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Primary ethnographic and textual analysis tracing ceremonial cannabis use in Indian Tantrism to three converging Vedic traditions: magical use of bhang (Atharva Veda, second millennium BC), divine poison-drinking mythology (Churning of the Milk Ocean), and drug yoga (oshadhi/siddhi). Provides the most detailed English-language description of the vijaya (cannabis milkshake) consecration ritual from the Mahanirvana Tantra (c. 11th century AD), including full sequence of mantras, mudras and meditative stages. Notes approximately 90-minute interval between ingestion and ritual climax corresponds to pharmacological onset of oral cannabis. Argues vijaya functions as essential "sense-heightener" not merely a disinhibitor. Reports Tantric practice peaked in medieval Bengal and Himalayan kingdoms; in Bengal cannabis called siddhi (pun on "occult powers"). Personal communication from Prof. Agehananda Bharati that as of mid-1960s no one performed full traditional ceremonies. Author affiliated with Fitz Hugh Ludlow Memorial Library, San Francisco. +
Research:2018-09-01/Journal article/indigenous-uses-of-wild-hemp-cannabis-sativa-by-the-local-inhabitants-in-manikaran-valley-of-himachal-pradesh +
Primary ethnobotanical fieldwork (2015-2017) documenting indigenous uses of wild hemp by native communities in Manikaran Valley, Kullu District, Himachal Pradesh. Surveys conducted in five villages: Kasol, Rasol, Pulga, Kalga and Tosh. Records medicinal uses including seed oil for arthritis (cold-pressed or infused in mustard oil), dry leaf powder with egg for abnormal menstrual bleeding, leaf paste for wounds and sores, leaf paste with cow urine for joint pain, and leaves rubbed on wasp/bee/scorpion stings. Documents religious use: ''Ghota'' (hemp offering) prepared for Lord Shiva during Shivaratri; leaves used in daily Shiva worship. Records material culture in detail: hemp fibre (''Shel'') processed by dew retting then water retting in ''kulh'' (irrigation channels), used to make ''pullan'' (traditional footwear for religious ceremonies and snow travel), ropes, mats and ''Chikda'' (bull mouth masks); fibre form ''cheuli'' used as non-stick on cooking plates. Documents food uses: seeds (''Mangolu'') roasted and ground with garlic, salt and green chilies as condiment; seeds used in traditional dishes ''Siddu'' and ''Aaksalu''; chutney prepared with seeds, ''dadhu'' (local pomegranate), chilies, mint, coriander and lemon. Records leaves used in preparation of ''Dhehli'' (inoculum for ''Sur'', a local alcoholic drink). Published by researchers at G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Himachal Regional Centre, Mohal-Kullu. +
Sociological ethnography based on fourteen months of doctoral fieldwork in the Parvati Valley, Kullu District, Himachal Pradesh. Conducted from Department of Sociology, Delhi School of Economics, Delhi University. Documents how cannabis shifted from a "humble object" of everyday utility (food, clothing, medicine, social intoxicant) to a "transgressive substance" driving rapid social transformation. Records traditional multi-use baseline: hemp fabric coats, hemp footwear, seed chutney with sidhu bread for winter warmth, flower oil for menstrual cramps, buds in milk for impotency, leaves as de-wormer, cannabis used to wean from alcohol, charas consumed socially in hookahs and chillums. Economic data from three pseudonymised villages: all households involved in cultivation/production/trade; charas increased household income 50-100%; specific income figures for cultivator-dealer households. Documents cultivation on state forestland at altitude above villages, enabling lower-caste participation without hereditary land. Records 510 NDPS cases in Kullu in 2012 (143 local residents), prison sentences, drug tourism introducing cocaine/heroin/MDMA/ketamine/LSD. Traces colonial circulation of cannabis to Europe, fetishisation as exclusive intoxicant, and "imported" Western meanings that now overshadow local uses. Argues India resisted UN drug convention pressure for 25 years before NDPS Act (1985). Theoretical framework draws on Latour's actor-network theory to position cannabis as non-human social "actant." +
Research:2021-09-09/Journal article/cannabis-cannabis-sativa-containing-drug-formulations-mentioned-in-thalpathe-piliyam-a-review +
Systematic review of all 267 cannabis-containing drug formulations in the 21-volume Thalpathe Piliyam series, analysing therapeutic indications, preparatory methods, and cannabis percentage by ingredient weight. The most comprehensive published inventory of cannabis in Sri Lankan traditional medicine. +
Research:2026-01-15/Journal article/unraveling-the-confusion-of-flowering-types-and-terminology-in-cannabis-sativa +
Perspective/review arguing that cannabis “flowering” terminology is inconsistent across research and industry, which leads to misclassification of photoperiodic behavior and reproductive structures. Proposes clearer categories for female reproductive development (pistillate flowering) and distinguishes multiple male flowering expressions, with descriptive examples and photos to standardize usage across controlled-environment and field contexts. +
Research:2026-02-23/Report/rumphiuss-cannabis-a-seventeenth-century-naturalist-and-the-oldest-plant-dispersal-nobody-followed-up-on +
Analysis of Chapter XXXIV of Rumphius's Herbarium Amboinense (1747), the earliest known ethnobotanical account of cannabis in eastern Indonesia. Argues that Rumphius's description of Ginji Papoua — a morphologically distinct cannabis variety from the Papuan and Sula Islands documented in the 1690s — represents evidence of a pre-modern Austronesian cannabis dispersal route overlooked by the literature. Connects Madagascan pollen data, Austronesian maritime archaeology and Australian Bastard Cannabis morphology to propose a research agenda for eastern Indonesian landrace fieldwork. +