Aegean Region (Turkey)
More actions
| Aegean Region | |
|---|---|
| Ege Bölgesi | |
| ActiveGrown here in 2000 or later | |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 38.31, 28.79 |
| Country | Turkey |
| Provinces/States | İzmir,Manisa,Aydın,Denizli,Uşak,Kütahya,Afyonkarahisar,Muğla |
| Area | 52,000 km² |
| Primary Rivers | Gediz,Büyük Menderes,Küçük Menderes |
| Growing history | |
| Conservation | |
| Populations | none documented yet |
The Aegean Region (Ege Bölgesi) is a landrace cannabis growing region of western Turkey, mapped on the river basins that make up what Robert C. Clarke calls the traditional Aegean hemp-producing region: the Büyük Menderes, the Gediz and the Küçük Menderes, with the Sakarya in Kütahya Province.[1]: 4 The crop is hemp, called kendir or kenevir, grown for its fibre and seed. In the middle of the 19th century hemp made up 23.3 per cent of the crops of Ödemiş.[2]: 466 Kütahya Province produced 83 tonnes of hemp fibre and 72 tonnes of hemp seed in 2000. In 2019, 100 decares of hemp were sown there for seed.[2]: 471[3]: 142–143
Geography
Clarke counts the valleys of the Gediz and of the Büyük and Küçük Menderes among the larger watersheds of Anatolia with a mild climate and arable land where hemp was traditionally grown.[1]: 3 In his account the Büyük Menderes flows through Kütahya, Uşak, Denizli and İzmir provinces, the Gediz through Kütahya and İzmir and the Küçük Menderes through İzmir. In the inland part of the region hemp is grown between 500 and 1,200 metres.[1]: 4, 9 In 1995 hemp was sown in western Anatolia above all at Burdur, Kütahya, Ödemiş and Tire.[4]
In the survey of Anatolian hemp by the Soviet botanist Pyotr Zhukovsky, the hemp of İzmir belonged to his Type I, with those of Samsun, Kastamonu and Antalya.[2]: 465 For hemp seed the leading places were Burdur and İzmir, with Ödemiş and Tire.[2]: 471
Cultivation history
Ottoman period
Among the Ottoman sancaks and provinces, Trabzon, Ordu, Canik, Aydın, İzmir and Kastamonu stood out for hemp.[5]: 1226 From the start of the 19th century the state met its need for hemp from Aydın, Trabzon, İzmir, Canik, Ordu and Kastamonu. Aydın produced 3,500 kantar of raw hemp for the Imperial Dockyard (Tersâne-i Âmire), which paid 31,500 kuruş for it. Some merchants sold hemp owed to the dockyard to foreign traders by ship. The notables and merchants of İzmir were warned that anyone selling it in this way would be punished.[5]: 1227
Hemp growing and rope-making were important to the economy of Ödemiş in the middle of the 19th century.[2]: 466 At a meeting held in 1886 on the ban on sowing esrar, it was stated that farmers of İzmir and its surroundings, who had sold esrar leaves to merchants shipping them to Egypt, India and China, had lost that trade to Greece.[6]: 80–81 In the late Ottoman period İzmir, where hemp of high quality was grown, also produced a sizeable crop. In the agricultural statistics Kütahya grew no hemp in 1913 but grew some in 1914.[2]: 467
Republic
In the early years of the Republic, İzmir was second only to Kastamonu among the hemp regions of Turkey by area sown.[5]: 1230 In Zhukovsky's survey hemp was grown most at Kastamonu, Çankırı, Çorum, Balıkesir and Aydın. Tire and Ödemiş were the districts where it was best organised.[2]: 468 The kaza of Tire produced 300,000 kilograms of hemp in 1929. A Soviet commission studied Tire, Ödemiş and Bayındır in 1932 for a planned sack factory. In 1939 the hemp of Tire and Ödemiş came to 1,000 tonnes a year.[5]: 1231, 1233
Kütahya was a leading hemp province from the early Republic to the 1980s.[2]: 467 In 1990 it had the second-largest hemp area of any province, after Kastamonu. It produced 747 tonnes of fibre and 610 tonnes of seed that year. Fibre hemp had stopped being grown in İzmir before the 1990s.[2]: 469, 471 The regulation of 1990 allowed hemp to be sown in all districts of İzmir, Kütahya and Uşak, among 18 provinces.[7]: 28
Since 2000
In 2000 hemp was sown on 82 hectares in Kütahya Province, which produced 83 tonnes of fibre and 72 tonnes of seed that year. Its output fell to one tonne of each in 2005.[2]: 469, 471 Up to 2004 hemp was grown in only four provinces of Turkey, Kütahya, Çorum, Kastamonu and Samsun. The area then shrank; after 2008 hemp was grown only in Samsun.[8]: 41 İzmir, Kütahya and Uşak were among the 19 provinces where the regulation of 2016 allowed hemp to be grown under licence.[2]: 468 Kütahya sowed none from 2015 to 2018; in 2019, 100 decares were sown there for seed and yielded one tonne.[3]: 142–143
Growing Areas
| Growing Area | Status | Province |
|---|---|---|
| Küçük Menderes Valley | Historical | İzmir |
Accessions
No accessions documented yet.
Recent news
No news items are recorded for this growing region yet.
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Clarke, Robert C. (2023). "Anatolian hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation, processing, and production: history and recent observations". Agrociencia Uruguay. 27. e1166. doi:10.31285/AGRO.27.1166.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Taşlıgil, Nuran; Şahin, Güven (2019). "Developments and restoration of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation in Turkish agriculture". 1st Istanbul International Geography Congress Proceedings Book (in Türkçe). İstanbul: Istanbul University Press. pp. 456–478. doi:10.26650/pb/ps12.2019.002.045.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Göre, Merve; Kurt, Orhan (2021). "Bitkisel Üretimde Yeni Bir Trend: Kenevir" [A new trend in crop production: hemp]. International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (in Türkçe). 4 (1): 138–157. doi:10.38001/ijlsb.789970.
- ↑ Baytop, Turhan (1995). "Esrar". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Türkçe). Vol. 11. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı. pp. 431–432. Retrieved 19 October 2026.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Akpınar, Deniz; Nizamoğlu, Ahmet (2019). "Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e Kenevir Üretimi" [Hemp production from the Ottomans to the Republic]. Turkish Studies – Social Sciences (in Türkçe). 14 (4): 1223–1236. doi:10.29228/TurkishStudies.23448.
- ↑ Gezer, Onur (2016). Osmanlılarda Keyif Verici Bir Madde: Esrarın Hikayesi [A pleasure-giving substance among the Ottomans: the story of esrar] (MA thesis) (in Türkçe). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- ↑ "Kenevir Ekimi ve Kontrolü Hakkında Yönetmelik" [Regulation on hemp sowing and control] (PDF). Resmî Gazete (in Türkçe). Tarım Orman ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı. 21 October 1990. pp. 27–30. No. 20672. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
- ↑ Aydoğan, Mehmet; Terzi, Yunus Emre; Gizlenci, Şahin; Acar, Mustafa; Esen, Alpay; Meral, Hüseyin (2020). "Türkiye'de kenevir yetiştiriciliğinin ekonomik olarak yapılabilirliği: Samsun ili Vezirköprü ilçesi örneği" [Economic feasibility of hemp cultivation in Turkey: the case of Vezirköprü district, Samsun province]. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi (in Türkçe). 35 (1): 35–50. doi:10.7161/omuanajas.602585.