Property:Has research summary
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Research:2015-11-01/Journal article/wild-cannabis-a-review-of-the-traditional-use-and-phytochemistry-of-leonotis-leonurus +
A review of the traditional use and phytochemistry of Leonotis leonurus ("wild dagga"), establishing that it is not cannabis and keeping the vernacular term distinct from true dagga. +
Policy briefing on cannabis in Indonesia covering patterns of consumption and production, the Aceh cultivation economy, traditional and culinary uses, the colonial origins of prohibition under the 1920s narcotics ordinances and the operation of the current Law 35/2009 regime, with recommendations on decriminalisation of use and small-scale cultivation. The briefing draws on Dutch archival research, local interviews and testimony collected under the research restrictions it documents. It serves as a baseline secondary source for the legal and cultivation history on the Indonesia country page. +
Research:2016-10-12/Journal article/laction-publique-francaise-en-matiere-dusage-de-cannabis-les-fondements-historiques-dun-echec +
A historical account of French state action on cannabis use, taking the law of 31 December 1970 as the frame within which that action still operates and tracing its foundations back to the 1916 legislation controlling trade in several substances including hashish. Working from statute alongside police and judicial statistics and government circulars, and from the constructivist approach to public problems associated with Gusfield, the author examines how cannabis consumption came to be constituted as a legitimate category of state intervention in France. Relevant to the Moroccan record as the demand-side legal history, since France was the destination market and the former protectorate power. +
Surveys cannabis and tobacco in precolonial and colonial Africa, inferring a maritime introduction to East Africa around 1000 CE with most spread after 1500. Continental in scope; pairs with the on-wiki Duvall EchoGéo record. +
Research:2018-09-01/Journal article/indigenous-uses-of-wild-hemp-cannabis-sativa-by-the-local-inhabitants-in-manikaran-valley-of-himachal-pradesh +
Primary ethnobotanical fieldwork (2015-2017) documenting indigenous uses of wild hemp by native communities in Manikaran Valley, Kullu District, Himachal Pradesh. Surveys conducted in five villages: Kasol, Rasol, Pulga, Kalga and Tosh. Records medicinal uses including seed oil for arthritis (cold-pressed or infused in mustard oil), dry leaf powder with egg for abnormal menstrual bleeding, leaf paste for wounds and sores, leaf paste with cow urine for joint pain, and leaves rubbed on wasp/bee/scorpion stings. Documents religious use: ''Ghota'' (hemp offering) prepared for Lord Shiva during Shivaratri; leaves used in daily Shiva worship. Records material culture in detail: hemp fibre (''Shel'') processed by dew retting then water retting in ''kulh'' (irrigation channels), used to make ''pullan'' (traditional footwear for religious ceremonies and snow travel), ropes, mats and ''Chikda'' (bull mouth masks); fibre form ''cheuli'' used as non-stick on cooking plates. Documents food uses: seeds (''Mangolu'') roasted and ground with garlic, salt and green chilies as condiment; seeds used in traditional dishes ''Siddu'' and ''Aaksalu''; chutney prepared with seeds, ''dadhu'' (local pomegranate), chilies, mint, coriander and lemon. Records leaves used in preparation of ''Dhehli'' (inoculum for ''Sur'', a local alcoholic drink). Published by researchers at G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Himachal Regional Centre, Mohal-Kullu. +
Sociological ethnography based on fourteen months of doctoral fieldwork in the Parvati Valley, Kullu District, Himachal Pradesh. Conducted from Department of Sociology, Delhi School of Economics, Delhi University. Documents how cannabis shifted from a "humble object" of everyday utility (food, clothing, medicine, social intoxicant) to a "transgressive substance" driving rapid social transformation. Records traditional multi-use baseline: hemp fabric coats, hemp footwear, seed chutney with sidhu bread for winter warmth, flower oil for menstrual cramps, buds in milk for impotency, leaves as de-wormer, cannabis used to wean from alcohol, charas consumed socially in hookahs and chillums. Economic data from three pseudonymised villages: all households involved in cultivation/production/trade; charas increased household income 50-100%; specific income figures for cultivator-dealer households. Documents cultivation on state forestland at altitude above villages, enabling lower-caste participation without hereditary land. Records 510 NDPS cases in Kullu in 2012 (143 local residents), prison sentences, drug tourism introducing cocaine/heroin/MDMA/ketamine/LSD. Traces colonial circulation of cannabis to Europe, fetishisation as exclusive intoxicant, and "imported" Western meanings that now overshadow local uses. Argues India resisted UN drug convention pressure for 25 years before NDPS Act (1985). Theoretical framework draws on Latour's actor-network theory to position cannabis as non-human social "actant." +
Research:2019-01-01/Journal article/a-brief-agricultural-history-of-cannabis-in-africa-from-prehistory-to-canna-colony +
Outlines four historical phases of cannabis cultivation in Africa: the plant's initial dispersal across the continent and the diverse farming and use cultures that developed; the formal markets that arose under colonial regimes even as colonial administrations more widely suppressed the crop; the twentieth-century drug laws that reshaped the economics of production and made cannabis attractive to resource-poor farmers; and the recent legalisation of cultivation in specific national contexts. Duvall argues that this agricultural history has produced relationships that let actors in the Global North extract more value from African cannabis than African farmers can. Foundational reference for African cannabis agricultural history and the extractive dynamics of recent legalisation. +
Research:2019-01-01/Journal article/decriminalisation-of-cannabis-for-personal-use-in-south-africa +
Analyses the decriminalisation of cannabis for personal use in South Africa, tracing the doctrinal shift from the 2002 religious-freedom claim to the 2018 privacy judgment. +
Research:2019-01-01/Journal article/turning-cannabis-into-cash-agrarian-change-and-lesothos-evolving-experience +
Examines agrarian change and Lesotho's evolving cannabis experience, noting Lesotho as a major producer supplying South Africa and the first African country to license medical cannabis, with smallholders excluded. +
Research:2019-05-01/Journal article/a-review-of-the-ethnobotany-of-the-basotho-of-lesotho-and-the-free-state-province-of-south-africa-south-sotho +
A review of the ethnobotany of the Basotho of Lesotho and the Free State Province of South Africa. The specific cannabis use-text is pending extraction, so confirm before quoting. +
Research:2019-07-13/Journal article/cannabis-cultivation-in-the-world-heritages-trends-and-challenges +
Sets out the state of knowledge on cannabis cultivation as a global phenomenon at the cusp of legalisation. Reviews the unresolved Cannabis taxonomy debate (monotypic Small versus polytypic Hillig, Clarke and Merlin) and the inconsistency between the sativa/indica taxa as used in botany and the sativa/indica labels as used in the trade, citing Sawler et al. 2015 to show that strain labels often do not reflect a meaningful genetic identity. Traces the modernisation of cannabis cultivation from the 1970s sinsemilla shift in Mexico, Colombia, Jamaica and California, through Skunk #1 and the first modern hybrids, the introduction of cloning in the 1990s, the development of feminised seeds in 1999, and the more recent spread of autoflowering varieties. Catalogues the principal cannabis end products: herbal cannabis, sieved hashish (Morocco, Lebanon, Afghanistan), hand-rubbed charas (India, Nepal), bhang, and the modern solvent-based and solventless concentrates. Documents how production estimates from UNODC, INCSR and national authorities are derived almost entirely from eradication figures rather than from systematic ground or remote-sensing surveys, and shows how the Moroccan Rif estimates have remained implausibly stable across years of widely varying eradication intensity. Maps the global state of legal recreational cannabis, medical cannabis and hemp as of 1 January 2019. Argues that legalisation in the Global North is creating disruptive consequences for traditional cannabis farmers in the Global South: the loss of the competitive advantage of illegality, the threat to landraces from imported hybrid germplasm, the carbon footprint of indoor cultivation, and the rise of corporate consolidation. Foundational reference for the wiki's framing of landrace conservation under legalisation. +
Research:2019-10-02/Journal article/dagga-and-prohibition-markets-animals-and-the-imperial-contexts-of-knowledge-1893-1925 +
Traces how markets, the animal trade and imperial knowledge networks shaped the regulation of dagga between 1893 and 1925, situating South African prohibition within the emerging international-control regime. +
Reconstructs cannabis policing in mid-twentieth-century South Africa, giving an arrest series rising from 5,762 in 1932 to 23,289 in 1955 and naming cultivation nodes at Nelspruit, Vryheid, Paarl and Weenen. +
Research:2021-03-01/Journal article/the-cannabis-spread-throughout-the-continents-and-its-therapeutic-use-in-history +
A review of the historical record for cannabis as a therapeutic agent, following the plant from the earliest societies of the Far East through its later introduction to the western world, and closing on the twentieth-century prohibition and the research that followed the identification of the endocannabinoid system. The authors draw on translations of ancient Greek and Chinese manuscripts alongside the historical and medical literature, working from the National Library of Greece and the University of Athens. A general survey rather than a regional study, so it belongs in the corpus as background on the diffusion narrative rather than as a source on any particular landrace. +
Research:2021-05-01/Journal article/an-assessment-of-the-potency-related-to-cannabis-based-products-in-the-south-african-market +
Assesses potency across about 840 Cannabis-based product samples from the South African market. Reports market potency rather than landrace characterisation. +
Research:2021-09-09/Journal article/cannabis-cannabis-sativa-containing-drug-formulations-mentioned-in-thalpathe-piliyam-a-review +
Systematic review of all 267 cannabis-containing drug formulations in the 21-volume Thalpathe Piliyam series, analysing therapeutic indications, preparatory methods, and cannabis percentage by ingredient weight. The most comprehensive published inventory of cannabis in Sri Lankan traditional medicine. +
Research:2021-12-07/Journal article/cannabis-cultivation-as-a-factor-influencing-scholastic-performance-the-case-study-of-ghomaras-secondary-schoo +
A field study of secondary school students in the Ghomara area of Chefchaouen province, drawing on interviews with students, parents and other local stakeholders. The authors report that students from cannabis-growing families, boys in particular, recorded annual assessment averages below the threshold needed to continue schooling, and they set that alongside the demand for family farm labour, local reluctance towards formal education and distrust of national education reform. One of the few studies to treat the household consequences of cannabis cultivation in the Rif rather than its agronomy or its trade. +
Research:2022-01-30/Journal article/why-the-concept-of-terroir-matters-for-drug-cannabis-production +
Foundational treatment of terroir and landrace as analytical concepts for drug cannabis. Argues against fixist readings of terroir, treating it instead as a modern concept describing how environmental and cultural factors shape the typicity of an end product within a delimited area. Builds the bridge to landrace via shared characteristics: both result from interactions between physical and human factors, both are spatially and historically anchored, and the most distinctive terroirs are those whose products are issued from an autochthonous landrace. Reviews evidence from coffee, tea, hops and grapes that soil, climate, water source and biotic stress influence secondary metabolite profiles, then extends the argument to cannabinoid and terpene expression in cannabis, citing Bershaw's preliminary Oregon work on soil chemistry effects across cultigens. Surveys the world's cannabis landraces from Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Nepal through Xinjiang, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Lebanon, Morocco, southern and east Africa, Jamaica and Latin America, noting that most landrace names are exonyms and that introgression from modern hybrids since the 2000s has put many at risk. Distinguishes site from situation in localisation, arguing that large cannabis production areas owe their existence less to biophysical optima than to politico-territorial control deficits, and that classic conservation policies struggle in regions with weak state capacity, no major corporate presence and limited conservation culture. Concludes that the legalisation green rush threatens to erode the genetic, cultural and sensorial diversity that illegality and isolation paradoxically helped preserve. +
Surveys a century of South African cannabis politics from the 1922 criminalisation to 2022, framing the arc from prohibition to the 2018 Prince privacy ruling. +
Research:2022-10-12/Journal article/origin-early-history-cultivation-and-characteristics-of-the-traditional-varieties-of-moroccan-cannabis-sativa +
A review of the origin, history and cultivation of cannabis in Morocco together with the morphological, genetic and phytochemical characteristics reported for local cultivated varieties, carried out under the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima project on medical and therapeutic cannabis. The authors gather the introduction and diffusion accounts, tabulate the cannabinoid figures published for Moroccan material from the 1960s onward and trace the successive introductions that reshaped the crop, including the sieving technique in the 1960s and Middle Eastern and western hybrid cultivars from the early 1980s. They record that no document sets out the nomenclature and characteristics of local Moroccan cannabis, and they argue for the use of local strains adapted to the Rif on both conservation and authentication grounds. The closest thing the literature has to a consolidated account of Moroccan landrace material. +