Talk:Angola

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Page scope

Angola is about cannabis in Angola. It covers where cannabis is grown (the central highlands, the east and north-east, Malanje, Lunda Norte and Uíge); the 19th-century accounts of its names, cultivation, markets and smoking, and of its place in the slave trade; the names carried to Brazil; the Portuguese narcotics law extended to Angola in 1970 and the drug law of 1999; enforcement; and the herbarium sheets collected in the country. The longer history named in the History hatnote is planned as a separate article. The tables of growing regions, growing areas, accessions and news fill from pages that name Angola as their country.

Data verification

Record source conflicts, dating problems and sources not used here. Keep narrative content on the article.

Discussion

Sources

The law of 1999. Law No. 3/99 is cited from the scan of the Diário da República (I Série, n.º 32, 6 August 1999) hosted by LEX.AO and from the transcription on AngoLEX. Articles 4, 8, 9, 23 and 45 are cited from the transcription, and articles 4 and 23 also from the scan; Table I-C is on the scan's printed page 719. The Penal Code of 2020 (Law No. 38/20) is on LEX.AO: the article that lists the laws it revokes does not name Law No. 3/99, and the Supreme Court applied Law No. 3/99 in 2023 to an offence of 2020.
The judgment of 2023 (Supreme Court, Criminal Chamber, Process No. 5668/21) is cited from the file the court publishes.
Colonial law. Portaria No. 537/70 is cited from the scan of the Diário do Governo on the Portuguese official gazette site.
Treaties and United Nations reports. Accession dates are from the treaty status pages of the UN Treaty Collection. The report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2009 is cited from the Board's site (p. 35, paragraphs 182–183, on its mission to Angola in February 2009).
Nineteenth-century accounts. Daniell (1850) is cited from the scan of The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions, vol. 9, pp. 363–365. Monteiro (1875) is cited from the Project Gutenberg transcription of volume 2, which has no page numbers; the pages cited are those of the book's own index (Diamba, ii. 26, 257). Welwitsch's notes are cited from Hiern's Catalogue (1900), pp. 994–995, on the page images. Ficalho (1884) is cited from the page images of pp. 261–270 in the Coimbra University digital library. Livingstone (1857) is cited from the scan of the first edition, p. 541.
Modern scholarship. Duvall (2026) is an open-access article. Duvall (2019, EchoGéo) is cited only for its abstract. Du Toit (1975) and Rubim de Pinho (1975) are cited from the printed volume. Macedo (2024) is cited from the open-access copy; its quotation of a governor's report of 1803 (Gama, 1839) is given as Macedo quotes it.
Gastrow (2003) is a paper of the Institute for Security Studies, labelled an unpublished paper and dated October 2003. Its statement on cannabis sold to ships at Luanda rests on the author's interviews in north-eastern Angola in 1973, and its seizure figures for 1995 to 2000 are United Nations data.
Herbarium sheets are known from their GBIF occurrence data (11 preserved specimens with country Angola). The nine LISC sheets carry no image in GBIF; the Paris and Missouri sheets do.
News reports (Voz da América, O País, Lusa through VerAngola) are cited only for police operations and what officials said.
The seed line bought in Kinshasa is described from the seller's catalogue and the seller's forum post, as on its accession page.

Where the sources differ

How the plant reached Angola. Daniell (1850) thought it introduced "from central countries at some remote period". Ficalho (1884) believed the smoking habit came through the centre of the continent and saw no reason to think it came in from the west coast. Du Toit (1975) derived riamba from a term carried inland by Swahili and Arab traders. Duvall (2026) places the plant's arrival in Central Africa from south-eastern Africa. The article sets these out without deciding between them.
When cannabis reached Brazil. Rubim de Pinho (1975) writes that seeds were brought by enslaved Africans "by the first half of the fifteenth century", a date that sits oddly beside the charter of 1549 he cites; Hutchinson, in the same volume, puts the arrival in the early sixteenth century. The article gives neither date.
Monteiro's page. The book's index gives the smoking passage as vol. 2, p. 257, and du Toit cites p. 257 of the 1968 reprint; Hiern cites p. 256. The passage may run across both pages.
Seizures of 2020 and 2021. The Lusa report of November 2021 gives the period of the seizures both as "the past year" and as "between 2020 and the current year".
Scale of production. United States reports of 2002 and 2007 describe cannabis as cultivated and consumed locally, with no significant drug production; the International Narcotics Control Board reported in 2009 illicit cultivation in almost all provinces. The statements are of different years and from different bodies.

Other reports

The Flora of Angola web database: its entry for Cannabis sativa is a general description reused from neighbouring floras and names no Angolan locality.
Serpa Pinto (1881) on bangue and cangonha: the passage concerns the Luina of the upper Zambezi, not Angola.
The Bena Riamba: a society of the Kasai, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; see Bena-Riamba.
Gastrow's forecast that cultivation would expand as stability returned: a forecast, not an observation.
A hemp trial in Angola in 1942: known only from an unsourced mention.
The Wikipedia article on cannabis in Angola: a tertiary source; facts it shares with the sources above are cited to those sources.

Open questions

Kimbundu names. Duvall gives diamba, liamba and mariamba as Kimbundu; the dictionary of Assis Júnior is cited on Diamba. Bryant's Zulu dictionary of 1905 lists a form lyamba among its cognates without making clear which language it belongs to.
Colonial law. Whether the Portuguese decrees of 1958 to 1970, or any decree in the Boletim Oficial of Angola, named cannabis or liamba is not established.
Daniell's identity. The paper of 1850 is signed "William F. Daniell, M.D., Assistant Surgeon to the Forces". That he is the army surgeon and botanist William Freeman Daniell (1818–1865) rests on the name, rank and date.
Welwitsch's specimens. Where the specimens Welwitsch gave to the medical school in Lisbon are now, and the date and locality of the Paris sheet, are not known.
Germplasm and chemistry. GRIN and the FAO's GLIS list no genebank accession of Angolan origin. No source gives a chemical or genetic analysis of Angolan cannabis.

Images reserved in the article

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File:Cannabis-diamba-gourd-pipe-Monteiro-1875.jpg (Preparations and consumption): the gourd pipe cropped from Plate XIV of Monteiro's Angola and the River Congo, vol. 2 (1875), facing p. 190. The plate gathers several objects, among them the "Gourd-pipe for smoking Diamba": a long gourd with a clay pipe bowl set into its closed end. The book is in the public domain; the plates are reproduced in the Project Gutenberg edition (eBook 68176).