыт в сельском хозяйстве (in русский). Moscow: Сельхозгиз. pp. 65–81 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ Lukashevich, E. S. (1957). "Выращивание конопли и кенафа в совхозах Киргизской ССР". Выращивание высоких урожаев конопли, кенафа и джута: сборник статей. Передовой опыт в сельском хозяйстве (in русский). Moscow: Сельхозгиз. pp. 88–104 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Krasheninnikov, N. A.; Ryumina, G. A. (1958). "Способы посева конопли". Возделывание и первичная обработка конопли: сборник статей. Передовой опыт в сельском хозяйстве (in русский). Moscow: Сельхозгиз. pp. 39–55 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ Ryumina, G. A. (1958). "Сроки уборки южных сортов конопли на зеленец". Возделывание и первичная обработка конопли: сборник статей. Передовой опыт в сельском хозяйстве (in русский). Moscow: Сельхозгиз. pp. 65–71 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ Tkalich, P. P. (1974). "Ареал и зоны вредности конопляной листовертки". Биология, возделывание и первичная обработка конопли и кенафа (in русский). Vol. 35. Glukhov: Всесоюзный научно-исследовательский институт лубяных культур. pp. 102–104 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ Grigorets, F. I. (2009). "Социологический анализ отношения молодёжи Приморского края к проблеме наркотиков". Власть (in русский) (7).
- ↑ "Гектар конопли уничтожила химикатами полиция в Приморье". EastRussia (in русский). 9 June 2017.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Romanenko, A. A.; Skripnikov, S. G.; Sukhorada, T. I. (2016). "Конопля. Прошлое. Настоящее. Будущее?". Достижения науки и техники АПК (in русский). 30 (3).
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Sukhorada, T. I. (2005). Селекция безнаркотических сортов южной конопли и элементы их сортовой агротехники (Doctor of Agricultural Sciences dissertation) (in русский) – via dissercat.
- ↑ Уголовный кодекс РСФСР, 27 October 1960, art. 225, original wording.RSFSR.
- ↑ Akmatova, A.T. (2024). "Правовая политика Советской Киргизии в сфере социальной безопасности (на опыте борьбы с распространением наркомании)". Вестник Ошского государственного университета. Право (in русский) (1(4)): 18–31. doi:10.52754/16948661_2024_1(4)_4.
- ↑ Sumachev, A.V. (2018). "Уголовная политика России в сфере борьбы с незаконным оборотом наркотиков (с 70-х годов – до наших дней)". Вестник Югорского государственного университета (in русский) (2 (49)): 24–30. doi:10.17816/byusu20180224-30.
- ↑ Уголовный кодекс РСФСР, 27 October 1960, arts. 225 and 225.1, in the wording of 1987.RSFSR.Retrieved 12 October 2026.
- ↑ Уголовный кодекс Казахской ССР, 22 July 1959, arts. 212-1 and 213, as worded by the Ukaz of 30 July 1987.Kazakh SSR.Retrieved 12 October 2026.
- ↑ Уголовный кодекс Киргизской ССР, 29 December 1960, arts. 236 and 236-1, edition of 1 October 1997.Kirghiz SSR.Retrieved 13 October 2026.