Talk:Cannabis in Morocco
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The page is the country hub for cannabis in Morocco: the history of the plant from the fibre and seed crop to the export resin economy, cultivation in the Rif, kif, hashish, Riffian culture, varieties and genetics, and the growing regions, growing areas and accessions. The colonial tobacco and kif monopoly, the Régie des Tabacs et du Kif, is treated under History.
Data verification
Record source conflicts, dating problems and sources not used here. Keep narrative content on the article.
Discussion
Sources
- The protectorate dahirs are cited from the Bulletin Officiel of the French protectorate and were read on the page images: the dahir of 3 November 1919 in no. 369 (17 November 1919), pp. 1314–1315, and the dahir of 12 November 1932 in no. 1049 (2 December 1932), pp. 1334–1344, both on Gallica; the dahir of 24 April 1954 in no. 2167 (7 May 1954), p. 640, in the copy at Gazettes.Africa. Title III of the 1932 dahir, on kif cultivation, is its articles 43 and 44 (pp. 1338–1339); its article 92 repeals the dahir of 3 November 1919. Article 6 of the 1954 dahir repeals the kif provisions of "the dahir of 12 November 1932" on the tobacco régime. A rectificatif in no. 1054 (6 January 1933), p. 16, read in the copy at Gazettes.Africa, corrects the wording of two cross-references in the 1932 dahir, in article 82 and in paragraph 10 of article 90; the provisions the page relies on (articles 1, 43, 44 and 92) are untouched by it.
Where the sources disagree
- The date of the 1932 dahir. Bellakhdar (2013, p. 133) dates the instrument to 22 December 1932. The Bulletin Officiel prints it under the title Dahir du 12 novembre 1932 (12 rejeb 1351) relatif au régime des tabacs au Maroc, given at Marrakech and promulgated at Rabat on 17 November 1932, in no. 1049 of 2 December 1932, and the dahir of 24 April 1954 names the same date when it repeals the kif provisions. The page dates the dahir from the Bulletin Officiel and gives Bellakhdar's date beside it, attributed.
- The two perimeters. Bellakhdar (p. 133) writes that the 1932 dahir prohibited plantations across the French zone except in two perimeters under the Régie's surveillance, one in the Marrakech region and one in the Gharb plain. Title III of the dahir, on kif cultivation, names no perimeters: article 43 allows the Régie to have kif grown for its own needs by cultivators it designates, under special permits, and article 44 has the names of the permit holders sent to the local control authorities. The page gives the dahir's terms and the perimeters, the second attributed to Bellakhdar.
- French policy before 1926. Bellakhdar writes that France and Spain took no interest in the question until 1926 (p. 132) and that France waited until 1932 to apply its anti-narcotics law of 1916 in its overseas territories (p. 133). In the French zone the dahir of 3 November 1919 had made kif cultivation subject to a permit from the Régie, which fixed the area planted in each district; article 92 of the 1932 dahir repeals it, together with a dahir of 4 May 1915 on tobacco and kif contraband. The page gives Bellakhdar's account, attributed, beside the 1919 dahir.
- The Spanish zone and non-intervention. Bellakhdar (2013, p. 134) writes that the Spanish authorities chose not to intervene in the northern cannabis economy, and this page gives that, attributed. The Boletín Oficial de la Zona de Protectorado Español en Marruecos of 31 August 1935 (volume 23, no. 24, pp. 1071–1073) prints a dahir of 22 August 1935 allowing tobacco and kif to be grown only in the tribes of Ketama, Beni Seddat and Beni Jaled, the crop to be sold to the monopoly company and plants elsewhere destroyed. Cannabis in the Spanish Empire gives both; the sources differ and this page is unchanged.
- The monopoly in the Spanish zone after 1940. Benabud (1957) and Afsahi (2017, p. 110) say the monopoly lost its rights in the Spanish zone in 1940; Blickman (2017, p. 5) describes a Spanish-zone dahir of 1954 that still licensed growing, production and distribution under the monopoly. Cannabis in the Spanish Empire gives each, attributed.
Stub sections
The lead is short and will need a few paragraphs once the sections below are written: history, the Rif cultivation system, the kif and hashish distinction, the legal regime and conservation status. Six sections are stubs. Each should cover:
- Kif. The preparation (kif blended with taba, smoked in a sebsi) and the practice of consumption.
- Hashish. Production technique for chira (sieving kief, pressing), the export trade and its scale.
- Riffian culture. The relationships of the Senhaja de Srair, the Riffians and the Jebala with kif; Sufi orders, including the Heddawa (see History); ritual use.
- Trade. Production scale and the European export market.
- Legal status. The dahirs of 1932 and 1954, the 1956 extension, the criminalisation of use in 1974, Law 13-21 (2021) and ANRAC.
- Enforcement. Eradication, the legal and illegal split since 2021, and ANRAC licensing.