Amur basin
More actions
| Amur basin | |
|---|---|
| ActiveGrown here in 2000 or later | |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 49.68, 135.63 |
| Country | Russia |
| Provinces/States | Primorsky Krai,Amur Oblast,Jewish Autonomous Oblast,Khabarovsk Krai |
| Area | 754,000 km² |
| Growing history | |
| Earlier names | Priamurye, South Ussuri Krai |
| Dated accessions | 1926–1950 |
| Conservation | |
| Populations | none documented yet |
The Amur basin growing region covers the Russian side of the middle and lower Amur and of the Ussuri: Primorsky Krai, Amur Oblast, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast and the districts of Khabarovsk Krai that lie along the two rivers. In Amur Oblast hemp is a widespread weed of crops that also grows on railway embankments, roadsides and the sites of abandoned villages.[1] Police in the region report finding and destroying patches of what they call wild-growing hemp.[2][3] Hemp was also a crop there: Russian explorers of the 17th century found it among the crops of the peoples of the middle and lower Amur, and Old Believer settlers of the late 19th century sowed it for oil and rope.[4][5]
Geography
The region is drawn on whole administrative units. It takes in three federal subjects entire, Primorsky Krai, Amur Oblast and the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, and eleven districts and cities of Khabarovsk Krai along the Amur and the Ussuri, from Bikinsky District in the south to the Amur estuary at Nikolayevsk-on-Amur. The rest of Khabarovsk Krai, including the coast of the Strait of Tartary and the shore of the Sea of Okhotsk, is not drawn in. The region covers about 754,000 km². Its southern and western edges follow the frontier with China along the Amur, the Ussuri and across Lake Khanka, whose open water is left out; across the frontier lies the Northeast China growing region. In the far south Primorye borders North Korea; to the south-east it reaches the Sea of Japan. The Transbaikal growing region lies further west, beyond the northern districts of Zabaykalsky Krai.
Hemp as a crop
A seed of wild hemp was found in a dwelling of the developed Neolithic at Aleksei-Nikol'skoe in Primorye. A. V. Garkovik suggests that nettle and hemp stems came into wide use for thread in that period.[6] At the settlement of Shelomaev Klyuch in eastern Primorye, of the Krounovka culture, a few hemp seeds lay in a pot in a dwelling pit, mixed with the seeds of other crops and of weeds; the pit has radiocarbon dates of 2083 ± 40 and 2055 ± 30 years before present.[7] Seeds of cultivated hemp come from the Kraskino fortified site of the Bohai period (698–926). E. A. Sergusheva suggests that the people of Bohai could have made rope and cloth from hemp and from the fibre plant Abutilon theophrasti.[8] On the Amur itself she doubts a report of hemp from a grave of the Iron Age Pol'tse tradition. She counts a find at the 10th-century fortified site of Ust'-Chernaya on the Shilka, in Transbaikal, as the one convincing find of hemp seed in the Amur basin.[7]
Russian explorers of the 17th century reported that the Daurs and Duchers of the middle and lower Amur and its tributaries grew hemp among their crops.[4] In the second half of the 19th and the early 20th century the Old Believers who settled in the Amur country and in the South Ussuri Krai sowed small amounts of hemp with flax, sunflower and sometimes poppy. They pressed oil from the seed and made rope from the hemp.[5] Ukrainian settlers in Primorye used hemp more often than flax, partly because of the local climate. At Maryanovka, in Kirovsky District on the upper Ussuri, the peasants' everyday clothes were made mostly of homespun hemp cloth and less often of linen. After the harvest the hemp was usually retted for 10 to 15 days in the standing water of a lake or a side channel of a river.[9] A herbarium sheet gathered in 1934 at the village of Mongol on the lower Amur gives the plant's name in the language of the Ulch, опохта (opokhta), and its use, for twisting rope.[10]
Wild stands
At Khabarovsk in July 1926 A. Adrianov gathered hemp on a stream bank within the town and noted on the label that it grew everywhere in weedy places.[11] A synopsis of the alien flora of Amur Oblast, published in 2009, calls hemp a widespread weed of crops in the oblast. E. V. Aistova found it on railway embankments, roadsides, disturbed ground and the sites of abandoned settlements. Where it has been brought in it forms stable populations. In the Russian Far East the synopsis lists it from Primorye, the western and eastern Amur country, Kamchatka and southern Sakhalin.[1] A checklist of the invasive plants of the Russian Far East, published in 2020, says that in Primorye hemp occurs rarely on rubbish dumps and along roads and has been reported from floodplain forests and from forests of Japanese alder, Alnus japonica; in Khabarovsk Krai it grows as single plants in ruderal habitats.[12] A survey of the synanthropic flora of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, published in 2018, lists hemp among the species that run wild from cultivation.[13]
Eradication
The UNODC country profile of 2003 placed some of the largest cannabis seizures in Russia in the Amur and Primorsky regions.[14] In the same year the Rossiyskaya Gazeta reported more than 2,000 hectares of wild-growing hemp recorded in the Russian Far East and placed its main source of raw material for drugs in Primorsky Krai and the Jewish and Amur oblasts.[15] In 2009 Viktor Ivanov, head of the Federal Drug Control Service, said that 1,500 to 2,500 hectares of wild-growing hemp were found every year in Amur Oblast, which he called a hemp bridgehead; more than 5,000 tonnes had been destroyed there the year before, of nearly 9,000 tonnes in the whole Far Eastern Federal District.[16]
In 2013 the Vladivostok edition of Argumenty i Fakty reported that wild-growing hemp grew mainly in the southern and central districts of Primorye.[17]
In June 2017 the Primorye police reported that officers of Krasnoarmeysky District had sprayed a stand of more than 10,500 plants of what they called wild-growing Manchurian hemp, дикорастущая маньчжурская конопля, on almost a hectare near the village of Romny.[18] In the first stage of the operation Mak in 2026 the Primorye police destroyed 35 patches of wild-growing hemp on more than 18 hectares. The largest were in Khankaysky District, five patches on 13 hectares; others were cleared in the Khorolsky, Spassk, Oktyabrsky, Pogranichny and Mikhailovsky districts, in some of them with herbicide sprayed from drones.[2] In the Jewish Autonomous Oblast that summer the police found 39 patches of wild-growing hemp on almost 39 hectares and issued 30 orders to landowners to destroy it.[3] In September the Primorye police reported three more stands in the countryside of Ussuriysk urban okrug, on more than 56,670 square metres, where they found no sign that the plants had been cultivated; more than 907,000 plants were destroyed.[19]
In August 2025 the Khabarovsk Krai police reported destroying 3,129 plants of wild-growing hemp in Nikolayevsky District and more in Komsomolsky District.[20] In July 2026 they reported a stand of about a hectare in Bikinsky District, where more than 4,700 plants were destroyed,[21] and cleared smaller patches on abandoned farmland in Komsomolsky District and in the abandoned kitchen gardens of a village in Ulchsky District.[22] In Amur Oblast more than 716 hectares of wild-growing hemp had been destroyed in 2026 by late September. At Ekaterinoslavka, in Oktyabrsky District, police and soldiers cleared three hectares with armoured vehicles.[23]
Licensed hemp
In 2020 a farmer in Blagoveshchensky District of Amur Oblast sowed 4 hectares of hemp approved by the narcotics police, to press hemp oil in Blagoveshchensk. The sowing was registered with the plant-protection service, Rosselkhoztsentr, and monitored by the narcotics police and the agriculture ministry.[24]
Growing Areas
No growing areas documented yet.
Accessions
| Accession ID | Name | Collected | Locality | Area |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrianov 239 (1926) | Adrianov 239 herbarium specimen, stream bank in Khabarovsk, Russia (1926) | Stream bank, a weedy place, within the city of Khabarovsk | ||
| Voroshilov 5215 (1950) | Voroshilov 5215 herbarium specimen, near Lyanchikhe, Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai, Russia (1950) | Weedy place near the village of Lyanchikhe, Vladivostok raion | ||
| Zolotarev s.n., Mongol (1934) | Zolotarev herbarium specimen, Mongol, lower Amur, Khabarovsk Krai, Russia (1934) | Village of Mongoli (Mongol), lower Amur |
Recent news
No news items are recorded for this growing region yet.
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Aistova, E.V. (2009). "Конспект адвентивной флоры Амурской области". Turczaninowia (in русский). 12 (1–2).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Кузнецов, Д. (20 July 2026). "Почти 28 тысяч наркоплантаций уничтожили в Приморье во время операции Мак-2026". PrimaMedia (in русский). Retrieved 12 October 2026.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "В ЕАО обнаружили 39 участков с дикорастущей коноплёй". Аргументы и факты – Дальинформ (in русский). 3 August 2026. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Sergusheva, E.A. (2023). "Использование растений населением Нижнего Приамурья в эпоху палеометалла". Известия Лаборатории древних технологий (in русский). 19 (4 (49)).
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Argudyaeva, Yu.V. (2010). "Хозяйственная деятельность дальневосточных старообрядцев (вторая половина XIX – начало XX вв.)". Историко-экономические исследования (in русский). 11 (2).
- ↑ Garkovik, A.V. (2006). "Древний текстиль Приморья (по данным археологии)". Россия и АТР (in русский) (3).
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Sergusheva, E.A. (2026). "Археоботанические исследования на памятниках польцевской культурной традиции: материалы к реконструкции систем жизнеобеспечения населения Приамурья в железном веке". Труды Института истории, археологии и этнографии ДВО РАН (in русский). 52.
- ↑ Sergusheva, E.A. (2012). "Земледелие на территории Приморья в период существования государства Бохай (по археоботаническим и археологическим данным)". Вестник Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук (in русский) (1 (161)).
- ↑ Streltsova, I.V. (2021). "Трансформации традиционной одежды украинских переселенцев в Приморье (конец XIX — первая треть XX в.)". Россия и АТР (in русский) (3): 154–168. doi:10.24412/1026-8804-2021-3-154-168.
- ↑ "Specimen MW0062803: Cannabis sativa L." Moscow Digital Herbarium. Moscow State University. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
- ↑ "Specimen MW0062802: Cannabis sativa L." Moscow Digital Herbarium. Moscow State University. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
- ↑ Vinogradova, Yu.K.; Aistova, E.V.; Antonova, L.A.; et al. (2020). "Invasive plants in flora of the Russian Far East: the checklist and comments". Botanica Pacifica. 9 (1): 103–129. doi:10.17581/bp.2020.09107.
- ↑ Rubtsova, T.A. (2018). "Синантропный компонент флоры сосудистых растений Еврейской автономной области". Региональные проблемы (in русский). 21 (2): 15–21. doi:10.31433/1605-220X-2018-21-2-15-21.
- ↑ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2003). Country profile: Russian Federation (PDF) (Report). p. 12.
- ↑ Степура, Ирина (20 August 2003). "Сезон сбора конопли". Российская газета (in русский). Retrieved 20 October 2026.
- ↑ Ivanov, V.P. (2009). "Остановим катастрофу – спасем будущее страны". Государственная служба (in русский) (3).
- ↑ Кожин, Сергей (3 October 2013). "В Приморье конопля, как фураж, доступна и обильна". АиФ Владивосток (in русский). Retrieved 20 October 2026.
- ↑ "Гектар конопли уничтожила химикатами полиция в Приморье". EastRussia (in русский). 9 June 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2026.
- ↑ Кузнецов, Д. (13 September 2026). "Более 907 тысяч кустов дикорастущей конопли уничтожили в Уссурийске". PrimaMedia (in русский). Retrieved 20 October 2026.
- ↑ "В Хабаровском крае было уничтожено более 3,5 тыс. кустов дикой конопли". Известия (in русский). 5 August 2025. Retrieved 20 October 2026.
- ↑ "Почти 5 тысяч кустов каннабиса уничтожили в Бикинском округе". Губерния (in русский). 16 July 2026. Retrieved 20 October 2026.
- ↑ "В Хабаровском крае полицейские ликвидировали три очага дикорастущей конопли". Рамблер/новости (in русский). 24 July 2026. Retrieved 20 October 2026.
- ↑ "Три гектара конопли уничтожили бронетехникой в Екатеринославке военные и полицейские". АСН24 (in русский). 25 September 2026. Retrieved 20 October 2026.
- ↑ "В Благовещенском районе фермер выращивает легальную коноплю для производства масла". Вести – Амурская область (in русский). ГТРК «Амур». 23 August 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2026.