Black Sea Region (Turkey)
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| Black Sea Region | |
|---|---|
| Karadeniz Bölgesi | |
| ActiveRecorded as grown here since 2000 | |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 41.0, 35.5 |
| Country | Turkey |
| Provinces/States | Artvin,Rize,Trabzon,Giresun,Ordu,Samsun,Sinop,Kastamonu,Bartın,Zonguldak,Karabük,Düzce,Bolu,Çorum,Amasya,Tokat,Gümüşhane,Bayburt |
| Area | 140,000 km² |
| Growing history | |
| Conservation | |
| Populations | none documented yet |
The Black Sea Region is a landrace cannabis growing region of northern Turkey, drawn on the 18 provinces of the country's Black Sea geographic region (Karadeniz Bölgesi). The crop is hemp, called kendir or kenevir, grown for fibre and seed. From the late 15th to the mid-17th century the Imperial Dockyard of the Ottomans in Istanbul drew hemp from kazas of Samsun held for it, and made up each year's shortfall from the growing areas between Kastamonu and Rize.[1]: 1 In 2020 Kastamonu and Samsun were the only provinces of Turkey still producing hemp fibre.[2]: 14
Geography
Inland, hemp was grown along the Yeşilırmak and its tributaries, in parts of Amasya, Çorum, Samsun and Tokat provinces, and along the Kızılırmak and its tributaries in Amasya and Kastamonu.[2]: 4 Hemp was grown mostly on the humid coast and flax inland, above all around Tokat and Yozgat. In the Ottoman registers the main hemp kazas were Çarşamba, Terme and Ünye in Samsun, Taşköprü in Kastamonu, Ordu, Giresun, and Akçaabat in Trabzon, while Rize, Of, Trabzon, Kastamonu, Sinop and Tokat grew more flax.[1]: 4, 19, 23 Zonguldak, Karabük, Bolu and Bartın also grew hemp.[3]: 502
Cultivation history
The dockyard hemp
Taştemir dates the start of the obligation to the second half of the 16th century, when the hemp-growing kazas of Samsun were held as ocaklık of the Imperial Dockyard (Tersâne-i Âmire): Arım (Çarşamba), Terme, Ünye, Hisarcık, Ayvacık, Ökse, Fenaris and İfrâz-ı Fenaris. Each of their 5,612 households owed 40 kıyye of hemp a year in place of the avârız levies, about 5,100 kantar (some 285,600 kilograms) in all. In 1643 the ocaklık counted 275 villages and 5,605 households.[1]: 11–12 A hemp commissioner (Kendir Emini) appointed by the dockyard collected the fibre and had it twisted into rope, either in state rope stores (mahzen) at Sinop, Samsun and Ünye, the largest at Samsun, or by private ropemakers to order. Rope gathered at Samsun from as far east as Trabzon was shipped to Galata, and hemp bought around Kastamonu left from the landing of İnebolu.[1]: 20–23 Evliya Çelebi wrote that the people of Samsun were boatmen and hemp workers, and that its hemp ropes and ship's cables were famous the world over.[1]: 10
Tithes, salnames and the Republic
In 1851 the naval accounts office ordered the province of Trabzon to send the hemp owed for the dockyard from past years: 18,342 kantar from the sancak of Canik and 14,968 from Ordu.[4]: 1227 In 1867 it was drawing 6,000 kantar a year from the sancaks of Canik and Ünye.[4]: 1227–1228 From the middle of the 19th century Kastamonu was an important centre of hemp and rope, sold to Istanbul and to Europe.[4]: 1228 The province produced 5,000,000 kilograms of raw hemp in 1914 and 2,000,000 kilograms a year in 1937 and 1938.[4]: 1231 In 1939 the Ministry of Agriculture put Kastamonu's hemp at about 3,000 tonnes a year, grown in the central kaza and Taşköprü, and that of Gümüşhacıköy in Amasya at about 500 tonnes.[4]: 1233
Taşköprü produced nearly all the hemp recorded for its four neighbouring kazas in the registers of 1486 and 1560; later yearbooks and reports name it with the central kaza among the main hemp places, and the state built its hemp factory there in the 1940s.[1]: 7[4]: 1233–1234 In the provincial yearbook of 1310 AH hemp was grown most in the central kaza, Taşköprü and Tosya, and a few villages of Tosya still grew it in 1933.[3]: 502, 505–506 The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew holds ropes from Safranbolu, Rope (Kew EBC 79159), which its Economic Botany Collection files under Cannabis sativa.[5]
A regulation of 1990 confined hemp growing to all the districts of 18 provinces, nine of them in this region: Amasya, Çorum, Kastamonu, Ordu, Rize, Samsun, Sinop, Tokat and Zonguldak.[6] Up to 2004 hemp was produced in only four provinces of Turkey, three of them here: Çorum, Kastamonu and Samsun, with Kütahya.[7]: 133
Since 2000
About 2,500 hectares of hemp were reported at Gümüşhacıköy in 2000, for rope and seed; within a few years growing there had all but stopped. Around Vezirköprü about 400 hectares were grown in 2000 and four hectares in 2015, after which new markets brought more hemp to Samsun Province, and hemp was sown again in Kastamonu Province.[2]: 9 In the 2018–19 season Vezirköprü district was the only area in Turkey growing industrial hemp, with 58 farmers.[8]: 37, 42 Two hemp varieties bred by Ondokuz Mayıs University and the Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute, Narlı and Vezir, had been registered as seed varieties by July 2021; Narlı was sown on the institute's land in Samsun and Vezir on state farm land in Amasya.[9] Hemp was harvested again at Taşköprü in 2020.[10] Farmers in Turkey sow almost entirely landrace seed saved from the previous year's harvest.[2]: 14
Growing Areas
Accessions
No accessions documented yet.
Recent news
No news items are recorded for this growing region yet.
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Taştemir, Mehmet (2003). "Karadeniz Bölgesinde Kendir-Keten Üretimi ve Kullanım Alanları (XV. Yüzyıl Sonu - XVII. Yüzyıl İlk Yarısı)" [Hemp and flax production and uses in the Black Sea region (late 15th to first half of the 17th century)]. Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi (in Türkçe) (8): 1–24. doi:10.24058/tki.108.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Clarke, Robert C. (2023). "Anatolian hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation, processing, and production: history and recent observations". Agrociencia Uruguay. 27. e1166. doi:10.31285/AGRO.27.1166.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bayram, Ebru (December 2024). "Cumhuriyet'in İlk Yıllarında Batı Karadeniz'de Dokumacılık (1923-1938)" [Weaving in the Western Black Sea in the early years of the Republic (1923–1938)]. Tarih ve Gelecek Dergisi (in Türkçe). 10 (4): 495–514. doi:10.21551/jhf.1596237.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Akpınar, Deniz; Nizamoğlu, Ahmet (2019). "Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e Kenevir Üretimi" [Hemp production from the Ottomans to the Republic]. Turkish Studies – Social Sciences (in Türkçe). 14 (4): 1223–1236. doi:10.29228/TurkishStudies.23448.
- ↑ "Ropes, catalogue number 79159". Economic Botany Collection. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
- ↑ "Kenevir Ekimi ve Kontrolü Hakkında Yönetmelik" [Regulation on hemp sowing and control] (PDF). Resmî Gazete (in Türkçe). Tarım Orman ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı. 21 October 1990. pp. 27–30. No. 20672. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
- ↑ Başer, Uğur; Bozoğlu, Mehmet (2020). "Türkiye'nin Kenevir Politikası ve Piyasasına Bir Bakış" [An overview of Turkey's hemp policy and market]. Tarım Ekonomisi Araştırmaları Dergisi (in Türkçe). 6 (2): 127–135.
- ↑ Aydoğan, Mehmet; Terzi, Yunus Emre; Gizlenci, Şahin; Acar, Mustafa; Esen, Alpay; Meral, Hüseyin (2020). "Türkiye'de kenevir yetiştiriciliğinin ekonomik olarak yapılabilirliği: Samsun ili Vezirköprü ilçesi örneği" [Economic feasibility of hemp cultivation in Turkey: the case of Vezirköprü district, Samsun province]. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi (in Türkçe). 35 (1): 35–50. doi:10.7161/omuanajas.602585.
- ↑ "Türkiye'nin kenevir tohumları: Vezir ve Narlı" [Turkey's hemp seeds: Vezir and Narlı]. Bloomberg HT (in Türkçe). 11 July 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
- ↑ "Taşköprü'de 17 yıl sonra ekilen kenevirin hasadı başladı" [Harvest begins of the hemp sown in Taşköprü after 17 years]. TRT Haber (in Türkçe). 13 October 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2026.