Southern Urals
More actions
| Southern Urals | |
|---|---|
| ActiveGrown here in 2000 or later | |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 54.34, 58.01 |
| Country | Russia |
| Provinces/States | Bashkortostan,Chelyabinsk Oblast |
| Elevation | Up to 1,640 m |
| Primary Rivers | Belaya,Ural,Miass |
| Primary Mountains | Ural Mountains |
| Growing history | |
| Conservation | |
| Populations | none documented yet |
The Southern Urals growing region covers Bashkortostan and Chelyabinsk Oblast, on the western and eastern sides of the southern Ural Mountains in Russia. Weedy hemp, Cannabis ruderalis, was among the weeds common to the field communities of the Southern Urals in Bashkortostan both in 1980–83 and in 2002–13.[1] The Chelyabinsk Oblast office of the federal drug-control service wrote in 2009 that the region's climate gives rise to whole patches of wild hemp and poppy.[2] Hemp was sown in the cantons of the Bashkir republic in the 1920s and in both provinces in the 2020s.[3][4]
Geography
Bashkortostan reaches from the western slopes of the southern Urals to the Bugulma–Belebey Upland in the west. Its main river, the Belaya, a tributary of the Kama, separates the mountainous east from the upland west. The capital is Ufa, and the republic covers 143,600 km².[5] The highest point of the southern Urals, Mount Yamantau (1,640 metres), stands in the republic, and most of its plain lies in the forest-steppe and steppe zones.[6] The Bashkir Trans-Urals, on the eastern slope and foothills of the range and on the Trans-Ural peneplain, is a belt about 370 kilometres from north to south and 60–70 kilometres across. Its geobotanical districts are the Uchaly forest-steppe district in the north and the Sibay and Akyar steppe districts on the peneplain.[7]
Chelyabinsk Oblast lies mostly on the eastern slopes of the southern Urals and the Trans-Ural peneplain; its highest point is Mount Nurgush, 1,406 metres. Aspen, birch and pine forest covers the north, forest-steppe the centre and forb and grass steppe the south, and the main rivers are the Ural and the Miass.[8] A narrow strip of the oblast reaches across to the western slopes of the range. The administrative centre is Chelyabinsk, and the oblast covers 87,900 km².[9]
Hemp as a crop
The Bashkir Encyclopedia counts hemp among the crops grown in the territory of Bashkortostan in the early Iron Age, with wheat, rye, oats, millet and barley. Flax and hemp were the technical crops of Bashkir farms in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[10] The Trans-Ural Bashkirs grew hemp, which they called киндер (kinder), тараш (tarash) or тарма (tarma), and flax.[11] The people of Askino, in the Birsk uezd of the Ufa governorate, made mainly hemp oil.[12] A sheet gathered by A. K. Noskov at Birsk in July 1923 is labelled «Сорное на полях. Сеется» ("weedy in fields; sown").[13]
In 1925 the area under hemp, flax, sunflower and other technical crops in the republic was 60 per cent above that of 1913.[10] In 1927 the Birsk canton had 3,200 hectares under hemp, the Sterlitamak canton 4,000 hectares and the Zilair canton 1,200 hectares.[3][14][15]
From 2020 to 2023 the Bashkir State Agrarian University tested the hemp varieties Vera, Nadezhda, Surskaya and Omegadar-1 on its experimental fields in the southern forest-steppe zone of the republic. Its researchers G. G. Bikbaeva and D. R. Islamgulov put the area sown to hemp in Bashkortostan at 890 hectares in 2023 and 1,180 hectares in 2024.[16] Hemp growers in Chelyabinsk Oblast are among those who use the varieties of the Federal Scientific Centre for Bast Crops, above all Surskaya, Vera and Nadezhda.[4]
Weedy hemp in the fields
In the Bashkir Trans-Urals, weedy hemp gives its name to a field-weed association, the Cannabio–Sinapetum arvensis, which grows in row crops and winter crops. Its range takes in the whole of the Uchaly forest-steppe district and the northern and central parts of the Sibay steppe district. S. M. Yamalov, E. F. Shaikhislamova and B. M. Mirkin drew the range from 500 relevés, sample plots of field vegetation, that Shaikhislamova described in 2002 and 2003.[7] Across Bashkortostan, weedy hemp occurred in 24 per cent of the relevés of field-weed communities made in 1980–83 and in 29 per cent of those made in 2002–13, out of 975 relevés from the steppe, forest-steppe and mountain-forest zones of the Southern Urals.[1] In the Cis-Urals, west of the range, it was most constant in the fields of the steppe zone; there its constancy fell from 0.60 in 1980 to 0.13 in 2010.[17]
L. A. Utkin gathered ruderal hemp near Troitsk, in the east of Chelyabinsk Oblast, in 1941 and 1943: on the fallows of the farm of the Troitsk Veterinary Institute (Utkin s.n., Troitsk (1941)), on a steppe slope south-west of the town (Utkin s.n., Troitsk (1943)) and in kitchen gardens at Zolotaya Sopka (Utkin s.n., Zolotaya Sopka (1943)).[18][19][20]
Wild stands and eradication
The drug-control service in Chelyabinsk Oblast said in 2009: «Климатические условия Южного Урала, к сожалению, способствуют тому, что в регионе возникают целые очаги дикорастущих конопли и мака» ("The climate of the Southern Urals, unfortunately, encourages whole patches of wild hemp and poppy to spring up in the region").[2] In the operation Mak of that year it found 28 patches of wild narcotic plants covering 110 hectares in the oblast.[21] In 2010 it issued 47 orders to destroy patches of wild-growing hemp in 21 districts of the oblast, covering 352 hectares in all.[22] In July 2026 the regional police found a large patch of hemp in Troitsky District and a patch of more than 40 square metres in Kusinsky District.[23]
In Bashkortostan the police found 31 patches of hemp between the start of the operation Mak in 2025 and mid-August. They destroyed a patch of 0.2 hectares on an abandoned field near Ivanovka in Davlekanovsky District.[24] At Vasilyevka in Meleuzovsky District, abandoned land overgrown with weeds held a good deal of wild-growing hemp,[25] and by the buildings of a derelict farm near Dmitriyevka in Blagoveshchensky District a district police officer found a plot of vigorous growth that an expert examination showed to be cannabis.[26]
Seed companies sell autoflowering lines that they say come from feral plants near Lake Chebarkul, in Chelyabinsk Oblast: Khalifa Genetics sells Siberian Ruderalis, and Landrace Bureau sells Wild Siberian, Pink Siberian and Black Russian.[27][28]
Growing Areas
No growing areas documented yet.
Accessions
No accessions documented yet.
Recent news
No news items are recorded for this growing region yet.
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Khasanova, G.R.; Yamalov, S.M.; Korchev, V.V. (2014). "Динамика адвентивного компонента ценофлор сегетальных сообществ на Южном Урале". Известия Самарского научного центра Российской академии наук (in русский). 16 (1–3).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Подведены итоги первого этапа операции «Мак-2009» в Челябинской области" (in русский). ЕАН. 25 August 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Nugaeva, F.G. "Бирский кантон". Башкирская энциклопедия (in русский). Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Serkov, V.A.; Kabunina, I.V.; Rostovtsev, R.A. (2024). "Использование сортов отечественной селекции в коноплеводстве Российской Федерации". Международный сельскохозяйственный журнал (in русский). 67 (1): 90–93. doi:10.55186/25876740_2024_67_1_90.
- ↑ "Bashkortostan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ "Башкирская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика". Большая советская энциклопедия (in русский) (3rd ed.). Moscow: Советская энциклопедия. Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Yamalov, S.M.; Shaikhislamova, E.F.; Mirkin, B.M. (2007). "Сегетальная растительность Башкирского Зауралья". Растительность России (in русский) (10): 89–99.
- ↑ "Челябинская область". Большая советская энциклопедия (in русский) (3rd ed.). Moscow: Советская энциклопедия. Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ "Chelyabinsk (oblast, Russia)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Земледелие". Башкирская энциклопедия (in русский). Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ Murzabulatov, M.V.; Shitova, S.N.; Yusupov, R.M. "Зауральские башкиры". Башкирская энциклопедия (in русский). Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ Semenov, P.P., ed. (1863). "Аскино". Географическо-статистический словарь Российской империи (in русский). Vol. 1. p. 147. Retrieved 22 October 2026 – via Wikisource.
- ↑ "Specimen MW0317295: Cannabis sativa L." Moscow Digital Herbarium. Moscow State University. Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ Gatiyatullin, Z.G. "Стерлитамакский кантон". Башкирская энциклопедия (in русский). Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ Nugaeva, F.G. "Зилаирский кантон". Башкирская энциклопедия (in русский). Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ Bikbaeva, G.G.; Islamgulov, D.R. (2025). "Биоморфометрические показатели и содержание поскони конопли посевной при различных нормах высева в условиях южной лесостепной зоны Республики Башкортостан". Агропродовольственная политика России (in русский) (2).
- ↑ Khasanova, G.R.; Mirkin, B.M.; Naumova, L.G.; Lebedeva, M.V. (2016). "Экологическая сукцессия сегетальной растительности Предуралья (1980–2010)". Вестник Академии наук Республики Башкортостан (in русский). 21 (1 (81)).
- ↑ "Occurrence 4093556370: Cannabis sativa var. ruderalis (Janisch.) S.Z.Liou". GBIF. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ "Occurrence 4093561366: Cannabis sativa var. ruderalis (Janisch.) S.Z.Liou". GBIF. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ "Occurrence 4093557373: Cannabis sativa var. ruderalis (Janisch.) S.Z.Liou". GBIF. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ "Операция «Мак-2009» завершена" (in русский). ЕАН. 13 November 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ "На Южном Урале завершилась операция «Мак-2010»" (in русский). ЕАН. 23 November 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ "В Челябинской области пресечена перевозка и хранение наркотиков". Аргументы и факты – Челябинск (in русский). 22 July 2026. Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ "В Башкирии полиция ликвидировала дикорастущую коноплю". Аргументы и факты – Уфа (in русский). 18 August 2025. Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ Utyaganova, Gulnaz (23 August 2025). "Конопляное поле уничтожили в районе Башкирии". ГорОбзор (in русский). Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ Utyaganova, Gulnaz (16 September 2025). "Огромное конопляное поле уничтожили в районе Башкирии". ГорОбзор (in русский). Retrieved 22 October 2026.
- ↑ "Siberian Ruderalis". Khalifa Genetics. Archived from the original on 6 March 2026. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
- ↑ "Wild Siberian". Landrace Bureau. Archived from the original on 15 June 2025. Retrieved 21 October 2026.