Research:2012-01-01/Report/cannabis-production-and-markets-in-europe

ResearchReport1 January 2012

Cannabis Production and Markets in Europe

Chloé Carpentier, Kobie Mulligan, Laurent Laniel, David Potter, Brendan Hughes, Liesbeth Vandam, Deborah Olszewski, Katerina Skarupova

EMCDDA Insights 12, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction

Volume 12 of the EMCDDA Insights series, edited by Chloé Carpentier, Laurent Laniel and Paul Griffiths, which brings together the agency's routine data, the Reitox national reports and the published literature on cannabis production and markets in Europe. Its chapters cover the botany and cultivation of cannabis, production for the European markets abroad, cultivation within Europe, potency, demand and the responses to supply. The authors find a partial shift from imported resin to herbal cannabis grown in Europe, with about two thirds of Europe now consuming mainly herbal products and one third mainly resin, and judge the estimates of Moroccan resin production hard to reconcile with European consumption. Of the sources of imported cannabis, the Reitox reports name Morocco, Afghanistan, Albania, Lebanon and South Africa most often. On Afghanistan the volume reports the UNODC view that it had overtaken Morocco as the largest resin producer, finds little evidence that Afghan resin reached Europe in quantity and notes that Afghan and Moroccan resins are different products: Moroccans call resin powder shira and the pressed block hashish, while Afghans distinguish garda (powder) from charas (block).

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DOI10.2810/52425

Record created 9 November 2026maintained by landrace.wiki editorspage history

2012-01-01 2026-11-09 Cannabis Production and Markets in Europe Report Policy and law Chloé Carpentier, Kobie Mulligan, Laurent Laniel, David Potter, Brendan Hughes, Liesbeth Vandam, Deborah Olszewski, Katerina Skarupova EMCDDA Insights 12, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction 2012 10.2810/52425 https://doi.org/10.2810/52425 https://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17830/1/web INSIGHTS CANNABIS.pdf Volume 12 of the EMCDDA Insights series, edited by Chloé Carpentier, Laurent Laniel and Paul Griffiths, which brings together the agency's routine data, the Reitox national reports and the published literature on cannabis production and markets in Europe. Its chapters cover the botany and cultivation of cannabis, production for the European markets abroad, cultivation within Europe, potency, demand and the responses to supply. The authors find a partial shift from imported resin to herbal cannabis grown in Europe, with about two thirds of Europe now consuming mainly herbal products and one third mainly resin, and judge the estimates of Moroccan resin production hard to reconcile with European consumption. Of the sources of imported cannabis, the Reitox reports name Morocco, Afghanistan, Albania, Lebanon and South Africa most often. On Afghanistan the volume reports the UNODC view that it had overtaken Morocco as the largest resin producer, finds little evidence that Afghan resin reached Europe in quantity and notes that Afghan and Moroccan resins are different products: Moroccans call resin powder shira and the pressed block hashish, while Afghans distinguish garda (powder) from charas (block).