Talk:Yengi Hissar (appellation)

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Yengi Hissar (appellation) treats the oasis of Yengisar (英吉沙), the Yengi Hissar of the nineteenth-century British reports, in Xinjiang, as a cannabis appellation inside the Kashgar growing area. Its extent is Yengisar County. Yengi Hissar redirects here.

Data verification

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Discussion

Why the appellation is on the map

• Valikhanov (1858–59; Michell translation, 1865, p. 155): Terektek, a village of the Yanyshahr district, "celebrated for the hashish it produces".
• The Leh trade report for 1869, printed in Aitchison (1874, p. 315): the finest charras "grown at Yanghissar".
• Aitchison (1874, p. 52): the very finest charras produced at Karmak, near Yang Hissar.
• Indian Hemp Drugs Commission (1894), Vol. I, ch. VII, para. 293: the Joint Commissioner in Ladakh (1881) named Yengi Hissar among the places that produced the charas of the Ladakh road, and its charas the best of Eastern Turkestan.
• Li Huan (1944, p. 203): máyān produced in the counties of Shule, Yengisar, Shache, Yecheng and Pishan.
• Hu, Zhang and Hao (2015): cannabis planted in large quantities at Yengisar in the 1950s and 1960s; Yengisar among the main producing counties of máyān at present (目前).

Growing status

The status is Active: Hu, Zhang and Hao (2015) count Yengisar among the main producing counties of máyān at present. Li Huan (1944) reports that the provincial government had prohibited máyān; no source says that growing at Yengisar ended.

Where it is

• The coordinates are those of Yengisar town, the seat of Yengisar County in Kashgar Prefecture.
• The appellation's extent is Yengisar County, inside the Kashgar border. Until the county is outlined on the map, the map shows the town's point.

Karmak and Terektek

Aitchison's Karmak, "near Yang Hissar", and Valikhanov's Terektek, a village of the Yanyshahr district, are not placed on the map. Neither source gives a position or a distance from the town, and neither name is among the villages that the report of the 1873–74 embassy lists for the Yangi Hissar division (Forsyth, ed., 1875, p. 37).

The name

Yengi Hissar is the form of the 1881 letter as the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission printed it. The British reports also write Yangi Hissar, Yang Hissar and Yanghissar. Valikhanov writes Yanyshahr and Jengiskehr: he places the town between Kashgar and Yarkand, about 47 miles south of Kashgar, and gives its district 8,000 houses, the figure that the report of the 1873–74 embassy gives for the Yangi Hissar division (Forsyth, ed., 1875, p. 37). The page takes his Yanyshahr to be Yengi Hissar. Li Huan (1944) writes 英吉沙爾; the county today is 英吉沙.

Where the sources disagree

• The best charas. Yengi Hissar (the Joint Commissioner, 1881; the Leh trade report for 1869), Karmak near Yang Hissar (Aitchison 1874), Khan-Arik (Kreutzmann 2026) and Yarkand (the Chopras, 1957). Each is given as its source's.
• Opium divans. The embassy's report has several opium divans at Yangi Hissar (Forsyth, ed., 1875, p. 38); Bellew's own narrative has three (Bellew 1875, p. 383).

Other reports

• Bellew (1875, p. 383) writes that opium and hemp were under no restriction in the country in 1873–74; Aitchison (1874, pp. 51–52) that the ruler of Yarkand had prohibited the growing of the plant in regular fields, so that it was raised only in single rows round other crops. Neither names Yengi Hissar.