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Cannabis in Ayurveda

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Cannabis in Ayurveda covers the place of cannabis in the medicine of Ayurveda and its alchemical branch, rasaśāstra. The compendia name the drug bhaṅgā and vijayā, class it among the semi-poisonous plants (upaviṣa) and direct that it be purified before use.[1]: 73 It enters compound medicines in two ways: as an ingredient and as a processing medium in which other drugs are steeped or boiled.[2]: 136

Swagata Tavhare and Rabinarayan Acharya surveyed 41 rasaśāstra texts and 26 medical compendia. They counted 210 formulations with bhaṅgā as an ingredient: 193 taken internally, of which 102 have it as a major ingredient and 91 as a minor one, and 17 applied externally.[1]: 59, 61 In a further 157 formulations it is a processing medium: 154 use its juice or decoction to impregnate other drugs (bhāvanā) and three to boil them (svedana).[2]: 136

Names

Main article: Vijaya

In 1877 Uday Chandra Dutt listed the Sanskrit names vijayā, bhaṅgā, gañjā and indrāśana for the plant, and the vernacular names siddhi and bhāng.[3]: 235 The Ayurvedic Formulary of India takes vijayā as the official name of the drug and refers bhaṅgā and trailokyavijayā to it, with Cannabis sativa as its source plant.[4]: 309, 327 The same word names other plants: in two of the Formulary's formulas, kumāryāsava and hiṅguvacādi cūrṇa, the vijayā is the pericarp of harītakī (Terminalia chebula).[4]: 11, 118

Purification

The Formulary's method of purifying vijayā, from the Rasāmṛta, is to tie the leaf in a muslin bag, wash it in water until the water runs clear, and dry it.[4]: 368–369 According to Dutt (1877), the leaves were boiled in milk before use.[3]: 239 Other texts use cow's milk, cow's ghee or a decoction of the bark of Acacia arabica, and some formulas, such as madana modaka, call for the bhaṅgā to be fried in ghee. For the ill effects of the drug the texts give cow's curd with ginger or lemon juice, or cow's milk with ginger.[1]: 73 The Sri Lankan pharmacopoeia soaks the seeds and leaves in water for four to five hours, dries them and fries them in cow's ghee.[5]: 81

Formulations

Tavhare and Acharya call bhaṅgā a major ingredient where it stands to all the other ingredients together in a proportion between 1:1 and 1:6 and a minor one beyond that.[1]: 60 In the three medicines whose full composition Dutt set out, bhaṅgā equals all the other ingredients together: the powder jātīphalādya churna, the pill jvālānala rasa and the confection madana modaka. Dutt wrote that "numerous confections of bhāng", among them kāmeśvara modaka, madana modaka and bālyasakrāsana modaka, were described in books and considered aphrodisiac.[3]: 239–241 Under the betel nut he wrote that datura seeds and cannabis leaves were sometimes added to rativallabha pūgapāka, a betel-nut confection of the Bhāvaprakāśa, which was then called kāmeśvara modaka.[6] Tavhare and Acharya list 15 entries under the name kāmeśvara modaka and its bṛhat and mahā forms, 13 of them with bhaṅgā as a major ingredient.[1]: 61–63

The Formulary includes jātīphalādya cūrṇa, from the Śārṅgadhara Saṃhitā, with bhaṅgā leaf equal to all its other drugs, and jīrakādi modaka, from the Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī, with roasted vijayā seed.[4]: 39, 109 In Sri Lanka the pharmacopoeia of 1961 gives Kameshwari modakaya, a confection of 22 plant drugs with cannabis seed and leaf fried in ghee.[5]: 81–83

Traditional medicines of India and Sri Lanka

MedicinePart of the plantCountry
Jatiphaladi churnaLeafIndia
Jirakadi modakaSeedIndia
Jvalanala rasaLeafIndia
Kameshwari modakayaSeed
Leaf		Sri Lanka
Madana modakaLeaf
Flower
Seed		India
MajounLeaf
Flower
Resin		India
Indonesia
Egypt
Morocco

Formulations in Tavhare and Acharya's survey

The tables follow Tavhare and Acharya's spelling of each formulation, with the indication (adhikāra) they give and the texts they cite.[1]: 61–65, 74–76

Major ingredient, internal use (102 formulations)
No. Formulation Indication Texts cited
1 Agnikumara Rasa (24) Grahani Rasendrasārasaṃgraha; Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara V
2 Agnikumara Rasa III Agnimandya Rasayogasāgara I
3 Anya Kalpa Sangrahani Vaidyacintāmaṇi
4 Anyat Lai Churna I Sangrahani Rasakāmadhenu, pūrvārdha
5 Anyat Lai Churna II Sangrahani Rasakāmadhenu, pūrvārdha
6 Lai Churna 7(Bruhat) Grahani Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
7 Bhanga Churna (ii) Kushtha Siddhabhaiṣajyamaṇimālā
8 Bhanga Churna (Bharjita) (iii) Jwara Siddhabhaiṣajyamaṇimālā
9 Bhanga Churna Jwara Bhāvaprakāśa
10 Bhanga Churna Amatisara Yogaratnākara
11 Bhanga Putapaka Nasaroga Bhāvaprakāśa
12 Bruhat Lai Churna(i) Sangrahani Rasakāmadhenu, pūrvārdha
13 Bruhat Lai Rasa (ii) Atisara Rasakāmadhenu, pūrvārdha
14 Bruhat Kameshwara Modaka Vajeekarana Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
15 Churna (i) Putanaroga Rasarājamahodadhi
16 Churna (ii) Vajeekarana Siddhabhaiṣajyamaṇimālā
17 Daradadi Vati Vajeekarana Rasayogasāgara II
18 Dhananjaya Agnimandya Siddhabhaiṣajyamaṇimālā
19 Dnyanodaya rasa Jwara Vaidyarahasya; Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara V
20 Dyanodaya Rasa Rasayana Rasayogasāgara II
21 Gangadhara Churna (Bruhat) Grahani Sahasrayoga; Abhinava Navajīvana
22 Gokshura Paka (ii) Vajeekarana Rasayogasāgara I
23 Gokshura Paka Kshaya Yogacintāmaṇi
24 Gokshuradi Paka Prameha Vaidyarahasya
25 Grahanigajakesari Rasa (1) Sangrahani, Grahani Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara II; Rasayogasāgara I
26 Grahanikapata Rasa (II) Grahani, Kaphapitta Sangrahani Rasayogasāgara I; Yogaratnākara; Bṛhat Nighaṇṭu Ratnākara
27 Grahanikapata Rasa(16) (v) Grahani Rasayogasāgara I
28 Grahanishardula Churna Grahani Rasayogasāgara I
29 Grahanyari Rasa (2) Grahani Rasayogasāgara I; Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī
30 Jatiphaladi Churna Sangrahani, Atisara, Grahani Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara II; Yogataraṅgiṇī; Vaidyarahasya; Yogaratnākara; Bṛhat Nighaṇṭu Ratnākara
31 Jaya patra Churna Nasaroga Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī; Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara II
32 Jayadi Vati Shoola, Vandhyatwa Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara II
33 Jayakhanda Churna Atisara Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara II
34 Jwalanala Rasa Ajeerna Bṛhat Nighaṇṭu Ratnākara
35 Kamagnisandiapana Modaka Rasayana Vajeekarana Rasakāmadhenu, uttarārdha; Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī
36 Kamadeva Rasa (10) Vajeekarana Rasayogasāgara I
37 Kamadeva Vati Vajeekarana Yogataraṅgiṇī
38 Kamadeva Vati Rasayana, Vajeekarana Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara V
39 Kamadeva Modaka Rasayana Vajeekarana Rasarājamahodadhi
40 Kamadeva Modaka Rasayana II Vajeekarana Rasarājamahodadhi
41 Kameshwara Modaka Vajeekarana Rasayogasāgara II
42 Kameshwara Modaka Vajeekarana, Rasayana Rasaratnasamuccaya; Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara V; Rasacintāmaṇi; Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī
43 Kameshwara Modaka (3) Vajeekarana Rasayogasāgara I
44 Kameshwara Modaka (4) Vajeekarana Rasayogasāgara I
45 Kameshwara Modaka (5) Vajeekarana Rasayogasāgara I
46 Kameshwara Modaka (8) Rasayana, Vajeekarana Rasayogasāgara I
47 Kameshwara Modaka (9) Vajeekarana Yogacintāmaṇi
48 Kameshwara Modaka (10) Grahani Vaidyarahasya
49 Kameshwara Modaka (2) Vajeekarana Rasayogasāgara I; Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī
50 Kameshwara Modaka III Rasayana Rasayogasāgara II
51 Kamasundara Modaka Vajeekarana Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara V; Rasayogasāgara I
52 Karpuradya Rasa Prameha Bṛhad Rasarājasundara; Rasendrasārasaṃgraha; Rasayogasāgara I
53 Katukadi Kwatha Jwara Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara V
54 Kumaryasava III Gulma Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara V
55 Lai Churna (6)(Laghu) Sangrahani, Atisara, Grahani Bṛhad Rasarājasundara; Bhāvaprakāśa; Bṛhat Nighaṇṭu Ratnākara
56 Lai Churna Sangrahani Rasāyanasāra
57 Lai Churna (Madhyama ) (3) Grahani Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
58 Lai Churna (1) Grahani Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
59 Lai Churna (2)/ Madhya Lai Churna Sangrahani Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV; Bṛhad Rasarājasundara
60 Lai Churna (4)(Laghu)/ Lai Rasa Grahani, Atisara Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV; Rasakāmadhenu, pūrvārdha
61 Laxmivilasa A valeha Vajeekarana Vaidyarahasya
62 Lavika Churna I (Madhyama) Grahani Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV; Bṛhad Rasarājasundara
63 Lavika Churna II(Mahat) Grahani Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV; Bṛhad Rasarājasundara
64 Madaka dravya Arka - Arkaprakāśa
65 Madana Kameshwari Leha Vajeekarana
66 Madana Modaka Vajeekarana, Rasayana Rasarājamahodadhi
67 Madananda Modaka Vajeekarana Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
68 Madana Modaka Grahani Rasaratnasamuccaya; Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
69 Madanodaya Modaka Rajayakshma, Sangrahani Rasataraṅgiṇī
70 Mahakameshwara I Vajeekarana Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
71 Maha Kameshwara Modaka Vajeekarana Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
72 Majuma Usaba Magarabi Sarvaroga Rasarājamahodadhi
73 Mundyadi Gutika I Sannipata Sangrahani Bṛhat Nighaṇṭu Ratnākara; Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
74 Mrutsanjeevana Rasa(ii) Sannipata Jwara Rasarājamahodadhi
75 Pushti Dava Vajeekarana Rasarājamahodadhi
76 Rasayana yoga Vajeekarana Vaidyarahasya
77 Rativallabha Modaka Vajeekarana Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
78 Rativallabha Modaka Vajeekarana Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV; Rasayogasāgara II; Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī
79 Shweta Aparajita Nasya Apasmara Rasaratnasamuccaya
80 Sparshavataghna rasa Sparshavata Rasaratnasamuccaya; Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara V
81 Stambhana Avaleha Vajeekarana Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara V
82 Stambhana Vati (3) Rasayana Rasayogasāgara II
83 Takra (prepared with Bhanga) Shotha Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī
84 Talakeshwara Rasa Vatavyadhi Rasakāmadhenu, uttarārdha; Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī; Bṛhad Rasarājasundara
85 Talisadi Churna Grahani, Atisara Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara II; Yogaratnākara; Yogataraṅgiṇī
86 Talavatika Rasayana Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara II
87 Trailokyavijaya Vati Atisara Rasataraṅgiṇī
88 Trivruttadi Modaka Parinamashoo la Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara II
89 Udayaditya Rasa (4) Sparshavata Rasayogasāgara I
90 Vangeshwaradi Vati Jwara Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
91 Vati (Bhanga) Vajeekarana Siddhabhaiṣajyamaṇimālā
92 Vati (Bhanga) Vajeekarana Siddhabhaiṣajyamaṇimālā
93 Veeryastambhakari Vatika Vajeekarana Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV; Vaidyarahasya
94 Vijaya Avaleha Atisara Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV; Bhāvaprakāśa
95 Vijaya Ghruta Vajeekarana Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
96 Vijaya Gutika Sangrahani Rasakāmadhenu, pūrvārdha
97 Vijaya Yoga (i) Vataja Jwara Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV; Bṛhat Nighaṇṭu Ratnākara
98 Vijaya Yoga(ii) Rasayana Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
99 Vijaya Yoga(iii) Nasaroga Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
100 Vijayadi Gutika Kasa, Shwasa Vaidyaka Camatkāra Cintāmaṇi
101 Vijayeshwara Rasa Twakavikara Bṛhat Nighaṇṭu Ratnākara
102 Vyoshadi Churna Sangrahani Bṛhat Nighaṇṭu Ratnākara
Minor ingredient, internal use (91 formulations)
No. Formulation Indication Texts cited
1 Afimpaka Yogacintāmaṇi
2 Agastya Rasayana Sangrahani Rasayogasāgara I; Yogataraṅgiṇī
3 Ahiphena Paka(i) Vajeekarana Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara V
4 Ahiphena Paka(ii) Vajeekarana Rasayogasāgara I
5 Amruta Vatika Rasayana Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī
6 Anya Churna Sangrahani Vaidyacintāmaṇi
7 Arkadi Kwatha Dhanurvata Vaidyaka Camatkāra Cintāmaṇi
8 Atisar vidaranama Rasa Atisara Rasayogasāgara I
9 Bhanga Sharabata Kshaya Rasarājamahodadhi
10 Bruhat Chandramruta Rasa Kshaya, Kasa Rasendrasambhava
11 Bruhatpaniya Gutika Amlapitta Rasendracintāmaṇi
12 Bruhat purna chandra Rasa Rasayana, Vajeekarana Bṛhad Rasarājasundara
13 Bruhatchandramruta Rasa (i) Rajayakshma Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
14 Bruhatpaka Sarvaroga Rasarājamahodadhi
15 Chandramruta Rasa (Bruhat) Rajayakshma Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī
16 Chyavanprasha Avaleha Kshaya Hārīta Saṃhitā
17 Dadimavaleha Atisara, Sarvatisara Vaidyacintāmaṇi; Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara III; Yogaratnākara
18 Drashtaphala paniya Vatika Kaphaja Jwara Bṛhad Rasarājasundara
19 Duralabha Arishta Arishta Vaidyarahasya
20 Gangadhara Churna Grahani Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara II
21 Gandharyadi Nasya Shiroroga Rasayogasāgara I
22 Garbhavinodi Rasa Sutikaroga Bṛhad Rasarājasundara
23 Gokshurapaka (i) Vajeekarana, Prameha, Rasarājamahodadhi
24 Gokshura Paka Vajeekarana Hārīta Saṃhitā
25 Grahanikapata Rasa(9)(i) Grahani Rasaratnasamuccaya; Rasajalanidhi; Rasayogasāgara I
26 Grahanikapata Rasa II Atisara Yogataraṅgiṇī
27 Gunjagarbha Rasa (1) Rasayana, Hrudroga Rasayogasāgara I; Rasendracintāmaṇi
28 Gunjagarbha Rasa(3) Vajeekarana Rasayogasāgara I
29 Haridradi Modaka - Rasarājamahodadhi
30 Jatyadi Vati Bahumutra Sahasrayoga
31 Kalagnirudro Rasa Kaphaja Jwara Bṛhad Rasarājasundara
32 Kameshwara Modaka (2) Vajeekarana Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara V; Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī
33 Kamehswara Modaka (1) Vajeekarana Rasayogasāgara I; Rasendracintāmaṇi
34 Kameshwara Rasa Vajeekarana Rasamañjarī
35 Kamsandipana Modaka Vajeekarana Rasarājamahodadhi
36 Kaphachintamani Rasa Kapha Roga Rasendrasārasaṃgraha; Bṛhad Rasarājasundara; Rasendrasambhava; Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara V; Rasayogasāgara I
37 Karpursundara Vati Vataja Grahani Rasayogasāgara I
38 Kasturibhushana rasa Jwara Rasendrasambhava
39 Kasturyadi Stambhana Vati Vajeekarana Rasayogasāgara I; Vaidyarahasya
40 Kesara Paka (2) Rasayana, Vajeekarana Rasayogasāgara I
41 Khajuramruta Kalpa Vajeekarana, Prameha Rasarājamahodadhi
42 Kuchila Paka Rasarājamahodadhi
43 Kushmanda Paka (Bruhat) Vajeekarana Rasayogasāgara I
44 Madhya Lai Churna Sangrahani Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV; Rasakāmadhenu, pūrvārdha
45 Lakshmivilasa Rasa Vatavyadhi, Rasayana , Vajeekarana, Vishamajwara Rasendrasārasaṃgraha; Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī; Bṛhad Rasarājasundara; Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV; Hārīta Saṃhitā
46 Lavangasava Prameha, Dhatukshaya Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
47 Lavangadi Gutika Agnimandya Vaidyarahasya
48 Madanmanjiri Gutika Vajeekarana Vaidyarahasya
49 Madankama Rasa Upadansha Rasendrasārasaṃgraha
50 Madanpraksha Churna Vajeekarana,Prameha Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
51 Mahabilvadya Leha Pitta roga Sahasrayoga
52 Mahabhutwara Ghruta Balaroga Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī
53 Mahakameshwara Kalpa Rasayana Kalpa Ānandakanda
54 Mahalakshmivilasa Shiroroga Rasendrasambhava; Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī; Rasendrasārasaṃgraha
55 Mahalavangadi Churna Jwara Vasavarājīya
56 Mahapushti Dava Vajeekarana Rasarājamahodadhi
57 Maharaja Vati Vishamajwara Rasendrasārasaṃgraha; Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī
58 Majum Usaba Upadansha Rasarājamahodadhi
59 Mansoullasaka Churna Vajeekarana Vaidyarahasya
60 Modakadi Churna Atisara Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
61 Nagasundara Rasa Atisara Rasaratnasamuccaya; Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara III
62 Namardihara Paka II Vajeekarana Rasarājamahodadhi
63 Naradiya Lakshmivilasa Rasa Rasayana, Vajeekarana Rasendrasārasaṃgraha
64 Narayana Churna Sangrahani Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara III; Bṛhat Nighaṇṭu Ratnākara
65 Narayanjwarankusha Rasa Taunajwara Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara III; Yogaratnākara
66 Paniya Vatika Jwara Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara III
67 Pippalyadi Churna Sangrahani Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara III
68 Praneshwara Rasa (3) Sarvaraoga Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara III
69 Pushtikara Churna Vajeekarana Rasarājamahodadhi
70 Rajayoga Vajeekarana Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
71 Rasachandrika Vati Shiroroga Rasendrasārasaṃgraha; Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī; Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
72 Rasadi Gutika Vatavyadhi Bṛhad Rasarājasundara
73 Rudra Tailam I Shiroroga Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
74 Saouvarchaladi Churna Grahani Rasaratnasamuccaya
75 Shakravhadi Kwatha Sheeta Jwara Vaidyaka Camatkāra Cintāmaṇi
76 Sharbata Prasuti roga Rasarājamahodadhi
77 Sharbata II Prasuti roga Rasarājamahodadhi
78 Shigru Pushpa Rasayana Prameha
79 Shushkamuladya Taila Shotha Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī; Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara V
80 Stambhana Vatika(1) Vajeekarana Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara V
81 Swarjiksharadi Yoga Grahani Rasayogasāgara II
82 Trushanadi Loha Sthoulya Rasendrasārasaṃgraha; Rasendrasambhava; Bṛhad Rasarājasundara
83 Udaradi Loha Udara Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara V
84 Unmattadya Arka Vajeekarana Vaidyarahasya
85 Unmatbhairava Rasa(2) Rasayana, Sannipata Rasayogasāgara I
86 Upadanshghna Modaka Upadansha Rasayogasāgara I
87 Vajeekarana Yoga Vajeekara Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part II
88 Varisagaro Rasa Kaphaja Jwara Bṛhad Rasarājasundara
89 Vasadi Kwatha Netraroga Vaidyarahasya
90 Vatalakshmi Vilasa Vatavyadhi Rasendrasambhava
91 Vijayadi Vrushya Yoga/ Rasayanabhra Yograja Vajeekarana Yogataraṅgiṇī
External use (17 formulations)
No. Formulation Indication Bhaṅgā Texts cited
1 Amryasthi yoga Palitya minor Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara V
2 Bhanga (i) Kshudra roga major Siddhabhaiṣajyamaṇimālā
3 Dhoopa Arsha major Vaidyarahasya
4 Kanaka Taila Shiroroga minor Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī; Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara V
5 Lepa Jwara major Vaidyarahasya
6 Mahalakshminarayana Taila Vatavyadhi minor Bṛhat Nighaṇṭu Ratnākara
7 Mahanarayana Taila Vatavyadhi minor Rasakāmadhenu, uttarārdha
8 Mahapinda Taila Vatarakta minor Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī; Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara IV
9 Malla Taila Vatavyadhi minor Siddhabhaiṣajyamaṇimālā
10 Nirgundyadi Dhoopa Dhooma minor Bharata Bhaiṣajya Ratnākara III
11 Pottali Vajeekarana major Yogataraṅgiṇī
12 Rudra Taila Shiroroga minor Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī
13 Saraswata Churna Churna major Sahasrayoga
14 Taila Vajeekarana major Siddhabhaiṣajyamaṇimālā
15 Vijaya Bandha Aagantuja Jwara major Bṛhat Nighaṇṭu Ratnākara
16 Vijayadi Lepa Kshudraroga major Bṛhat Nighaṇṭu Ratnākara; Rasacintāmaṇi; Rasakāmadhenu, uttarārdha
17 Yoni-Sankochkara Gutika Vajeekarana major Yogataraṅgiṇī

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Tavhare, S.D.; Acharya, R. (2017). "Exploring the pharmaco-clinical view on Bhanga (Cannabis sativa Linn.): a classical unfamiliar portrayal". International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives. 8 (6): 59–78.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Tavhare, S.D.; Acharya, R. (2016). "Bhanga as an activity potentiater in Ayurvedic classics and Indian alchemy (Rasashastra): a critical review". International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine. 7 (3). doi:10.47552/ijam.v7i3.829.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Dutt, Udoy Chand (1877). The Materia Medica of the Hindus. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink. pp. 235–241 – via Wellcome Collection.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee (2003). The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part I (2nd revised English ed.). Delhi: Controller of Publications, for the Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. ISBN 8190115146 – via Wellcome Collection.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Sandakelum, H.M.D.S.; Nallaperuma, D.M.; Herapathdeniya, S.K.M.K. (2025). "Standardization and quality control of Sanjeewanie Kameshwari Rasayanaya" (PDF). Journal of Postgraduate Institute of Indigenous Medicine. 1 (1): 80–96.
  6. ↑ Dutt, Udoy Chand (1877). The Materia Medica of the Hindus. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink. p. 250 – via Wellcome Collection.
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