Research:2026-04-14/Book chapter/hashish-and-opium-trade-along-the-roads-to-kashgar-and-yarkand

ResearchBook chapter14 April 2026

Hashish and Opium Trade along the Roads to Kashgar and Yarkand

Hermann Kreutzmann

Transactions in Xinjiang: Cultural, Socio-Economic, and Historical Sources on the Chinese Western Regions (1750-1976), Fachinformationsdienst Asien

A trade history of the routes to Kashgar across the Hindukush, Karakoram and Himalaya, based on trade statistics and reports from 19th and 20th century archival sources. The author treats the routes as corridors for exporting Badakhshani opium to China and for importing high-quality Xinjiang-grown hashish (charas) into Kashmir, from where it was distributed in British India. The paper assesses what the two commodities meant for route development and trade relations, and says exchange almost came to a standstill towards the end of the 1930s after political upheavals.

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DOI10.48796/20260409-006

CountryChina

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2026-04-14 2026-10-15 Hashish and Opium Trade along the Roads to Kashgar and Yarkand Book chapter History Hermann Kreutzmann Transactions in Xinjiang: Cultural, Socio-Economic, and Historical Sources on the Chinese Western Regions (1750-1976), Fachinformationsdienst Asien 2026 10.48796/20260409-006 https://doi.org/10.48796/20260409-006 A trade history of the routes to Kashgar across the Hindukush, Karakoram and Himalaya, based on trade statistics and reports from 19th and 20th century archival sources. The author treats the routes as corridors for exporting Badakhshani opium to China and for importing high-quality Xinjiang-grown hashish (charas) into Kashmir, from where it was distributed in British India. The paper assesses what the two commodities meant for route development and trade relations, and says exchange almost came to a standstill towards the end of the 1930s after political upheavals. China