Talk:Hashish

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Page scope

The page treats hashish as the Arabic-named cannabis resin of West Asia, North Africa and the modern market, the scope set out at Talk:Charas. It covers the word and its medieval sense (hemp and preparations of its leaves, eaten), the sieving methods of the Mediterranean, the medieval Islamic world, Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean from 1800 to the 1960s with the Geneva conference of 1924–25, 19th-century France, the supply to Europe, the Rif, Lebanon, production and markets, consumption and the landrace question. Hand-rubbed resin and the chars of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran are treated at Charas; the techniques have their own pages, Hand-rubbing and Dry sift; sieving is summarised here under {{Main}}. Whether Hashish in Morocco becomes a page of its own is not settled; this page links Cannabis in Morocco.

Data verification

Record source conflicts, dating problems and sources not used here. Keep narrative content on the article.

Discussion

Sources

• United Nations documents are cited from the issuing bodies' sites: the UNODC laboratory manual ST/NAR/40 (2009); World Drug Report 2019 Booklet 5 and three 2025 booklets; the Commission on Narcotic Drugs press statement of 2 December 2020; and the 1925 convention in the League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 81 (1928), on treaties.un.org. The Single Convention citation is copied from Charas.
• The UN Bulletin on Narcotics articles (Bouquet 1950 and 1951, El Hadka 1965, Soueif 1967 and 1971) are cited from the UNODC web edition. It prints each article's page range but no page numbers, so they are cited without pinpoints. The web edition credits the 1950 part of "Cannabis" to R. J. Bouquet and the 1951 part to J. Bouquet; both parts speak of Dr J. Bouquet's work in Tunis in the third person. Haggai Ram (2021) names "Dr. Joules Bouquet, inspector of pharmacies in Tunis Hospitals" among the League's experts of 1938. The page names the Bulletin author as the web edition does and names Ram's expert as Ram does; it does not assert that they are one person, though that is likely.
• The Lebanese grades in Bouquet 1950 are credited there to P. Lys. The page attributes them to "Bouquet, citing P. Lys".
• Haneveld 1959 is a letter in Dutch to the Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, dated Beirut, 19 December 1958. The journal's PDF is image-only; its text is taken from OCR of column crops. The page paraphrases it and quotes none of it.
• El Guindy's address to the Second Opium Conference is cited from the excerpts printed by W. W. Willoughby (1925), who was counsellor and expert to the Chinese delegation. What the page reports from it is given as El Guindy's statement, not as fact: the 1868 report, the 1884 ban, the consumption "about 1909" and the claim about insanity. The Transnational Institute dates his first proposal to the second day of the meeting and his speech presenting the official proposal later; Willoughby prints that speech from the sixteenth meeting (the two quote the same words). Willoughby records support from the Chinese and American delegations, the Transnational Institute from Turkey, Greece, South Africa and Brazil.
• Menou's order of 17 Vendémiaire an IX: the text of its articles is cited from Goupil Fesquet's Voyage d'Horace Vernet en Orient (pp. 109–110; the year 1843 and the author's full name are from the BnF catalogue entry, as the title page gives neither). Desgenettes's Histoire médicale de l'armée d'Orient (1802) is cited from the Project Gutenberg text, which has no page numbers. The date 9 October 1800 is Pointeau-Lagadec's conversion.
• Rouyer's notice is cited from the second edition of the Description de l'Égypte (tome XI, État moderne, 1822), in the archive.org scan of the Naples copy. The OCR garbles the names of the opiates (berch, dyâsmouk, bernâouy are a probable reading), so the page does not name them.
• Lane is cited from the 1836 two-volume first edition; later editions are paginated differently.
• The medieval sources: al-Maqrizi in Silvestre de Sacy's French (Chrestomathie arabe, 1806 and 1826); Hamarneh 1972; Lozano 1996 (Spanish); Özkan 2013 and Elbendary 2001 (Mamlūk Studies Review); Ali 2014; the Encyclopaedia Iranica entries of Daftary, Yazici and Saʿīdī Sīrjānī.
• The Moroccan citations are copied unchanged from Cannabis in Morocco (rev 14383).
• EMCDDA 2012 and 2019 are cited from the Irish Health Research Board's mirror. Their DOIs belong to the EU Publications Office, are not in Crossref or DataCite and resolve on doi.org to the matching catalogue entries.

Where the sources disagree

• When Egypt first banned hashish. The Transnational Institute (2014, p. 5) dates the first prohibition of cultivation, use and importation to 1868 and lists measures of 1874, 1877, 1879 and 1884; its endnote cites Kozma 2011. El Hadka (1965) dates a law against cultivation to 1879; Khalifa (1975, p. 199) calls the 1879 legislation the first and says it prohibited only cultivation; Soueif (1967) surveys "legislation on record since 1879". El Guindy, as printed by Willoughby (p. 377), makes 1868 the year of a medical report and 1884 the year cultivation was forbidden. All are on the page, attributed; none is adjudicated. The live Egypt page (rev 17942) gives the Transnational Institute's sequence in wiki voice.
• Greece. The Transnational Institute: cultivation, importation and use banned in 1890. Stefanis, Ballas and Madianou: a circular of 27 March 1890 "in force until 1920", then laws of increasing severity from 1932 to 1970. Bouquet (1951): cultivation forbidden in 1920 and a harsher law in 1932. On the page, attributed.
• Greek exports. The Transnational Institute (p. 5) says Greece "remained a significant exporter of hashish to Turkey and Egypt well into the 1920s", citing Stefanis, Ballas and Madianou. The chapter says only that hashish was cultivated "for local use and export" by the last decades of the 19th century and that prices "abroad" were three or four times higher; it makes no statement about Turkey or Egypt. The claim is not used here. The Greece page states it without attribution.
• Soueif's cigarette figure. Soueif (1971) prints 10.6 per cent; Khalifa (1975, p. 200), reporting the same study, prints 10.5. With 61.7 and 17.1 per cent, neither sums exactly to the stated 89.4. Both figures are on the page.
• Menou's order. Goupil Fesquet's text prohibits the use and the distilling of the liquor; Desgenettes says the order prohibited the importation, preparation and sale of hachich. Both are on the page.
• The Kafur garden. Al-Maqrizi, in de Sacy's French, has the Ayyubid sultan order an emir to stop the growing of hashish in the garden of Kafur. Khalifa (after al-Maqrizi) calls it the "Regouri Gardens"; Nahas (1982) makes the actor "the governor of Cairo". The page follows de Sacy.
• Shaykh Haydar's death. Al-Maqrizi: 618 (1221–22). The Encyclopaedia Iranica: 1216, 1221 or 1231. Both are on the page.
• The Islamic West. Lozano (1996, p. 87) puts the first written notice of recreational use of hemp in the Islamic West in Nasrid Granada, 1360–1362. The live Cannabis in Morocco page, after Bellakhdar, gives al-Bâdisî's account (written 1311 or 1312) of a faqîr at Ceuta in the lifetime of a sheikh who died in 1268. The two differ in what they count (recreational use, a mystical vigil); neither is on this page.
• When Moroccan growers began making resin. Bachir and colleagues: the 1960s; Chouvy: the 1960s and 1970s; the EMCDDA reports both the mid-1960s and the 1970s. On the page.
• The leading producer. UNODC (2009): Morocco first, Afghanistan second. EMCDDA (2012): Afghanistan estimated to have overtaken Morocco, but its resin rarely seen in Europe. Chouvy (2025): not determinable without recent data. All three are on the page.
• Lebanese hashish at home. Haneveld (1958): Lebanese sources and American embassy experts put domestic consumption at about one per cent. The Lebanese government told the UNODC (EMCDDA 2012) that 98.8 per cent of the resin produced was consumed in the country. The two statements are half a century apart; both are on the page.
• Moroccan output in 2003. Chouvy and Afsahi (2014), from the UNODC survey: 3,080 tonnes. The World Drug Report 2005: about 3,070. The key-figures table of the UNODC's 2004 Moroccan survey also gives 3,080 for 2003; the page gives 3,080, attributed to Chouvy and Afsahi.

Other reports

• Nahas (1982 and later). His history is written from an anti-cannabis position and relies on secondary accounts (Rosenthal, Hamarneh) for the medieval material. Where his dates or names differ from the primaries (the Kafur garden, Sudun al-Shaykhuni's date, the Hanafi school, which he says permitted small or medical amounts), the page follows the primaries or the specialist historians.
• Kozma 2011, which the Transnational Institute and Ram cite: the page cites those two for what they say.
• Willoughby's seizure tables for 1919–1924. The OCR's separators make the quantities ambiguous by a factor of a thousand.
• Seed-company histories of Greek and Lebanese hashish (The Real Seed Company, ACE Seeds). They are on the country pages, attributed; they add nothing checkable here.
• Balant et al.'s division of cannabis use into "Arab countries" and "Hindu countries". The page uses only their statements on sieved hashish and genetic groups.
• Afsahi and Darwich 2016 and Alakbarov 2001 (see Talk:Charas).
• Goupil Fesquet's etymology of assassin; the page gives Daftary's account.
• The World Drug Report annex tables by country.

Open items

• Sources not yet read: Kozma 2011 (the Egyptian decrees); P. Lys (the Lebanese grades); El Guindy's memorandum O.D.C. 38 and Mahfooz Bey's O.D.C. 65 of 1924–25; Mills, Cannabis Nation (Russell Pasha's 1930 report, which Ram quotes from Mills).
• The citation Chouvy2025-IJDP, shared with Cannabis in Morocco, shows the CS1 maintenance message "article number as page number". It should be corrected on both pages.

Images reserved in the article

Two images have places in the article but are not yet uploaded. They are reserved until the files exist:

• File:Hashish-threshing-and-sieving.jpg (Making hashish), a diagram to be drawn: four panels showing the Mediterranean method as the UNODC laboratory manual describes it (2009, section 3.13.2.1, pp. 16–17). Dried plants are threshed, often against a wall; the threshed material is sieved to remove seeds and fibrous parts; the fine sticky powder that passes the sieve is richer in resin; the powder is pressed into a slab. The panels are labelled "threshing", "sieving", "resin powder" and "pressing", with no other text and no faces or brand logos.
• File:Hashish-resin-origins-2013-2017.jpg (Production and markets today), a map to be drawn: a simple map of North Africa, Europe, the Middle East and South and South-West Asia, with Morocco, Afghanistan, Lebanon and Pakistan shaded as the countries the UNODC's World Drug Report 2019 (Booklet 5) names most often as origins of the cannabis resin seized in 2013–2017. Arrows run from Morocco to North Africa and, through Spain, to Western and Central Europe; from Afghanistan to the Near and Middle East and to South-West Asia; from Lebanon to the Near and Middle East. The map carries no percentages; the section gives them.