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Brazil

From Landrace.wiki
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Brazil
Brasil
Chapada Diamantina, Bahia
Chapada Diamantina, Bahia
Capital Brasília
Continent South America
Subregion South America
Cannabis Status
Legal Status Illegal; possession for personal use not a crime (up to 40 g or six female plants); licensed medical products
Status Since 2024
Enforcement Personal possession an administrative offence; trafficking 5–15 years; the Federal Police destroy fields in the north-east
Documentation
Growing Regions 1
Growing Areas 0
Accessions 1
Conservation
Populations none documented yet


Brazil is a country in South America where cannabis is called maconha and, in different regions, diamba, liamba, pango and fumo de Angola.[1] Twentieth-century scholars mostly held that enslaved Africans brought it across the Atlantic; the geographer Chris S. Duvall has challenged that account.[2]: 704[3]: 13, 15 The municipal council of Rio de Janeiro forbade the sale and use of the pito do pango in 1830.[4]

Paulo Cesar Pontes Fraga and Jorge Iulianelli call the valley of the São Francisco River, in the semi-arid sertão of Pernambuco, the largest growing area in the country.[5]: 11, 17 In 2022 most of the cannabis herb in Brazil came from Paraguay.[6]: 21

Cannabis is a prohibited plant under the drugs law of 2006. In June 2024 the Supreme Federal Court held that carrying it for one's own use is not a crime but an administrative offence. Anyone holding up to 40 grams or six female plants is presumed a user.[7]

Geography

By 1989 illegal cultivation had been confirmed in 19 of Brazil's 26 states, with the greatest production in the north-east.[8] In 2003 cultivation was in isolated areas of Pernambuco, Bahia and Maranhão in the north-east and of Pará and Amazonas in the north.[9]: 21

The north-eastern growing area, known to police and press as the Polígono da Maconha ("Marijuana Polygon"), has no agreed boundary. From November 2010 to June 2018 the Federal Police recorded the positions of illicit fields in the Pernambuco municipalities of Belém do São Francisco, Betânia, Cabrobó, Carnaubeira da Penha, Floresta, Inajá, Manari, Mirandiba, Orocó, Parnamirim, Salgueiro, Santa Maria da Boa Vista and Tacaratu. Orocó, Cabrobó and Belém do São Francisco produced the most.[10] Of the 2,227 recorded points, 72.74 per cent were on islands in the São Francisco River and the rest on the mainland; the fields lay beside water for irrigation.[10] In the 1970s growers already used the river islands for their fertile soils and because they hindered eradication; the caatinga scrub hid fields from the police.[11]: 240, 246

Federal Police operations have also destroyed fields in north-western Maranhão and north-eastern Pará.[12] Cannabis sativa is naturalised in Brazil. It grows on disturbed ground in 12 states, among them Rio Grande do Sul in the far south.[13]

Demographics

Communities with cannabis relationships

The psychiatrist Alvaro Rubim de Pinho wrote in 1975 that nearly all the traditional Brazilian names for the plant had their origin in "the Angolan language" of the enslaved Africans.[14] The historian Jorge Emanuel Luz de Souza assigns riamba, diamba and liamba to Kimbundu-speaking peoples.[15] In a paper of 1915 the physician José Rodrigues Dória presented the use of cannabis as a degenerative vice and a kind of revenge of Black people on their "white brothers, more advanced in civilisation".[2]: 705 Roberval Cordeiro de Farias, who chaired the national narcotics commission, wrote that on his first inspection, in 1941, he found cannabis use widespread among "the lower strata of the population" of the northern states.[1]

The sociologist Marcílio Dantas Brandão writes that later scholars confirmed the use described by Charles Wagley and Eduardo Galvão in 1949 among the Indigenous peoples of the north and north-east.[2]: 714 The farmers prosecuted for growing cannabis at Belém do São Francisco in the 1980s were men of 23 to 60, with four years of schooling or none.[11]: 246

Agriculture

From 1716, when it sent the first seed to settlers, the Portuguese Crown tried for more than a century to establish hemp as a fibre crop in Brazil.[16]: 2–3 Some historians hold that Jesuit missionaries grew hemp for textiles until their expulsion in 1759.[2]: 704 Small trial sowings were made in Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande under the viceroy the Marquis of Lavradio.[17]: 141 In 1783 the Crown founded the Real Feitoria do Linho Cânhamo, a royal hemp factory, at Rincão de Canguçu in the far south. The factory was worked by enslaved couples sent from the Royal Estate of Santa Cruz in Rio de Janeiro.[17]: 141 From 1785 to 1795 it sent the royal warehouse 1,374 arrobas of raw hemp, 30 of thread and 149 of tow. It moved to Faxinal do Courita in 1798 and closed in 1824, when its land became a colony for German immigrants.[16]: 3, 6

As a drug crop, cannabis is planted most densely in the north-east, the poorest region of the country, in semi-arid areas of severe drought.[5]: 17 Cultivation was reported in north-eastern states at the start of the 20th century and became constant in the municipalities of Cabrobó, Belém do São Francisco, Serra Talhada and Floresta in the mid-1970s.[11]: 240 People interviewed by Fraga and Jorge Iulianelli linked the growth of the crop in the mid- to late 1980s to the displacement of towns by dams and to family feuds that turned into fights for control of the growing business.[5]: 18

Cannabis in Brazil

History

Main article: History of cannabis in Brazil

The pharmacologist Elisaldo Carlini wrote that the plant is not native and was brought by enslaved Africans, hence the name fumo-de-Angola.[18] The anthropologist Harry William Hutchinson reported in 1975 a "general consensus" that it arrived in the early 16th century, probably with slaves from the west coast of Africa and particularly from Angola. He linked the date of 1549 used by most authors to a decree of John III allowing sugar planters to import slaves. He repeated a story that the seed came in cloth dolls tied to the slaves' clothing.[19]: 174 Duvall traces the story to a dictionary of 1926 in which the seeds came "tied in a boneca", which he reads as a little bundle tied in cloth rather than a doll. He calls the date of 1549 meaningless for cannabis and writes that there is no evidence of cannabis in western Africa until the 1700s.[3]: 15, 237 Brandão writes that the frequent use of the drug by Black and mixed-race Brazilians led most 20th-century scholars to the hypothesis of a clandestine introduction by Africans.[2]: 704

The municipal council of Rio de Janeiro, meeting on 4 October 1830, prohibited the sale and use of the pito do pango and keeping it in public houses.[4][1] Sellers were fined 20,000 réis; slaves and other users were liable to three days in jail.[4] Other councils followed, among them Santos in 1870 and Campinas in 1876.[2]: 707[20]: 4 The medical profession also accepted the drug: a medical formulary of 1888 recommended Grimault's cannabis cigarettes against asthma and bronchitis. The Cigarros Índios imported from France were advertised in Brazilian medical journals into the early 20th century.[18]

At the Second Opium Conference in Geneva in 1924, the Brazilian delegate, Pernambuco Filho, called maconha worse than opium. Brazil supported Egypt's proposal to bring cannabis under international control.[2]: 706[20]: 8 Decree No. 20.930 of 11 January 1932, which regulated narcotics and their entry into the country in accordance with a request of the League of Nations' Permanent Central Opium Board, listed "canabis indica".[21] A national narcotics commission was created in 1936 under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[2]: 707 Decree-Law No. 891 of 25 November 1938 named the plant "Maconha, meconha, diamba, liamba" and prohibited private persons from planting, growing or harvesting it; the authorities were to destroy plants of this kind, wild or cultivated.[22] Under Law No. 6.368 of 1976, trafficking carried three to 15 years' imprisonment and possession for one's own use six months to two years.[23]

Brazil signed the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs on 30 March 1961 and ratified it on 18 June 1964,[24] signed the Convention on Psychotropic Substances on 21 February 1971 and ratified it on 14 February 1973,[25] became a party to the Single Convention as amended by its Protocol of 1972 on 16 May 1973[26] and ratified the 1988 Convention on 17 July 1991.[27]

Cultivation

In Farias's account of 1955 the plant grew wild in the northern states and was grown clandestinely in the north and north-east.[1] In 1987 cultivation was extensive, covering at least half of Brazil's states and territories.[28] Rosa and Fraga write that from the 1990s the sub-middle São Francisco region was the largest producing area of the country.[11]: 240

Cannabis was grown at the Horto Florestal in Rio de Janeiro in 1927, and male and female plants three to four metres tall grew at the Instituto de Química Agrícola there in 1944.[29][30] In 1959 a police chief brought plants "cultivated illegally" to the herbarium of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.[31] More recent sheets were taken from plants grown at the APEPI farm at Paty do Alferes, Rio de Janeiro, in 2022 and 2023. Others came in 2023 from an association in Olinda growing under a court authorisation for medical use and research, and in 2025 from an association at Magé growing for medicinal purposes.[32][33][34] In November 2025 the health regulator, ANVISA, authorised the agricultural research agency Embrapa to grow cannabis for scientific research.[35]

Forensic studies have analysed seized cannabis to trace its origin. Stable isotopes separated samples from the dry Polígono from those of the wetter states of Pará and Mato Grosso do Sul.[36] The elements in plants and soil separated Polígono plants from plants grown indoors.[37] A study of 2026 compared samples from Paraguay, Colombia and the Polígono with commercial strains that make up a substantial part of the national trade.[38]

Preparations and consumption

In 1955 cannabis was known as diamba, pango, liamba, dirijo, birra, elva, fininha and fumo de Angola. Cigarettes were sold by weight as the morrão (2.5 grams), the baseado (1.7 grams) and the fininho (1 gram). Until shortly before then, herbalists had sold the drug in the markets as fumo bravo. Before then the drug had been smoked in pipes known in the north as maricas, which Farias likened to the narghile.[1] In 1953 José Sarney, then a law student, described fishermen on the island of Curupu in Maranhão smoking diamba through a boi, a gourd full of water.[2]: 714 The national flora checklist calls the plant maconha, cânhamo and cânhamo-verdadeiro.[13] A collector in Minas Gerais noted the names cânhamo indiano, fumo-de-angola, maconha, diamba and liamba in 1983.[39]

Religious and cultural use

Rubim de Pinho wrote that cannabis was used in popular religious rites in the interior of the north-east, where it was believed to bring divination, the revealing of secrets and mystic visions.[14] Hutchinson called its use in Afro-Brazilian cults (candomblé, xangô, macumba and umbanda) disputed: early accounts assumed it, while cult leaders disclaimed it. He also cited accounts of a "Club de Diambistas" whose members met weekly to smoke.[19]: 179 Brandão writes that the sociologist Gilberto Freyre's view of cannabis use as a survival of African custom is contested among scholars of the religions of African origin.[2]: 714

Trade and commerce

In the 1980s Brazil produced significant quantities of marijuana, mostly for domestic consumption; high wholesale prices made it less attractive to buyers in the United States than Colombian marijuana.[40]: 19–20 Most of the 3,000 tonnes produced in Paraguay in 1987 went to Brazil.[28]

In 2003 imported cannabis, mainly from Paraguay, was usually sent on by road to the markets of the south, south-east and centre-west.[9]: 21 Fraga and Iulianelli estimated in 2011 that Brazil imported about 60 per cent of the cannabis it consumed and that the São Francisco crop supplied the national market except São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, which drew on Paraguay.[5]: 17 Forensic researchers wrote in 2019 that national production supplied the markets of the north and north-east, and Paraguay the rest of the country.[41] A year later the same group wrote that the Polígono supplied the north-east and 30 per cent of the national market.[37] By 2022 most of the cannabis herb in Brazil came from Paraguay.[6]: 21 The Federal Police have seized seed sent by post for growing indoors.[42][38]

The drugs law, Law No. 11.343 of 23 August 2006, prohibits drugs throughout the country together with the planting, cultivation, harvest and exploitation of plants from which drugs can be made; the federal government may authorise their cultivation only for medical or scientific purposes, at a fixed place and for a fixed term. Acquiring, keeping, transporting or carrying drugs for one's own consumption, or growing plants to prepare a small quantity, is punished by a warning, community service or an educational measure. Trafficking carries five to 15 years' imprisonment. The law repealed Law No. 6.368 of 1976 and defines drugs by the lists of Ministry of Health Ordinance No. 344 of 1998.[43] In its text of 1998 the ordinance lists Cannabis sativum among the plants that can yield narcotic or psychotropic substances (list E) and THC among the substances proscribed in Brazil (list F2).[44]

On 26 June 2024, by six votes to five, the Supreme Federal Court decided Extraordinary Appeal 635.659: acquiring, keeping or carrying cannabis for personal consumption remains prohibited but is not a crime. Holding up to 40 grams or six female plants is presumed to be for personal use.[45][7]

In 2015 ANVISA allowed individuals to import cannabidiol products on prescription for their own treatment.[46] A resolution of 2019 authorised cannabis products made mainly of cannabidiol with no more than 0.2 per cent THC, for a term of five years.[47] In November 2024 the Superior Court of Justice held that producing cannabis "exclusively for medical and/or pharmaceutical purposes" was lawful. In February 2026 ANVISA published rules for medical production, with a special authorisation granted only to legal entities after inspection.[48][49] In May 2026 the Special Court of the Superior Court of Justice ruled that a writ of injunction (mandado de injunção) cannot be used to obtain authorisation for an individual to import and grow cannabis at home; its rapporteur held that Brazilian law recognises no constitutional right to grow plants subject to special control. He noted that the court's criminal chambers had, exceptionally and case by case, granted safe-conduct orders in habeas corpus proceedings for cultivation for strictly therapeutic purposes.[50]

Enforcement

The Federal Police have run periodic operations against cultivation, chiefly in the Polígono, since the 1980s.[10] In 1987, 33,900 tonnes of cannabis were reported eradicated;[28] in 1989 the Federal Police eradicated the equivalent of 2,400 tonnes of marijuana and seized about 19 tonnes ready for consumption.[8] The police eradicated cannabis by hand: an estimated 126 acres (51 hectares) in 2000 and 123 acres (50 hectares) in 2001.[9]: 21 Brazil reported to the UNODC eradicating 44 hectares in 2014 and 117.5 hectares, with 1.9 million plants, in 2017.[51]

Seizures of cannabis herb were 155 tonnes in 2010.[52] In 2013 the Federal Police reported 220 tonnes seized and about 800,000 plants eradicated.[42] Brazil accounted for 5 per cent of the cannabis herb seized worldwide in 2016.[53] Reported seizures were 350,314 kilograms in 2017, 544,589 in 2020 and 410,223 in 2021.[54] In the first nine months of 2024 the Federal Police seized 361.6 tonnes of marijuana; by October it had eradicated 608 tonnes in Brazil and 1,177 hectares of cannabis in Paraguay with the Paraguayan police.[55]: 148

Operation Facheiro 4, in October 2019, destroyed 360,000 plants in Maranhão and Pará.[12] In the Pernambuco sertão the Federal Police eradicated 1,604,000 plants and destroyed 320 plantations in 2022, 618,000 plants and 168 plantations in 2023 and 1,372,000 plants and 260 plantations in 2024.[56] In 2024 the Federal Police said that constant eradication in the sertão left growers no time to bring the crop to maturity, and that this had led to imports from Paraguay.[57]

Growing Regions

Landrace cannabis growing regions currently documented on the wiki:

Region
Polígono da Maconha

Growing Areas

Landrace cannabis growing areas currently documented on the wiki: No growing areas documented yet.

Accessions

Map

List

Accession IDNameCollectedArea
VIB-BRA-UNK-0100000001Manga Rosa General Population

Conservation status

One hundred and ninety-three preserved specimens of cannabis from Brazil are listed in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility.[58] A sheet now in the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle in Paris was collected in 1819.[59] J. Correa de Mello collected a female branch in fruit at Campinas in 1865; the sheet is at Kew.[60] In 1977 the Federal Police of Ilhéus collected a sheet now in the CEPEC herbarium in Bahia.[61]

Recent news

ArticleDateCategory
News:2026-05-06/Policy/brazils-superior-court-of-justice-rules-that-a-writ-of-injunction-cannot-authorise-home-cannabis-cultivationPolicy

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Farias, Roberval Cordeiro de (1955). "Use of maconha (Cannabis sativa L.) in Brazil: control by health and police authorities". Bulletin on Narcotics (2). United Nations: 5–19. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 Brandão, Marcílio Dantas (2014). "O "problema público" da maconha no Brasil: anotações sobre quatro ciclos de atores, interesses e controvérsias". Dilemas: Revista de Estudos de Conflito e Controle Social (in português). 7 (4): 703–740. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Duvall, Chris S. (2019). "Cannabis and Africa". The African Roots of Marijuana. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. doi:10.1215/9781478004530. ISBN 978-1-4780-0394-6.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Barros, André; Peres, Marta (2011). "Proibição da maconha no Brasil e suas raízes históricas escravocratas". Periferia (in português). 3 (2). doi:10.12957/periferia.2011.3953.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Fraga, Paulo Cesar Pontes; Iulianelli, Jorge Atilio Silva (2011). "Plantios ilícitos de "cannabis" no Brasil: desigualdades, alternativa de renda e cultivo de compensação". Dilemas: Revista de Estudos de Conflito e Controle Social (in português). 4 (1): 11–39. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2022). Brazil in the regional and transatlantic cocaine supply chain: the impact of COVID-19 (PDF) (Report). Cocaine Insights. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "STF define 40 gramas de maconha como critério para diferenciar usuário de traficante". Notícias STF (in português). Supremo Tribunal Federal. 26 June 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 National Narcotics Intelligence Consumers Committee (June 1990). The NNICC Report 1989: The Supply of Illicit Drugs to the United States (PDF) (Report). p. 71. Retrieved 14 October 2026 – via National Criminal Justice Reference Service.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Office Brazil (2003). Country Profile: Brazil (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Patriota, Rhassanno Caracciollo; Sá, Lucilene Antunes Correia Marques; Sato, Simone Sayuri (2021). "Origem, características e distribuição espacial da cannabis do Polígono da Maconha no Estado de Pernambuco". Anuário do Instituto de Geociências (in português). 44. doi:10.11137/1982-3908_2021_44_40949.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Rosa, Lilian; Fraga, Paulo Cesar Pontes (2024). "O avanço da justiça sobre os agricultores de maconha em Belém de São Francisco na década de 1980". Tempo Social (in português). 36 (2): 239–259. doi:10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2024.222917.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Operação da PF destrói 360 mil pés de maconha no Maranhão e Pará". Agência Brasil (in português). 1 November 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Cannabis sativa L." Flora e Funga do Brasil (in português). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Rubim de Pinho, Alvaro (1975). "Social and Medical Aspects of the Use of Cannabis in Brazil". In Rubin, Vera (ed.). Cannabis and Culture. The Hague: Mouton. pp. 293–294. doi:10.1515/9783110812060.293.
  15. ↑ Souza, Jorge Emanuel Luz de (2015). Sonhos da diamba, controles do cotidiano: uma história da criminalização da maconha no Brasil republicano (in português). Salvador: EDUFBA and CETAD/UFBA. pp. 175–183. doi:10.7476/9788523220235. ISBN 978-85-232-2023-5.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Rosa, Lilian (2024). "Real Feitoria do Linho Cânhamo: da diversificação econômica aos desafios produtivos (1783–1824)". Economia e Sociedade (in português). 33 (2) e269846. doi:10.1590/1982-3533.2024v33n2.269846.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Menz, Maximiliano M. (2005). "Os escravos da Feitoria do Linho Cânhamo: trabalho, conflito e negociação". Afro-Ásia (in português) (32): 139–158. doi:10.9771/aa.v0i32.21090.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Carlini, Elisaldo Araújo (2006). "A história da maconha no Brasil". Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria (in português). 55 (4): 314–317. doi:10.1590/S0047-20852006000400008.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Hutchinson, Harry William (1975). "Patterns of Marihuana Use in Brazil". In Rubin, Vera (ed.). Cannabis and Culture. The Hague: Mouton. pp. 173–184. doi:10.1515/9783110812060.173.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Bewley-Taylor, Dave; Blickman, Tom; Jelsma, Martin (March 2014). "The history of cannabis in the international drug control system" (PDF). The Rise and Decline of Cannabis Prohibition: The history of cannabis in the UN drug control system and options for reform (Report). Amsterdam; Swansea: Transnational Institute; Global Drug Policy Observatory.
  21. ↑ "Decreto nº 20.930, de 11 de janeiro de 1932". Legislação Informatizada (in português). Câmara dos Deputados. Publicação original, Diário Oficial da União, Seção 1, 16 January 1932, p. 978. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  22. ↑ "Decreto-Lei nº 891, de 25 de novembro de 1938: aprova a Lei de Fiscalização de Entorpecentes". Legislação (in português). Presidência da República. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  23. ↑ "Lei nº 6.368, de 21 de outubro de 1976". Legislação (in português). Presidência da República. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  24. ↑ "Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961". United Nations Treaty Collection. Chapter VI, 15. Retrieved 3 October 2026.
  25. ↑ "Convention on Psychotropic Substances". United Nations Treaty Collection. Chapter VI, 16. Retrieved 3 October 2026.
  26. ↑ "Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, as amended by the Protocol amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961: status". United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations. Retrieved 3 October 2026.
  27. ↑ "United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances". United Nations Treaty Collection. Chapter VI, 19. Retrieved 3 October 2026.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 National Narcotics Intelligence Consumers Committee (April 1988). The Supply of Illicit Drugs to the United States: The NNICC Report 1987 (PDF) (Report). p. 17. Retrieved 14 October 2026 – via National Criminal Justice Reference Service.
  29. ↑ "Occurrence 1424165113: Cannabis sativa L., RB00432093". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  30. ↑ "Occurrence 1424359474: Cannabis sativa L., RB00064925". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  31. ↑ "Occurrence 2421819051: Cannabis sativa L., ICN 002047". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  32. ↑ "Occurrence 4079376669: Cannabis L., RB01487265". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  33. ↑ "Occurrence 4953884706: Cannabis sativa L., UFP 89911". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  34. ↑ "Occurrence 5936432305: Cannabis sativa L., RBR00062927". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  35. ↑ "Anvisa atende pedido da Embrapa e autoriza pesquisa de cultivo de Cannabis pela instituição". Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (in português). 19 November 2025. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  36. ↑ Shibuya, Elisa K.; Souza Sarkis, Jorge E.; Negrini Neto, Osvaldo; Moreira, Marcelo Z.; Victoria, Reynaldo L. (2006). "Sourcing Brazilian marijuana by applying IRMS analysis to seized samples". Forensic Science International. 160 (1): 35–43. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.08.011. PMID 16183231.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Fett, Mauro Sander; Mariot, Roberta Fogliatto; Ortiz, Rafael Scorsatto; Avila, Eduardo; Camargo, Flávio Anastácio de Oliveira (2020). "Geographic origin determination of Brazilian Cannabis sativa L. (Marihuana) by multi-element concentration". Forensic Science International. 315 110459. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110459. PMID 32853973.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Bettim, Cássio Augusto Rodrigues; Ribeiro, Lucas de Oliveira Pereira; Cardenas Alegría, Oscar Victor; Avila Silva, Eduardo Filipe; Siqueira, Franciele Maboni; Camargo, Flávio Anastácio de Oliveira; Alho, Clarice Sampaio; Dorn, Márcio (2026). "Identification of biogeographically informative microssatelite markers for Brazilian Cannabis sativa samples: a machine learning approach for forensic origin prediction". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 140 (3): 1313–1325. doi:10.1007/s00414-025-03716-7. PMID 41649549.
  39. ↑ "Occurrence 4955405737: Cannabis sativa L., CESJ 19824". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  40. ↑ National Narcotics Intelligence Consumers Committee (June 1987). The NNICC Report 1985–1986: The Supply of Illicit Drugs to the United States from Foreign and Domestic Sources in 1985 and 1986 (with Near Term Projections) (PDF) (Report) – via National Criminal Justice Reference Service.
  41. ↑ Fett, Mauro Sander; Mariot, Roberta Fogliatto; Avila, Eduardo; Alho, Clarice Sampaio; Stefenon, Valdir Marcos; Camargo, Flávio Anastácio de Oliveira (2019). "13-loci STR multiplex system for Brazilian seized samples of marijuana: individualization and origin differentiation". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 133 (2): 373–384. doi:10.1007/s00414-018-1940-3. PMID 30324327.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Mariotti, Kristiane de Cássia; Marcelo, Marcelo Caetano Alexandre; Ortiz, Rafael S.; Borille, Bruna Tassi; dos Reis, Monique; Fett, Mauro Sander; Ferrão, Marco Flôres; Limberger, Renata Pereira (2016). "Seized cannabis seeds cultivated in greenhouse: a chemical study by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and chemometric analysis". Science & Justice. 56 (1): 35–41. doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2015.09.002. PMID 26746824.
  43. ↑ "Lei nº 11.343, de 23 de agosto de 2006". Legislação (in português). Presidência da República. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  44. ↑ "Portaria nº 344, de 12 de maio de 1998". Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (in português). Ministério da Saúde. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  45. ↑ "RE 635.659 (Tema 506): informação à sociedade" (PDF) (in português). Supremo Tribunal Federal. 26 June 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  46. ↑ "Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada – RDC nº 17, de 6 de maio de 2015" (PDF). Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (in português). Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  47. ↑ "Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada – RDC nº 327, de 9 de dezembro de 2019" (PDF). Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (in português). Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  48. ↑ "Para cumprir determinação do STJ para a regulação da produção da cannabis medicinal, Anvisa discute tema em reunião colegiada". Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (in português). January 2026. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  49. ↑ "Anvisa publica regras para produção de cannabis medicinal". Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (in português). 3 February 2026. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  50. ↑ "É incabível mandado de injunção para pedir autorização de plantio doméstico de cannabis, define Corte Especial". Portal do Conhecimento (in português). Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Superior Tribunal de Justiça. 8 May 2026. Retrieved 16 October 2026.
  51. ↑ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2023). "World Drug Report 2023, Statistical Annex: 6.3.1 Cannabis cultivation, production and eradication". Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  52. ↑ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2012). World Drug Report 2012: references to Brazil (PDF) (Report). UNODC Liaison and Partnership Office in Brazil. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  53. ↑ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2018). World Drug Report 2018, Booklet 3: Analysis of Drug Markets (PDF) (Report). United Nations. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  54. ↑ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2023). "World Drug Report 2023, Statistical Annex: 7.1 Drug seizures 2017–2021". Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  55. ↑ Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (March 2025). International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, Volume 1: Drug and Chemical Control (PDF) (Report). United States Department of State. Retrieved 13 October 2026.
  56. ↑ "Cerca de 13 mil pés de maconha são erradicados no Sertão do estado". Diario de Pernambuco (in português). 7 July 2025. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  57. ↑ "PF erradica 448 mil pé de maconha e evita produção de 152 toneladas da droga". Diario de Pernambuco (in português). 27 May 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  58. ↑ "Occurrence search: Cannabis, Brazil". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  59. ↑ "Occurrence 731738622: Cannabis sativa L., P06884261". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  60. ↑ "Occurrence 6194764248: Cannabis sativa L., K004003478". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  61. ↑ "Occurrence 1090429653: Cannabis sativa L., CEPEC 29244". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
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