Fiji
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| Fiji | |
|---|---|
| Viti | |
| Flag | File:Flag of Fiji.jpg |
| Capital | Suva |
| Continent | Oceania |
| Gene Pool | Unknown |
| Cannabis Status | |
| Legal Status | Illegal |
| Status Since | 2004 |
| Enforcement | Active eradication campaigns |
| Documentation | |
| Growing Regions | 0 |
| Growing Areas | 0 |
| Accessions | 0 |
Fiji (Viti) is an island country in Melanesia comprising more than 330 islands across the South Pacific, of which approximately 110 are permanently inhabited. The two principal islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, hold the majority of the population and the bulk of agricultural activity. The country is administered as four divisions, Northern, Eastern, Western and Central, subdivided into fourteen provinces and further into tikina (districts) and koro (villages). Cannabis is known in Fijian as saba (pronounced "samba").[1] The legal framework retains the older colonial term "Indian hemp", with ganja, bhang and charas named in the original Ordinance No. 21.[2]
Cannabis was introduced to Fiji during the period of Indian indenture (1879 to 1916), when British colonial administration brought South Asian labourers from the Awadh and Bhojpur regions of north India to work the sugar plantations.[3][4][5] Colonial Ordinance No. 21 restricted the importation of Indian hemp and its preparations.[2]citation needed The Dangerous Drugs Act [Cap 114] and its 2004 successor, the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004, maintain prohibition. In August 2022 parliament decriminalised hemp, defined as cannabis containing not more than 1% tetrahydrocannabinol.[6] In late 2024 the Cabinet approved the drafting of medicinal cannabis legislation and a feasibility study, though no programme had been enacted as of May 2026.[7]
Cultivation persists across multiple provinces. The Kadavu island group has been identified as the dominant production region for over fifty years, alongside the highlands of Cakaudrove and Navosa.[8] The national eradication programme Operation Sasamaki, launched on 1 March 2025, destroyed 18.2 tonnes of cannabis with an estimated value of FJ$241 million across nine sequential phases between March and December 2025.[9] Together with Papua New Guinea, Fiji is one of the principal cannabis-producing countries of Oceania.[10] Fijian populations descend from north Indian plains founder material introduced through indenture and have undergone approximately 145 years of mass selection under humid tropical conditions. No peer-reviewed botanical, chemotaxonomic or genetic study has been published.citation needed
Cannabis in Fijian Culture
Cannabis arrived in Fiji in 1879 with the first wave of indentured Indian labourers and has no documented pre-colonial presence.[3][4] Cultural integration has occurred entirely under prohibition, beginning with colonial Ordinance No. 21 and continuing under the present framework.[2]
Vocabulary
The Fijian word for cannabis is saba (pronounced "samba"; in Fijian orthography "b" represents prenasalised /mb/).[1] The legal terminology under both the Dangerous Drugs Act [Cap 114] and the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 is "Indian hemp", defined as Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica or any portion thereof.[11] The Indo-Fijian community retained the South Asian terminology of ganja (flowers), bhang (leaves and seed preparations) and charas (resin), all named in Ordinance No. 21.[2]
Indo-Fijian Heritage
Cannabis arrived with the indentured labourers (girmitiyas) brought from British India between 1879 and 1916, principally from the Awadh region of present-day Uttar Pradesh and the Bhojpur region of present-day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand.[5] A 2011 review in Pacific Health Dialog records that "seafarers, together with indentured labourers, brought cannabis or Indian hemp traditions to Fiji, with the sugar cane plantations providing fertile ground for cultivation".[4]citation needed
iTaukei Adoption
Indigenous Fijian (iTaukei) society maintains the kava (yaqona, Piper methysticum) tradition, in which the prepared root infusion holds central ceremonial and social functions.[4] Cannabis use among iTaukei communities expanded over the second half of the twentieth century. The US State Department's April 1993 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report described Fiji as facing an "incipient" cannabis problem, driven in part by youth exposure to foreign travellers.[12] By the 2020s, police reporting and academic media analysis described cannabis cultivation as becoming an intergenerational rural livelihood in parts of Kadavu and Cakaudrove.[13][8]
Cash Crop Status
Police Commissioner Rusiate Tudravu in September 2025 told media that cannabis had displaced the traditional cash crops yaqona and dalo (taro) in parts of Fiji, citing its faster harvest cycle and higher per-unit returns.[13] Tudravu identified Kadavu as the principal production base. Cultivation was described as becoming generational among younger Fijians, with money from cultivation entering the legitimate economy.[13] The Vakasukawaqa (2021) review describes Kadavu as having "a proud history of being an island of prosperity and great wealth through yaqona farming before the cultivation of the illicit drugs became rife on the island".[8]
Faith-Based Community Response
Village chaplains, church leaders and religious organisations recur in police reporting as partners in eradication and information-sharing.[14][15] A February 2020 case on Totoya in the Lau Group documents the response chain: village headman discovery, uprooting of plants by the headman, deposit of the destroyed material with the village chaplain, then notification of the police on neighbouring Moala.[14] In a December 2025 case from Rabi, the island administrator framed the response in collective terms involving church leaders, community leaders and elders working alongside police.[15]
Generational Patterns
Legal History
Colonial Era
The first known cannabis prohibition in Fiji was issued under the colonial Ordinance No. 21, which prohibited the importation of Indian hemp and its preparations including gunjah, bhang and chavas.[2]citation needed The ordinance is the earliest cannabis-specific legal instrument in Fiji and reflects the colonial administration's response to the introduction of cannabis preparations through the Indo-Fijian community.
Dangerous Drugs Act
The Dangerous Drugs Act [Cap 114] regulated the importation, exportation, manufacture, cultivation, sale and use of "Indian hemp" and other dangerous drugs.[11] Section 7 prohibited the cultivation in Fiji of the opium poppy, Indian hemp or coca leaf plant. Section 5 created the principal possession and trafficking offences, with penalties scaled by the schedule under which the substance was listed.[11] The Act retained provisions for registered pharmacists to manufacture extracts and tinctures of Indian hemp under controlled storage conditions, a colonial-era pharmaceutical access framework that was never operationally activated for cannabis.[7]
Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004
The Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 is the principal active legal framework. The Act regulates and criminalises the cultivation, manufacture, importation, exportation, sale, supply, possession and use of illicit drugs and controlled chemicals.[16] Cannabis is classified as a Schedule 1 illicit drug. The Act incorporates a broad definition of "cultivate" that "includes planting, sowing, scattering the seed, growing, nurturing, tending or harvesting".[16] Cultivation, possession and trafficking offences carry custodial penalties scaled by quantity, with a mandatory minimum of three months imprisonment for any quantity up to 100 grams.[7]
The Act was substantially adapted from the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat's Regional Model Law on the Control of Illicit Drugs and was endorsed by a Cabinet sub-committee on legislation chaired by the then Attorney-General.[4]
In July 2022, Police Commissioner Brigadier-General Sitiveni Qiliho advanced an interpretation of landowner liability under the Act at a meeting of the Kadavu Provincial Council, telling delegates that landowners can be held responsible for cannabis cultivation on their land "even if you do not know that there are marijuana plants on your land".[17]
Hemp Amendment 2022
In August 2022 parliament enacted Bill No. 41 of 2022, amending the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 to decriminalise hemp, defined as cannabis containing a tetrahydrocannabinol concentration not exceeding 1%. The amendment removed hemp from Schedule 1 and permitted its importation, possession, cultivation, sale and supply.[6] The Bill positioned industrial hemp as a replacement crop for the declining sugar industry.[6]
The amendment introduced section 32A, under which any plant material claimed to be hemp is presumed to be cannabis exceeding 1% THC until the contrary is proved by the person making the claim.[18] The provision shifts the burden of analytical proof from the prosecution to the cultivator.
Medicinal Cannabis Drafting
In late 2024 the Cabinet approved the drafting of medicinal cannabis legislation and a feasibility study. Public commentary by parliamentarians Lynda Tabuya and Niko Nawaikula has supported an export-oriented medicinal cannabis industry as part of post-COVID economic recovery.[7] A 2025 Fiji Village commentary identified the contradiction in the parallel legal posture: the Cabinet approved medicinal cannabis drafting in late 2024 while the mandatory three-month minimum sentence for any cannabis possession up to 100 grams remained in force.[19]
As of May 2026 no medicinal cannabis programme has been enacted.
International Conventions
Cultivation History
Indenture Era Origins
Cannabis cultivation in Fiji originated with the introduction of indentured Indian labourers in May 1879. The first ship, the Leonidas, docked at Levuka on 14 May 1879 carrying 498 men, women and children from the Indian subcontinent.[5] Approximately 60,000 labourers were brought to Fiji over the indenture period to work the sugar plantations, where cannabis is reported to have been cultivated alongside the cane.[3][4]citation needed
The colonial administration's enactment of Ordinance No. 21 restricting importation of Indian hemp confirms that cannabis preparations were entering Fiji in sufficient quantity to attract regulatory attention.[2] The primary record of indenture-era cultivation has not been compiled.citation needed
Late 20th Century Expansion
By the early 1990s cannabis cultivation had expanded geographically beyond the Western Division sugar belt and demographically beyond Indo-Fijian growers. The Vakasukawaqa (2021) review describes Kadavu as having been labelled "the drug capital of Fiji" for over fifty years, placing the origin of large-scale Kadavu cultivation in approximately the 1970s.[8] The April 1993 US INCSR cited cannabis as becoming an emerging concern, with youth exposure to foreign travellers as a contributing vector.[12]
Pre-Sasamaki Era
The earliest documented police cannabis enforcement operations in this dataset are the 2018 to 2021 Kadavu cases, for which 76 affidavits for the disposal of seized material were filed at the Suva Magistrates Court and granted on 5 August 2022.[20] The destruction of 81,000 cannabis plants weighing over 5 tonnes from the 2018 to 2021 cumulative caseload was conducted at the Kadavu Police Station incinerator at Vunisea on 8 August 2022.[20]
By March 2021, then Acting Commissioner Rusiate Tudravu reported 82,700 plants uprooted from Kadavu between January 2020 and March 2021, valued at an estimated FJ$100 million, with twelve police teams deployed during the period.[21] By October 2021, ACP Abdul Khan reported 90,027 plants uprooted from Kadavu in the year to date, with an estimated street value of FJ$1,500,386,000. Khan referenced a "second wave" of operations.[22]
The 2022 calendar year saw operations expand beyond Kadavu. In August 2022, simultaneous operations across all four divisions discovered more than 27,000 plants across five farms in the highlands above Koroivonu village in Cakaudrove, alongside 4,000 plants from a single farm in Kadavu's Lawaki terrain, with concurrent arrests in Nadi, Navosa and Nukuloa village.[23] Drone surveillance of Kadavu cultivation was operational by mid-2022.[17]
The Vakasukawaqa (2021) academic media analysis covering 166 articles from the Fiji Times and Fiji Sun between June 2020 and May 2021 documents 42,000 plants worth FJ$119 million uprooted from Kadavu in the first seven months of 2020, with as many as thirty farmers apprehended.[8]
Operation Sasamaki Era
Cannabis enforcement was nationalised under a single named programme, Operation Sasamaki, launched on 1 March 2025 under Rusiate Tudravu, who had assumed the substantive Commissioner role the previous month.[9] Sasamaki operated in nine sequential phases between March and December 2025, supported by approximately 700 deployed personnel and expanded drone capability for identification of remote plantations.[9] By December 2025, the programme reported the destruction of 18.2 tonnes of cannabis valued at FJ$241 million, the seizure of 11.1 kg of methamphetamine and cocaine valued at nearly FJ$7 million, and 1,239 arrests.[9] Operations were concentrated in Navosa, Kadavu and parts of the Northern Division.[9]
A March 2025 single-week haul reported 31,000 cannabis plants found across multiple sites in the tikina of Ono on Kadavu, with a separate raid yielding nearly 4,000 plants from a farm in the tikina of Yale.[24] A March 2026 raid in Cakaudrove discovered a 7,000-plant cultivation site at Qaranibali in Vusasivo (Natewa) with plants exceeding four metres in height, identified through drone surveillance.[25]
Growing Practices
Smallholder Pattern
Cannabis cultivation in Fiji is small-scale and dispersed across rural smallholdings. Police Commissioner Sitiveni Qiliho in July 2022 described cultivation occurring within ten minutes' walk of villages.[17] The pattern is consistent across the documented growing regions: numerous small plots in mountainous interior terrain or dense forest cover, accessed by footpath and planted by individual cultivators or small groups.[8]
Intercropping
Cannabis is intercropped with the staple Fijian agricultural complex of cassava, dalo and yaqona, as documented by Qiliho's July 2022 statement to the Kadavu Provincial Council.[17] The intercropping pattern provides soil-shading and erosion-control benefits typical of Pacific smallholder polyculture, and integrates cannabis visually into surrounding subsistence agriculture.citation needed
Continuous Cultivation
Police seizure documentation shows plants at multiple growth stages within single sites. A January 2021 raid at Kadavu village uprooted plants ranging from 57 cm to over 3 m in height.[26] A separate January 2021 raid at Vacalea village, Kadavu, recorded plants from approximately 20 cm to 2.9 m.[27] Plants exceeding four metres at harvest have been documented in Cakaudrove.[25] Cultivation continuity at the tikina level is documented across multiple years: Yale tikina (2020 and 2025), Ono tikina (2025) and Tavuki tikina (2021).[28][24][26]
Concealment
Varieties and Genetics
No systematic botanical collection, genetic characterisation or chemotype analysis of Fijian cannabis populations has been conducted as of May 2026.citation needed
Founding Population
The founding population originated from north Indian indenture source areas, principally the Awadh region of present-day Uttar Pradesh and the Bhojpur region of present-day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand.[5] These are lowland-plains source regions, distinct from the Hindu Kush and Himalayan cannabis populations of north-western South Asia. Founding stock was a tropical drug-type Cannabis biotype.citation needed
The Awadh and Bhojpur source regions are part of the broader north Indian plains lineage of cannabis cultivation, with related populations preserved in the historical Indo-Caribbean diaspora (Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica) and other indenture destinations (Mauritius, Réunion).[5]
Visual Phenotype
Field photographs released by police media show plants with narrow leaflets, tall openly branched architecture and elongated airy inflorescences, morphologically consistent with narrow-leaf drug-type (NLD) tropical material.citation needed Plant heights documented in police reporting include plants from 57 cm to over 3 m within single sites,[26] with the largest documented plants exceeding four metres at harvest.[25]
A grower-side account from the 1990s describes Fijian cannabis as 12 to 15 feet tall (approximately 3.6 to 4.5 m) with very thin leaflets and "long airy bud", comparable to Thai material.[29]
Open Questions
The principal unresolved questions are:
- whether 145 years of mass selection from north Indian plains founder material under Fijian humid tropical conditions has produced a stabilised insular Pacific landrace population
- whether such a population, if it exists, has remained free of recent admixture from imported commercial seed
- whether genetic and morphological variation exists between the principal cultivation regions (Kadavu, Cakaudrove, Lau, Macuata, Navosa)
- whether founder cultivation traditions among Indo-Fijian growers are still extant and distinct from cultivation lineages established within iTaukei communities
No fieldwork addressing these questions has been published.citation needed
The Market
Police Valuations
Police periodically publish street-value estimates for seized cannabis. Published per-plant valuations reflect police estimation methodology rather than direct wholesale or retail market figures.citation needed
| Year | Plants | Value (FJ$) | Implied per-plant | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 (Jan–Jul) | 42,000 | 119,000,000 | 2,833 | Vakasukawaqa[8] |
| 2020 (Jan)–2021 (Mar) | 82,700 | 100,000,000 | 1,209 | Tudravu, Kadavu Provincial Council[21] |
| 2021 (Jan–Oct) | 90,027 | 1,500,386,000 | 16,664 | Khan[22] |
| 2025 (Mar–Dec) | 18,200 kg | 241,000,000 | 13,242/kg | Tudravu[9] |
The valuation jump between the March 2021 figure (FJ$1,209/plant) and the October 2021 figure (FJ$16,664/plant) is unexplained. [clarification needed]
Domestic Supply Chain
The cannabis supply chain comprises three principal stages:
- Cultivation by smallholders in mountainous interior or highland terrain across Kadavu, Cakaudrove, Macuata, Lomaiviti, Lau, Navosa and Tailevu.[23]
- Drying and processing on-site or nearby.
- Inter-island shipping movement to urban markets, principally Suva and Nadi, with cross-divisional supply documented by arrests of growers and traffickers in possession of dried material outside their home divisions.[23][22]
ACP Abdul Khan in October 2021 confirmed that "unauthorised inter-island travel" on shipping vessels was being monitored as a primary trafficking vector.[22] A documented August 2022 case involved a Savusavu (Cakaudrove) suspect arrested in a Nadi hotel with dried cannabis, evidencing north-to-west supply movement.[23]
Retail Distribution
Retail distribution patterns documented in 2024 include rural concealment within flowering English cabbage and urban sale via barbeque stands and abandoned bean carts, with FJ$5 joints described as a typical unit transaction.[7]
International Trafficking
Enforcement
Main article: Cannabis eradication in Fiji
The principal cannabis enforcement agency is the Fiji Police Force, operating through divisional Drug Operations Teams, the Criminal Investigations Department and the Police Special Response Unit. Sustained Kadavu-focused operations have been documented since at least 2018, with rotational team deployments, drone surveillance from at least mid-2022, and partnership with provincial councils, religious leaders and vanua governance structures.[8][17]
The national umbrella programme Operation Sasamaki was launched on 1 March 2025 under Commissioner Tudravu and reported 18.2 tonnes seized across nine sequential phases between March and December 2025.[9]
Recent News
Growing Regions
See also: Cannabis eradication in Fiji
No growing regions documented yet.
Several Fijian regions show sustained, multi-year cultivation activity that may merit treatment as defined growing regions in future fieldwork. As of May 2026, no formal growing region pages have been established for Fiji.
- Kadavu — cultivation across multiple tikina including Tavuki, Yale, Ono and Nakasaleka, with continuity from at least 2018.[8][20]
- Cakaudrove highlands — cultivation documented in the Natewa Peninsula, the Tukavesi area and Koroivonu hill country, with the largest single discovery to date (27,000 plants, August 2022) at Koroivonu.[23]
- Navosa highlands — interior Viti Levu highlands referenced as a primary 2025 operational concentration alongside Kadavu and the Northern Division.[9]
- Macuata interior — Dogotuki tikina documented from 2023.[30]
- Lomaiviti interior — Gau documented from 2023.[31]
- Lau — Totoya documented from 2020.[14]
Growing Areas
No growing areas documented yet.
Conservation Status
Conservation status of Fijian cannabis populations is unassessed. As of May 2026 no accessions, fieldwork or smoke reports from Fiji have been recorded on Landrace.Wiki.
Long-term geographic isolation, sustained smallholder cultivation continuity in defined tikina over multiple decades, intercropping with traditional subsistence and cash crops, and a founder-effect population from a relatively narrow north Indian plains source area provide a structural context favourable to in-situ landrace persistence. Threats to Fijian cannabis populations include:
- Eradication campaigns — under Operation Sasamaki, 18.2 tonnes destroyed in nine months (March to December 2025) with police-stated targeting of cultivation rather than possession or trafficking.[9]
- Genetic contamination — no documentation of modern hybrid introduction, but increasing tourism and inter-island connection since the 1990s creates plausible vectors for imported commercial seed.citation needed
- Cultural disruption — sustained enforcement pressure, escalation of penalties under landowner-liability framing, and fragmentation of cultivation into increasingly remote sites.[17]
- Parallel hemp economy — the August 2022 hemp legalisation creates conditions for licit hemp cultivation that, in the absence of physical isolation distance requirements, could pollinate adjacent illicit cannabis plots.citation needed
Conservation status: Unknown — no fieldwork conducted, no accessions collected, no peer-reviewed botanical or genetic characterisation. Active eradication and a complete absence of preservation efforts.[8]
See Also
Bibliography
The following works constitute the essential bibliography for cannabis in Fiji as of May 2026. Items marked * are the highest-priority sources for further research. The Fiji bibliography is thinner than the comparable Cambodia or Sri Lanka bibliographies, reflecting the absence of any peer-reviewed botanical, ethnobotanical or chemotaxonomic study of Fijian cannabis populations to date.
- * Pryor, J., and Saito, S. "Drug and alcohol use in Fiji: a review." Pacific Health Dialog, vol. 17, no. 1, March 2011, pp. 7–14. — Peer-reviewed review of Fiji drug landscape, including indenture-era cannabis introduction, hospital admission patterns 1988 to 2006, and the dual iTaukei/Indo-Fijian psychoactive plant context.
- * Vakasukawaqa, R. T. Are we losing the battle: Fiji's efforts against illicit drugs. University of Canterbury, 2021. — Media analysis of 166 articles (66 Fiji Sun, 100 Fiji Times) between June 2020 and May 2021. Documents the contemporary scale of Kadavu cultivation, names the "drug capital of Fiji" framing as a fifty-year designation, and provides cumulative seizure data for early 2020.
- * Fiji Parliament. Report of the Senate Ad-hoc Select Committee Established to Look Into the Escalating Use of Drugs and Related Crimes Including Sexual Crimes and Prostitution. Department of the Legislature, 2006. — Primary government source for the indenture-era introduction of cannabis to Fiji and the colonial-era policy framework. Page 13 documents the cannabis-via-indentured-labour link.
- * Cook, Samantha. "Fiji: Cannabis should be high on the government's agenda." Lowy Institute, 27 May 2021. [1]. — Pacific-region policy commentary establishing the saba pronunciation in print, with first-hand observations of the Fijian cannabis economy under COVID-era pressure.
- * Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 (Fiji). — Current enforcement framework. Section 32A of the Act (added by the 2022 hemp amendment) creates a presumption against the defendant for any cannabis-versus-hemp claim. Available at health.gov.fj and laws.gov.fj.
- * Bill No. 41 of 2022: A Bill for an Act to amend the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004. Parliament of the Republic of Fiji, July 2022. — The hemp amendment removing material under 1% THC from Schedule 1. Available at parliament.gov.fj.
- "Fiji." Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, New Series, vol. 8, 1907, p. 466. — Contemporary colonial legal periodical reporting Fiji's Ordinance No. 21 restricting Indian hemp imports. The earliest published English-language reference to the ordinance.
- US Department of State. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: April 1993. The White House, 1993, p. 35. — US executive-branch assessment characterising Fiji's cannabis situation in the early 1990s as "incipient" and driven by youth exposure to foreign travellers.
- Albanese, Jay, and Philip Reichel. Transnational Organized Crime: An Overview from Six Continents. SAGE Publications, 2013, p. 151. — Academic survey identifying Fiji and Papua New Guinea as the principal cannabis-producing countries of Oceania.
- Lal, Brij V. Chalo Jahaji: On a Journey through Indenture in Fiji. Australian National University Press, 2000. — Authoritative academic history of Indian indenture in Fiji, including the source-region geography and the 1879 first-arrival record.
- Dangerous Drugs Act [Cap 114] (Fiji). — Predecessor enforcement framework using "Indian hemp" terminology. Available at paclii.org.
- Fiji Bureau of Statistics. 2017 Population and Housing Census. Government of Fiji, 2018. — Authoritative population, division and provincial demographic data.
Archival Leads
- Fiji National Archives (Suva): Ordinance No. 21 primary text and contemporaneous administrative correspondence. Physical consultation required. Date and full text remain unverified by primary citation.
- Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat (Suva): Regional Model Law on the Control of Illicit Drugs is the basis for the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004. The drafting record and original Model Law text are held by the Secretariat.[4]
- Wikileaks Public Library of US Diplomacy: Cables from US Embassy Suva (1996 to 2010) likely contain INCSR submissions on Fiji with cannabis-specific enforcement data analogous to those available for Cambodia. No systematic search has been conducted.
- St Giles Hospital records (Suva): 1988 cannabis-related admission data referenced in Pryor and Saito (2011) but not directly available. Hospital archive consultation required for direct primary source access.
- Fiji Police Force: Internal operational records from Kadavu-focused campaigns 2018 to present and the named "second wave" Kadavu operations of 2020 and 2021. Likely subject to access restrictions.
- ICMag and online grower-side fora (1990s to present): Anecdotal grower accounts of pre-1990s Fijian cannabis are scattered across enthusiast fora. Not systematically catalogued.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cook, Samantha (27 May 2021). "Fiji: Cannabis should be high on the government's agenda". Lowy Institute.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "Fiji". Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation. New Series. 8: 466. 1907.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Fiji Parliament (2006). Report of the Senate Ad-hoc Select Committee Established to Look Into the Escalating Use of Drugs and Related Crimes Including Sexual Crimes and Prostitution (Report). Department of the Legislature. p. 13.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Pryor, J.; Saito, S. (March 2011). "Drug and alcohol use in Fiji: a review". Pacific Health Dialog. 17 (1): 7–14.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Lal, Brij V. (2000). Chalo Jahaji: On a Journey through Indenture in Fiji. Australian National University Press.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Bill No. 41 of 2022: A Bill for an Act to amend the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004" (PDF). Parliament of Fiji. July 2022.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 "Is Marijuana Legal in Fiji?". Leafwell.
- ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 Vakasukawaqa, R. T. (2021). Are we losing the battle: Fiji's efforts against illicit drugs (Thesis). University of Canterbury.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 Korobiau, S. (26 February 2026). "$241m marijuana seized in nine-month Police crackdown". Fiji Sun.
- ↑ Albanese, Jay; Reichel, Philip (2013). Transnational Organized Crime: An Overview from Six Continents. SAGE Publications. p. 151.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Dangerous Drugs Act [Cap 114]". Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute. Republic of Fiji.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 US Department of State (1993). International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: April 1993 (Report). The White House. p. 35.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Vavataga, B. (4 September 2025). "Police warn marijuana now Fiji's top cash crop". FBC News.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "Ketei Village Headman Finds Marijuana Farm, Police Are Informed". Fiji Sun. 9 February 2020.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Naimatau, K. (20 December 2025). "Rabi Island battles growing marijuana use". Fiji Sun.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004" (PDF). Republic of Fiji.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 "Top Cop Issues Stern Warning For Landowners Cultivating Marijuana". Fiji Sun. 5 July 2022.
- ↑ "Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004, Section 32A". Laws of Fiji. Government of Fiji.
- ↑ "Cannabis – the way forward". Fiji Village. 26 July 2025.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "More Than 5 Tonnes Of Marijuana Destroyed". Fiji Sun. 9 August 2022.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Rabonu, I. (28 March 2021). "More Than 82K In Marijuana Plants Uprooted". Fiji Sun.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Kumar, A. (27 October 2021). "$1.5 Billion Marijuana Uprooted From Kadavu, Police Says". Fiji Sun.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 "More than 27,000 Marijuana Plants Discovered In Cakaudrove". Fiji Sun. 22 August 2022.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Chand, A. (23 March 2025). "31,000 marijuana plants found on Kadavu". Fiji Times.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Mala, R. (26 March 2026). "Drones uncover a massive marijuana farm in the North". FBC News.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 "Over 300 Marijuana Plants Uprooted In Kadavu". Fiji Sun. 9 January 2021.
- ↑ "Over 190 Marijuana Plants Uprooted In Kadavu Following Information". Fiji Sun. 12 January 2021.
- ↑ "Close To 5000 Marijuana Plants Uprooted In Kadavu". Fiji Sun. 15 November 2020.
- ↑ "Fijian landrace". International Cannagraphic Magazine.
- ↑ "Farmer, 23, Arrested Over Discovery Of 4,000 Suspected Marijuana Plants". Fiji Sun. 13 February 2023.
- ↑ "Villagers Help Lead To Discovery Of Marijuana Farms". Fiji Sun. 16 March 2023.