Growing places in historical sources
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Reports and gazetteers of the nineteenth century name many places in Bangladesh and India where cannabis was grown: for ganja in the plains of Bengal, and in the Himalayan districts for fibre, seed and charas. The places listed here are taken from the evidence and report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission (1893–94), Hem Chunder Kerr's report on ganja in Bengal (1877), Edwin T. Atkinson's account of the Himalayan districts of the North-Western Provinces (1882), the House of Commons papers of 1893 on ganja (which reprint the Bengal papers of 1872 and an article from George Watt's Dictionary of the Economic Products of India), David Prain's report on ganja (1893) and the Rajshahi district gazetteer (1916), with the year each account describes, the sowing and harvest months it gives, and the names it uses for the plant.
A place is listed when one of these accounts says the plant was cultivated there; places where they mention only wild or self-sown plants are left out. The year given is the year described, which can be long before publication: Kerr's report quotes a collector's description of the ganja grown in Jessore in 1809.[1]: 107 Each position stands for the place named (a village, a police circle or thana, a district or a hill state), never for a field.
Places
| Place | Today | Year | What the source says | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adamdighi | Adamdighi Upazila, Bogura District, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh | 1893–94 | Cultivated for ganja in the Adamdighi and Nawabganj thanas of Bogra district Plant names: the “ganja” plant (the cultivated variety); the bhang plant (the wild plant) |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 78 |
| Adamdighi Ganja Mahal |
Adamdighi Upazila, Bogura District, Bangladesh | 1876–77 | Kerr places Adamdighi thana in Bogra zillah among the jurisdictions over which the Ganja Mahal tract lies. | Kerr 1877[1]: 108 |
| Badalgachhi Badalgatchi Ganja Mahal |
Badalgachhi Upazila, Naogaon District, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh | 1876–77 | Kerr places Badalgatchi thana in Bogra zillah among the jurisdictions over which the Ganja Mahal tract lies. | Kerr 1877[1]: 108 |
| Bandaikhara Ganja Mahal |
Bandaikhara, Atrai Upazila, Naogaon District, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh | 1876–77 | Kerr places Bandaikhara police station in Rajshahye district among the jurisdictions over which the Ganja Mahal tract lies. | Kerr 1877[1]: 108 |
| Boalia | Boalia, now Rajshahi city, Rajshahi, Bangladesh | 1893 | A witness says hemp plants are grown for ganja and charas in Boalia, Bogra and Dinajpur. Plant names: the “Hemp plants” |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 455 |
| Bogra | Bogura District (old Bogra), Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh | 1893 | The Commission says hemp cultivation is confined to a compact tract of about sixteen miles radius lying in the districts of Dinajpur, Rajshahi and Bogra. Plant names: the “hemp plant” |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 35 |
| Bogra Bogra district |
Bogura District, Bangladesh | 1893 | Ganja is cultivated in the Nawabganj and Adamdighi thanas of Bogra district, and wild hemp grows generally in sandy soils there. Plant names: wild hemp |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 237 |
| Chittagong | Chittagong district (old boundaries), Chittagong Division, Bangladesh | by 1889 | Watt reports that Dr. Royle alludes to successful experiments of hemp cultivation in the plains, especially at Chittagong. | Watt 1889, as reprinted in the 1893 Papers[4]: 162 |
| Dacca | Dhaka (old Dacca district), Dhaka Division, Bangladesh | 1893 | A witness says that in Dacca, Patna and Chota Nagpur the plant is cultivated for use as bhang. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 351 |
| Dacca | Dhaka (old Dacca district), Dhaka Division, Bangladesh | 1876–77 | Kerr says that in some parts of Dacca small fields have been met with where hemp is regularly cultivated for its leaves. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Dinajpur | Dinajpur district (old boundaries), now divided between Rangpur Division and West Bengal, Bangladesh | 1893 | The Commission says hemp cultivation is confined to a compact tract of about sixteen miles radius lying in Dinajpur, Rajshahi and Bogra. Plant names: the “hemp plant” |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 35 |
| Dinajpur Dinajpur District |
Dinajpur District, Rangpur Division; part also in West Bengal, Bangladesh | 1893 | Ganja is cultivated in the south of Dinajpur District, for example in Mahadebpur Thana, and wild hemp grows generally in sandy soils there. Plant names: wild hemp |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 237 |
| Dubalhati Pargana Dubalhati Ganja Mahal |
Dubalhati, Naogaon Sadar Upazila, Naogaon District, Bangladesh | 1893 | A witness says hemp is cultivated for ganja in Pargana Dubalhati in the Rajshahi district. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 467 |
| Eastern Bengal | Eastern Bengal region, Bangladesh | by 1889 | Watt gives Hem Chunder Kerr's account of the method in Eastern Bengal, where the preparation of the soil for hemp begins in March and April. Months: “March April” |
Watt 1889, as reprinted in the 1893 Papers[4]: 160 |
| Ganja Mahal | Parts of Naogaon, Bogura and Dinajpur districts, Bangladesh | 1876–77 | The one tract of Bengal where ganja was grown, lying in parts of Rajshahi, Bogra and Dinajpur districts Months: “At about the end of Paus, i.e., in the beginning of January, the more advanced female plants commence to flower … the harvesting of ganja commences by the latter end of Mágh (second week of February) or at the beginning of Fálgún (middle of February), and is completed about the middle of March” |
Kerr 1877[1]: 108, 114 |
| Ganja Mahal | Ganja Mahal, Naogaon District, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh | 1916 | O'Malley says the name Ganja Mahal is given to an area in the Naogaon subdivision in which the hemp plant is cultivated. Months: “fortnight later (beginning of November) the ridges are hoed down as far as” Plant names: the “hemp plant” |
O'Malley 1916[5]: 134 |
| Ganja Mahal | Ganja Mahal, Naogaon District, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh | 1893 | The Commission says the agricultural processes for growing and preparing ganja have undoubtedly been brought to greater perfection in the skilled cultivation of the Ganja Mahal. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 60 |
| Ganja Mahal Ganja Mahal of Naogaon |
Ganja Mahal, Naogaon District, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh | 1893 | A witness says that hemp is cultivated for ganja in the Ganja Mahal of Naogaon, which comprises parts of Rajshahi, Bogra and Dinajpur. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 218 |
| Jessore | Jashore District, Khulna Division, Bangladesh | 1893 | A zamindar witness states that the hemp plant is cultivated in Rajshahi and in some parts of Jessore. Plant names: the “hemp plant” |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 398 |
| Jessore | Jashore District, Khulna Division, Bangladesh | 1876–77 | Kerr infers that Bogra and Rajshahye succeeded Jessore as ganja-cultivating districts. | Kerr 1877[1]: 108 |
| Jessore | Jessore (Jashore) District, Bangladesh | 1893 | The hemp plant is said to be grown abundantly in the districts of Rajshahi and Bhagalpur, and next to these in Jessore. Plant names: the hemp plant |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 398 |
| Jessore Sadar sudder sub-division of Jessore |
Jashore Sadar (old sudder sub-division), Jashore, Bangladesh | 1893 | A witness says there is no cultivation of the hemp plant in his district now, but that it was formerly cultivated at Kotchandpur in the sudder sub-division of Jessore. Plant names: the “hemp plant” |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 401 |
| Keshabpur Keshubpore |
Keshabpur Upazila, Jashore District, Khulna Division, Bangladesh | 1809 “as it existed in the year 1809” |
Ganja largely cultivated, principally about Keshubpore, in Westland’s report on Jessore as Kerr quotes it | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Khulna | Khulna District (old), Khulna Division, Bangladesh | 1893 | A witness answers yes on cultivation and lists Khulna among the places, with parts of Dacca, Patna, Monghyr and Bhagalpur. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 350 |
| Kotchandpur | Kotchandpur Upazila, Jhenaidah District, Khulna Division, Bangladesh | before 1893 “formerly” |
Hemp formerly cultivated in Kotchandpur, in the sadar sub-division of Jessore; none in the district by 1893 | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 401 |
| Mahadebpur | Mahadebpur Upazila, Naogaon District, Bangladesh | 1893–94 | Cultivated to a small extent for ganja, under Government supervision | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 239 |
| Mymensingh | Mymensingh District (old), Mymensingh Division, Bangladesh | 1893 | The Commission notes evidence corroborating a desultory kind of cultivation in Mymensingh. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 37 |
| Mymensingh Mymensingh District |
Mymensingh District (old), Mymensingh Division, Bangladesh | 1893 | A zamindar witness says hemp (ganja) is said to be cultivated in certain parts of the Mymensingh District bordering the river Jamuna. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 402 |
| Naogaon | Naogaon Sadar Upazila, Naogaon District, Bangladesh | 1893–94 | Cultivation tending to concentrate about Naogaon; the ganja plant was reared in a seed bed and planted out into the field Months: “The field is selected between January and the middle of March … In April and May the field is liberally dressed with fresh surface earth … Towards the end of August or beginning of September the field is again dressed” |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 60–61 |
| Naogaon Naogaon subdivision |
Naogaon Sadar Upazila (the old Naogaon sub-division), Naogaon District, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh | 1916 | O'Malley says the name Ganja Mahal is given to an area in the Naogaon subdivision in which the hemp plant is cultivated. Plant names: the “hemp plant” |
O'Malley 1916[5]: 134 |
| Naogaon | Naogaon Sadar Upazila (the old Naogaon sub-division), Naogaon District, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh | 1893 | A witness describes the land where ganja is grown in Rajshahi, the ganja mahal, near its headquarters at Naogaon, as exposed to the direct sun and unshaded by trees. Months: “ploughing begins in Bysak and goes on all through the rains” |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 493 |
| Naogaon Nowgong |
Naogaon Sadar Upazila (the old Naogaon sub-division), Naogaon District, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh | 1876–77 “1876–77” |
Kerr reports a careful survey of the ganja fields of Nowgong actually under cultivation in 1876–77, totalling 3,111 bigas. | Kerr 1877[1]: 127 |
| Nawabganj | Nawabganj Upazila, Dinajpur District, Rangpur Division, Bangladesh | 1893–94 | Cultivated for ganja in the Adamdighi and Nawabganj thanas of Bogra district Plant names: the “ganja” plant (the cultivated variety); the bhang plant (the wild plant) |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 78 |
| Noakhali | Noakhali District, Chittagong Division, Bangladesh | 1893 | The plant grows spontaneously but not abundantly, and a few cases occur of kabirajes growing it illicitly for medicine. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 66 |
| North Bengal | North Bengal, Bangladesh | 1892–93 | Prain says ganja cultivation is practically confined to North Bengal, and gives an outline of the crop's season there. Months: “In the beginning of January the hemp begins to flower, and from this time onward the cultivator is on the outlook for those abnormal male flowers on his female plants which the poddar could not possibly have foretold. Harvest- ing begins to be general about the middle of February and is all over by the middle of March.” |
Prain 1893[6]: 11 |
| Patnitala Patnitollá |
Patnitala Upazila, Naogaon District, Bangladesh | 1876–77 | A few villages of the thana lay in the Ganja Mahal, the one tract of Bengal where ganja was grown | Kerr 1877[1]: 108 |
| Rajshahi | Rajshahi District (old), Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh | 1893 | The Commission says cultivation of the hemp plant is confined to a compact tract about sixteen miles in radius, lying in Dinajpur, Rajshahi and Bogra. Plant names: the “hemp plant” |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 35 |
| Rajshahi | Rajshahi District (old), Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh | 1893 | A witness says the plant is grown in Rajshahi on the same high land used for mulberry, from seed sown towards the end of August. Months: “sown to- wards the end of August … ploughing begins in Bysak and goes on all through the rains” |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 159 |
| Rajshahi Rajshahye |
Rajshahi District (old), Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh | 1876–77 | Mr. Clarke writes to the Collector of Rajshahye that he has lately visited numerous fields of ganja cultivation near Nowgong in the district. | Kerr 1877[1]: 103 |
| Rajshahi | Rajshahi District, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh | 1893 | The hemp plant is said to be grown abundantly in the districts of Rajshahi and Bhagalpur, and next to these in Jessore. Plant names: the hemp plant |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 398 |
| Rajshahi Division | Rajshahi Division (old), Bangladesh | 1893 | A witness says the hemp plant is cultivated extensively in the Rajshahi Division for the production of ganja. Plant names: the “Hemp plant” |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 313 |
| Rajshahi Division Rajshahye division |
Rajshahi Division (old), Bangladesh | 1871–72 | The despatches say cultivation of the hemp plant as an article of consumption was confined to a limited area of the Rajshahye division. Plant names: the “hemp plant” |
Papers on the consumption of ganja 1893[4]: 68 |
| Ramchandrapur pargana Ramchunderpore |
Ramchandrapur pargana (Jessore), Jashore, Bangladesh | 1809 | Westland's 1809 report, quoted by Kerr, says ganja was largely cultivated in the district, principally about Keshubpore, in pergunnahs Ramchunderpore and Taragonia. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Taragonia pargana Taragonia |
Taragonia pargana, Jessore (Jashore) District, Bangladesh | 1809 | Ganja was largely cultivated within the district, principally about Keshubpore in the parganas of Ramchunderpore and Taragonia. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Angul State Angul |
Angul, Odisha, India | 1893 | The Commissioner is quoted as reporting 1,000 consumers in Angul State, all of whom grew ganja and sold only the surplus above their own wants. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 37 |
| Assam Valley | The Brahmaputra valley, Assam, India | 1893 | A witness says hemp is secretly grown for ganja, chiefly by tea garden coolies, all over the Assam Valley. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 529 |
| Assi-Chalisi patti Assi-Chalisi |
Assi-Chalisi patti, Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | Atkinson lists Assi-Chalisi among the pattis where hemp is grown in a few villages. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 801 |
| Badhan pargana Badhan Pindar Valley |
Badhan pargana (Tharali and Dewal blocks), Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | Atkinson names Badhan among the Garhwal parganas with the greatest area under hemp cultivation. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 800 |
| Badhan pargana Badhan Pindar Valley |
Badhan pargana (Tharali and Dewal blocks), Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | A witness says the plant is widely cultivated in Badhan, though less so than in Chandpur and Devalgarh. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 41 |
| Badhan pargana Badhan Pindar Valley |
Badhan pargana (Tharali and Dewal blocks), Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | In most of Badhan pargana, as in three other northern parganas, very little hemp is sown, and only in a few villages. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[8]: 77 |
| Barahsyun pargana Barah Syun |
Barahsyun pargana, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | A witness says the plant is cultivated to a lesser degree in Barah Syun than in Chandpur and Devalgarh. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 41 |
| Baraun patti Baraun |
Baraun patti, Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | Atkinson says a considerable quantity of hemp is grown in patti Baraun of the Gangoli parganas. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 801 |
| Bareilly | Bareilly, India | 1876–77 | Bareilly is listed among the principal places where ganja is grown for commerce. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Bashahr | Shimla and Kinnaur districts, Himachal Pradesh, India | 1893–94 | Seen cultivated as a drug or food at 7,000 or 8,000 feet, where the plant produces a resin Plant names: bháng or bhaláng |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[9]: 365 |
| Bashahr | The old Bushahr State, now parts of Shimla and Kinnaur districts, Himachal Pradesh, India | 1893 | Mr. Coldstream refers to cultivation in Bashahr and says the plant produces resin there. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 43 |
| Bellary | Bellary, India | 1876–77 | Ganja is described as extensively cultivated in Madras, with this place among those noted for it. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Bhagalpur | Bhagalpur district (old boundaries), Bihar, India | 1893 | A witness says that bhang, or siddhi, is cultivated under Government supervision in Monghyr and Bhagalpur. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 221 |
| Bhagalpur | Bhagalpur District, Bihar, India | 1893 | The hemp plant is said to be grown abundantly in the districts of Rajshahi and Bhagalpur, and next to these in Jessore. Plant names: the hemp plant |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 398 |
| Boudh Boad State |
Boudh district, Odisha, India | 1889–1893 “since 1889” |
Cultivation in the Boad State where it borders Sonpur, said to have increased since 1889 | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 38 |
| Central India | Central India, India | 1892–93 | Central India, with the tributary mahals of Chutia Nagpur and Gwalior State, is said to produce considerable quantities of ganja, clearly cultivated in every case. | Prain 1893[6]: 10 |
| Champaran | Champaran district (old boundaries), Bihar, India | 1893 | A witness says that in Champaran and four other districts the hemp plant is cultivated for its leaves as bhang. Plant names: the “hemp plant” |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 218 |
| Chandpur pargana Chandpur |
Chandpur pargana, Garhwal, Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | Atkinson names Chandpur among the Garhwal parganas with the greatest area under hemp cultivation. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 800 |
| Chandpur pargana Chandpur |
Chandpur pargana, Garhwal, Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | A witness says the plant is widely cultivated in Chandpur and Devalgarh, more than in the neighbouring parganas. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 41 |
| Chaugarkha pargana Chaugarkha |
Chaugarkha pargana, Kumaon, Almora and Bageshwar districts, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | Atkinson says hemp in Kumaun is cultivated chiefly in Chaugarkha, especially in pattis Lakhanpur, Darun, Rangor and Salam. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 801 |
| Chaugarkha pargana Chaugarkha |
Chaugarkha pargana, Kumaon, Almora and Bageshwar districts, Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | A witness says that formerly the plant was cultivated only in Chaugarkha and Gangoli, and that cultivation has since spread to every other place. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[8]: 93 |
| Chaundkot pargana Chaundkot |
Chaundkot pargana, Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | Atkinson names Chaundkot among the Garhwal parganas with the greatest area under hemp cultivation. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 800 |
| Chaundkot pargana Choundkote |
Chaundkot pargana, Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | A witness says the plant is cultivated to a lesser degree in Choundkote than in Chandpur and Devalgarh. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 41 |
| Chota Nagpur | Chota Nagpur, Jharkhand, India | 1893 | A witness says that in Dacca, Patna and Chota Nagpur the plant is cultivated for use as bhang. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 351 |
| Chota Nagpur Chutia Nagpur |
Chota Nagpur, Jharkhand, India | 1892–93 | Prain says the Tributary Mahals of Chutia Nagpur produce considerable quantities of ganja, and that it is clearly cultivated in every case. | Prain 1893[6]: 10 |
| Chota Nagpur Tributary Mehals of Chota Nagpore |
Chota Nagpur, Jharkhand, India | 1876–77 | Kerr says small fields have been met with in the Tributary Mehals of Chota Nagpore where hemp is regularly cultivated for its leaves. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Coimbatore | Coimbatore, India | 1876–77 | Ganja is described as extensively cultivated in Madras, with this place among those noted for it. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Darrang | Darrang district (old boundaries), Assam, India | 1893 | A witness says the plant is also grown by the Miris in Lakhimpur and Darrang. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 535 |
| Darun patti Darun |
Darun patti, Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | Atkinson names Darun among the pattis of Chaugarkha where hemp is cultivated chiefly in Kumaun. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 801 |
| Dasholi pargana Dasoli |
Dasholi pargana, Chamoli, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | A witness says that in Dasoli and two other northern parganas very little hemp is sown, and only in a few villages. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[8]: 77 |
| Dewalgarh pargana Dewalgarh |
Dewalgarh pargana, Garhwal, Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | Atkinson names Dewalgarh among the Garhwal parganas with the greatest area under hemp cultivation. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 800 |
| Dewalgarh pargana Devalgarh |
Dewalgarh pargana, Garhwal, Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | A witness says the plant is widely cultivated in Devalgarh and Chandpur, more than in the neighbouring parganas. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 41 |
| Dewalgarh pargana Devalgarh |
Dewalgarh pargana, Garhwal, Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | The Commission volume says hemp is said to be cultivated in the hills on the Devalgarh side, generally by people considered low. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[8]: 321 |
| Dhanpur pargana Dhanpur |
Dhanpur pargana, Garhwal, Chamoli and Rudraprayag districts, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | Atkinson names Dhanpur among the Garhwal parganas with the greatest area under hemp cultivation. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 800 |
| Dhyanirau patti Dhyanirau |
Dhyanirau patti, Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | Atkinson lists Dhyanirau among the pattis where hemp is grown in a few villages. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 801 |
| Gangoli pargana Gangoli |
Gangoli pargana (Gangolihat and Berinag), Pithoragarh and Bageshwar districts, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | Atkinson says a considerable quantity of hemp is grown in patti Baraun of the Gangoli parganas. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 801 |
| Gangoli pargana Gangoli |
Gangoli pargana (Gangolihat and Berinag), Pithoragarh and Bageshwar districts, Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | A witness says that formerly the plant was cultivated only in Chaugarkha and Gangoli, and that cultivation has since spread to every other place. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[8]: 93 |
| Gangpur State Gangpur |
Gangpur State, now Sundargarh district, Odisha, India | 1889 | The Commissioner of Chota Nagpur is reported as saying that a good deal of ganja was being grown and sold in the Gangpur bazaars. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 39 |
| Ganjam | Ganjam District, Odisha, India | 1893 | The plant is raised to a certain extent in the hilly parts of Vizagapatam and Ganjam, seldom more than a few plants by each person. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 45 |
| Garhwal | Pauri Garhwal, Chamoli and Rudraprayag districts, Uttarakhand, India | 1893–94 | Grown in manured fields near houses; the male plants were made into fibre and charas was rubbed from the female plants Months: “Early in June the field is cleaned … In the beginning of July the seed is sown … September (Bhado), when the plants have grown up, and some have begun to bear seed … In (Kartik) November the female plants are cut down from the root” Plant names: sujango or kalango (the female plants); phulango (the male plants) |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 66–67 |
| Garhwal | Garhwal district (old British Garhwal), Uttarakhand, India | by 1889 “for many years” |
Watt, citing Atkinson, says cultivation in Garhwal and Kumaon was encouraged, and the East India Company drew part of its annual investment in hemp from the Kumaon hills. | Watt 1889, as reprinted in the 1893 Papers[4]: 169 |
| Garhwal | Garhwal district (old British Garhwal), Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 “for many years” |
Atkinson says cultivation in Garhwal and Kumaun was encouraged, and the East India Company drew part of its annual investment in hemp from the Kumaun hills. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 799 |
| Garhwal | Garhwal district (old British Garhwal), Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | The Commission volume says that in Garhwal the plant was grown in the rains, always near the village site, because it needs heavy manuring. Months: “grown in the rains … seeds sown in May and June” |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[8]: 15 |
| Garhwal Gurwhal |
Garhwal district (old British Garhwal), Uttarakhand, India | by 1851 | Christison, citing Mr Jameson, says cannabis is grown in large quantities in Kumaon and Gurwhal, partly for its resinoid secretion and partly for bark used for cloth. Months: “sown in July, and gathered in October” |
Christison 1851[10]: 31 |
| Garhwal Garhwdl |
Garhwal District, Uttarakhand, India | by 1889 | Two varieties, the wild and the cultivated, are said to be common in Garhwal. | Watt 1889, as reprinted in the 1893 Papers[4]: 162 |
| Garhwal Graihwal |
Garhwal District, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | Two varieties, the wild and the cultivated, are described as common in Garhwal. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 800 |
| Garhwal | Garhwal District, Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | A witness says he is told two varieties, the wild and the cultivated, are common in Garhwal and Kumaon. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[8]: 52 |
| Gaya | Gaya and the districts formed from it, Bihar, India | before 1893 | Plants grown in a field and tended like other crops, found by a witness who prosecuted cases of illicit growing | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 37 |
| Ghumusar Gumsar |
Ghumusar (Bhanjanagar), Ganjam district, Odisha, India | 1893 “a few years ago” |
A witness recalls that the Madras authorities refused to check the cultivation of hemp in Gumsar, on the ground that the Khonds needed ganja and bhang as a safeguard against malarial fevers. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 85 |
| Gorakhpur Goruckpore |
Gorakhpur, India | 1876–77 | Gorakhpur is listed among the principal places where ganja is grown for commerce. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Gumdes patti Gumdes |
Gumdes patti, Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | Atkinson lists Gumdes among the pattis where the crop is grown in a few villages, after noting a considerable quantity in patti Baraun. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 801 |
| Gurjat Mahals Garhjat |
Orissa Tributary States (Garhjats), Odisha, India | 1893 | The Commission concludes there is no regular field cultivation in the Garhjat, while homestead or garden cultivation is uncontrolled and extremely common. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 38 |
| Gurjat Mahals Orissa Gurjat Mahals |
Orissa Tributary States (Garhjats), Odisha, India | 1893 | A witness with administrative experience in the Orissa Gurjat Mahals describes the crop cycle there, from seed-beds to reaping. Months: “Grown in seed-beds in April and May ; traps- planted in June or July; reaped in December; flowers in October and November” |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 247 |
| Gurjat Mahals Tributary Mehals |
Orissa Tributary States (Garhjats), Odisha, India | 1871–72 | The despatches say that what is called Gurjat ganja is grown almost entirely in the Tributary Mehals. | Papers on the consumption of ganja 1893[4]: 70 |
| Gwalior Gwalior State |
Gwalior, India | 1892–93 | Gwalior State, with Central India and the tributary mahals of Chutia Nagpur, is said to produce considerable quantities of ganja, clearly cultivated in every case. | Prain 1893[6]: 10 |
| Hill Tippera Tippera hills |
Tripura Hills, Tripura, India | 1893–94 | Cultivation in the Tippera hills to a limited extent, and none in the Tippera district of the plains Plant names: ganja plants; bhang or siddhi plants |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 103 |
| Hill Tippera Tripura Hills |
Hill Tippera, Tripura, India | 1893 | The Commission describes the cultivated product of Hill Tippera as low in quality and very small in quantity. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 60 |
| Hill Tippera Tripura Hills |
Hill Tippera, Tripura, India | 1893 | The report finds evidence of some cultivation in Hill Tippera, as well as smuggling from the State, and frequent mention of wild hemp. Plant names: wild hemp |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 21 |
| Hoshiarpur | Hoshiarpur district (old), Punjab, India | 1893 | A witness states that cultivation is carried on in every district more or less, but more in Hoshiarpur, Derajat and other frontier districts. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 43 |
| Hoshiarpur | Hoshiarpur district (old), Punjab, India | 1893 | The plant is said to be cultivated for ganja and bhang to a great extent in a list of places that includes Hoshiarpur. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[8]: 191 |
| Jagadhri | Jagadhri, India | 1893 | Hemp is said to be cultivated for ganja and bhang to a great extent in several places, including Jagadhri in the Punjab. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[8]: 191 |
| Jalaun Jaloun |
Jalaun, India | 1876–77 | Jalaun is listed among the principal places where ganja is grown for commerce. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Jaunsar-Bawar Jaunsar, Bewar |
Chakrata tehsil, Dehradun district, Uttarakhand, India | 1893–94 | Hemp said to be cultivated in the hills of Jaunsar, Bewar and the Devalgarh side | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[11]: 321 |
| Kasauli | Kasauli, Solan district, Himachal Pradesh, India | 1893–94 | Cultivation near Kasauli, reported by W. Coldstream Plant names: bhaláng (the male flower); bháng (the female flower)[9]: 365 |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 43 |
| Kashmir | Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India | by 1889 | The Dictionary says charas comes from the cultivated plant on mountain tracts such as Nepal, Kashmir and Ladakh. | Watt 1889, as reprinted in the 1893 Papers[4] |
| Keonjhar | Keonjhar (Kendujhar), Odisha, India | 1893 | A witness says that in North Balasore, Maurbhanj and Keonjhar the plant is cultivated only for bhang, with a little ganja of poor quality grown in small quantity. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 249 |
| Kulu | Kullu District, Himachal Pradesh, India | 1880 “in 1880” |
Almost every house had a small patch of hemp near it, according to a report from Kulu | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 69 |
| Kulu Kullu District |
Kullu (old Kulu sub-division), Kullu District, Himachal Pradesh, India | 1893 | A witness believes the plant is sometimes sown in Kulu for its fibre and seeds. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[8]: 377 |
| Kumaon Kumaun |
Almora, Bageshwar, Pithoragarh and Champawat districts, Uttarakhand, India | before 1882 | Hemp cultivated chiefly in Chaugarkha, and in a considerable quantity in patti Baraun of the Gangoli parganas Months: “In Kumaun the sowing takes place from the middle of May to the end of June … The female plant ripens from about the middle of October to the middle of November” |
Atkinson 1882[7]: 801–802 |
| Kumaon | Kumaon District (old; Almora), Uttarakhand, India | by 1889 “for many years” |
The Dictionary says that in Garhwal and Kumaon cultivation was encouraged, and that for many years the East India Company drew hemp from the Kumaon hills. | Watt 1889, as reprinted in the 1893 Papers[4]: 169 |
| Kumaon | Kumaon District (old; Almora), Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | The Commission describes a fibre cultivator in Kumaon whose female plant yields charas. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 84 |
| Kumaon Kimaon |
Kumaon District (old; Almora), Uttarakhand, India | by 1851 | Christison quotes a letter saying cannabis is grown in large quantities in Kimaon and Gurwhal, partly for its resin and partly for bark used for coarse cloth. Months: “sown in July, and gathered in October” |
Christison 1851[10]: 31 |
| Kumaon | Kumaon District (old; Almora), Uttarakhand, India | 1876–77 | Kerr lists Kumaon among the principal places in the North-Western Provinces where ganja is grown for commerce. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Kumaon | Almora area, Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | A witness says he is told two varieties, the wild and the cultivated, are common in Garhwal and Kumaon. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[8]: 52 |
| Kurnool Kurnaul |
Kurnool, India | 1876–77 | Ganja is described as extensively cultivated in Madras, with this place among those noted for it. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Ladakh | Ladakh, India | by 1889 | The Dictionary says charas comes from the cultivated plant on mountain tracts such as Nepal, Kashmir and Ladakh. | Watt 1889, as reprinted in the 1893 Papers[4] |
| Lahaul British Lahul |
Lahaul, Lahaul and Spiti district, Himachal Pradesh, India | 1893–94 | Every zamindar grew hemp on a small piece of ground near the house, for its fibre only, made into string to sew straw shoes | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[12]: 487 |
| Lahaul British Lahoul |
Lahaul, Lahaul and Spiti District, Himachal Pradesh, India | 1893 | A witness states that in British Lahoul every zamindar cultivates a small patch for the sole purpose of obtaining its fibre. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 42 |
| Lakhanpur patti Lakhanpur |
Lakhanpur patti, Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | Atkinson says hemp is cultivated in Kumaun chiefly in Chaugarkha, especially in pattis Lakhanpur, Darun, Rangor and Salam. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 801 |
| Lohba pargana Lohba |
Lohba pargana (Gairsain block), Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | Atkinson names Lohba among the Garhwal parganahs with the greatest area under hemp cultivation. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 800 |
| Madras Presidency | Madras Presidency, India | 1871–72 | Rajshahi ganja is described as much milder than ganja grown elsewhere, especially in the Madras Presidency, where the active principle is reported to be stronger in many districts. | Papers on the consumption of ganja 1893[4]: 73 |
| Madras Presidency Madras |
Madras Presidency, India | 1876–77 | Ganja is described as extensively cultivated in Madras, with a list of districts noted for it. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Madura | Madura, India | 1876–77 | Ganja is described as extensively cultivated in Madras, with this place among those noted for it. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Malabar | Malabar, India | 1871–72 | The list records ganja grown in Urguad Taluk, Malabar, with three samples. | Papers on the consumption of ganja 1893[4] |
| Malabar Malabar coast |
Malabar, India | 1892–93 | Inferior but genuine ganja is said to be produced in many parts of India, the best qualities perhaps those of the Malabar coast. | Prain 1893[6]: 10 |
| Malda Maldah |
Malda District (old), West Bengal, India | 1802 | The Dictionary lists Maldah, with Rishra and Cassimpore, as places where cultivation and manufacture was carried on. | Watt 1889, as reprinted in the 1893 Papers[4]: 161 |
| Malda | Malda District (old), West Bengal, India | 1893 | A witness says hemp is cultivated for fibre at Reshra, Lakimpur and Malda, with an unsatisfactory result. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 341 |
| Malla Chaukot patti Malla Chaukot |
Malla Chaukot patti, Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | Atkinson lists Malla Chaukot among the pattis where the crop is grown in a few villages, after noting a considerable quantity in patti Baraun. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 801 |
| Malla Salan pargana Malla Salans |
Malla Salan pargana, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | A witness says the plant is widely cultivated in Chandpur and Devalgarh, and to a lesser degree in Barah Syun, Talla and Malla Salans, Choundkote and Badhan. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 41 |
| Malla Salan pargana Malla Salan |
Malla Salan pargana, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | A witness says hemp is cultivated in the higher and colder villages of Parganas Talla and Malla Salan. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[8]: 77 |
| Mayurbhanj Maurbhanj |
Mayurbhanj, Odisha, India | 1893 | A witness says that in North Balasore, Maurbhanj and Keonjhar the plant is cultivated only for bhang, with a little ganja of poor quality grown in small quantity. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 249 |
| Monghyr | Munger (old Monghyr District), Bihar, India | 1893 | A witness says the hemp plant is cultivated under Government supervision in Bengal, with bhang or siddhi cultivated in Monghyr and Bhagalpur. Plant names: the “hemp plant” |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 221 |
| Moradabad | Moradabad, India | 1876–77 | Moradabad is listed among the principal places where ganja is grown for commerce. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Murshidabad | Murshidabad District, West Bengal, India | 1893 | A witness says ganja plants grow, or rather are grown, largely in Murshidabad, Rajshahi and Singhbhum. Plant names: the “Ganja plants” |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 79 |
| Muzaffarpur | Muzaffarpur District (old), Bihar, India | 1893 | A witness says the plant is cultivated in Orissa or Muzaffarpur for the production of ganja and charas. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 351 |
| Muzaffarpur Mozuffcrpore |
Muzaffarpur District (old), Bihar, India | 1876–77 | Kerr lists Mozuffcrpore among the principal places where ganja is grown for commerce. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Nagpur (Garhwal) pargana Nagpur |
Nagpur pargana (Rudraprayag/Ukhimath), Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | A witness says very little hemp is sown in Pargana Nagpur, in the north, and only in a few villages. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[8]: 77 |
| Nellore | Nellore, India | 1876–77 | Ganja is described as extensively cultivated in Madras, with this place among those noted for it. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Nilgiri | Nilgiri (former state), Balasore, Odisha, India | 1893 | A witness says very few people in Nilgiri cultivate the plant in kitchen gardens, and only use it as patti. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 249 |
| Orissa | Orissa, India | 1893 | A witness says the plant is cultivated in Orissa or Muzaffarpur for the production of ganja and charas. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 351 |
| Orissa | Orissa, India | 1871–72 | The despatches say a part of Orissa is the only tract in Bengal outside Rajshahye district where ganja is grown and used to any considerable extent as a drug. | Papers on the consumption of ganja 1893[4]: 66 |
| Painkhanda pargana Pain Khanda |
Painkhanda pargana (Joshimath), Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | A witness says very little hemp is sown in Pargana Pain Khanda, in the north, and only in a few villages. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[8]: 77 |
| Patna | Patna District (old), Bihar, India | 1893 | A witness says the plant is cultivated for use as bhang in Dacca, Patna and Chota Nagpur. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. IV[2]: 351 |
| Patna | Patna District (old), Bihar, India | 1876–77 | Kerr says that in some parts of Patna, as in Dacca and Chota Nagpore, small fields are regularly cultivated with hemp for its leaves. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Puri Pooree |
Puri District (old), Odisha, India | 1871–72 | The despatches describe a small extent of garden cultivation in the regulation districts of Orissa, particularly Pooree. | Papers on the consumption of ganja 1893[4]: 68 |
| Rangor patti Rangor |
Rangor patti, Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | Hemp is described as cultivated chiefly in Chaugarkha pargana, especially in the pattis of Lakhanpur, Darun, Rangor and Salam. Plant names: the “hemp” plant |
Atkinson 1882[7]: 801 |
| Rishra Reshra |
Rishra, Hooghly district, West Bengal, India | 1893 | A witness states that hemp is cultivated for fibre at Reshra, Lakimpur and Malda, with an unsatisfactory result. Plant names: the “hemp” plant |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 341 |
| Salam patti Salam |
Salam patti, Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | Hemp is described as cultivated chiefly in Chaugarkha pargana, especially in the pattis of Lakhanpur, Darun, Rangor and Salam. Plant names: the “hemp” plant |
Atkinson 1882[7]: 801 |
| Salem | Salem, India | 1876–77 | Ganja is described as extensively cultivated in Madras, with this place among those noted for it. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Shahabad Shahabad District |
Shahabad District, Bihar, India | 1882 “January 1882” |
A witness reports finding bhang cultivated in poppy fields at Gundi in the Shahabad District. Months: “in the month of January 1882” |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 201 |
| Simla Simla district |
Shimla and its surroundings, Shimla district, India | 1893–94 | Hemp commonly grown for its fibre, made into ropes | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[9]: 365 |
| Singhbhum | Singhbhum District, Jharkhand, India | 1893 | A witness states that ganja plants are grown largely in Murshidabad, Rajshahi and Singhbhum. Plant names: the “ganja” plant |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 79 |
| Sira pargana Sira |
Sira pargana, Didihat, Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | The plant is described as chiefly cultivated in the Sor and Sira parganas, for a purpose the quote does not complete. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 802 |
| Sonepur Sonpur |
Subarnapur district, India | before 1893 “cultivated before” |
Grown before, and not allowed in the State at the time of the report | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 38 |
| Sor pargana Sor Saur Valley |
Sor pargana, Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | The plant is described as chiefly cultivated in the Sor and Sira parganas, for a purpose the quote does not complete. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 802 |
| Talla Salan pargana Talla |
Talla Salan pargana, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | The plant is described as widely cultivated in Chandpur and Devalgarh and, to a lesser degree, in Barah Syun, Talla and Malla Salans, Choundkote and Badhan. | Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 41 |
| Talla Salan pargana Talla |
Talla Salan pargana, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India | 1893 | Hemp is reported as cultivated in the higher and colder villages of the parganas of Talla and Malla Salan. Plant names: the “hemp” plant |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. V[8]: 77 |
| Tanjore | Tanjore, India | 1876–77 | Ganja is described as extensively cultivated in Madras, with this place among those noted for it. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Terai | Tarai, Kumaon Tarai, India | 1876–77 | The Terai is listed among the principal places where ganja is grown for commerce. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Tirupattur Tropatoor |
Tirupattur, India | 1871–72 | Adai ganja is recorded as grown on the hills at Tropatoor. Plant names: “Adai Ganja” |
Papers on the consumption of ganja 1893[4]: 74 |
| Uchyur patti Uchyur |
Uchyur patti, Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India | c. 1880 | A considerable quantity is grown in patti Baraun, and in a few villages of Uchyur and several other pattis. | Atkinson 1882[7]: 801 |
| Vizagapatam | Vizagapatam, India | 1876–77 | Ganja is described as extensively cultivated in Madras, with this place among those noted for it. | Kerr 1877[1]: 107 |
| Western Himalaya Himalayan tracts |
Western Himalaya, India | 1893 | In the Himalayan tracts the seeds are sown towards the end of May or the beginning of June, according to a witness. Months: “the seeds are sown towards the end of May or the beginning of June” |
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894, vol. I[3]: 460 |
| Western Himalaya | Western Himalaya, India | 1892–93 | In certain parts of the Western Himalaya, plants meant to yield siddhi (bhang) are sometimes stripped of their leaves but left to grow. | Prain 1893[6]: 10 |
See also
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 "Report on Cultivation of, and Trade in Ganja in Bengal by Mr. Hem Chunder Kerr". East India (Consumption of Ganja): Return to an Address of the Honourable the House of Commons, Dated 21 February 1893. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1893. pp. 94–154 – via Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 Indian Hemp Drugs Commission (1894). Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. IV: Evidence of Witnesses from Bengal and Assam. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 Indian Hemp Drugs Commission (1894). Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. I: Report. Simla: Government Central Printing Office – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 East India (Consumption of Ganja): Return to an Address of the Honourable the House of Commons, Dated 21 February 1893. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1893 – via Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 O'Malley, L.S.S. (1916). Bengal District Gazetteers: Rajshahi. Calcutta: The Bengal Secretariat Book Depot. ch. XII, pp. 134–144 – via archive.org.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Prain, D. (1893). Report on the Cultivation and Use of Gánjá. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press – via National Library of Scotland.
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 Atkinson, Edwin T. (1882). "Economic botany". The Himálayan Districts of the North-Western Provinces of India. Vol. I – via Wellcome Collection.
- ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 Indian Hemp Drugs Commission (1894). Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. V: Evidence of Witnesses from North-Western Provinces and Oudh and Punjab. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Indian Hemp Drugs Commission (1894). "Evidence of Mr. W. Coldstream, Deputy Commissioner, Simla". Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. V: Evidence of Witnesses from North-Western Provinces and Oudh and Punjab. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. witness no. 5, pp. 364–365 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Christison, Alexander (July 1851). "On the natural history, action, and uses of Indian hemp". Monthly Journal of Medical Science. 13 (19): 26–45. PMC 5891256.
- ↑ Indian Hemp Drugs Commission (1894). "Evidence of Joytish Svarup, Kayasth, Pleader, Dehra Dun". Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. V: Evidence of Witnesses from North-Western Provinces and Oudh and Punjab. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. witness no. 237, pp. 320–321 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ Indian Hemp Drugs Commission (1894). "Evidence of the Rev. A. W. Heyde, Missionary, Kyelang, Kangra District". Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. V: Evidence of Witnesses from North-Western Provinces and Oudh and Punjab. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. witness no. 71, p. 487 – via Internet Archive.