Andong
More actions
| Andong | |
|---|---|
| 안동 | |
| ActiveGrown here in 2000 or later | |
| Geography | |
| Country | Korea |
| Province/State | North Gyeongsang Province |
| Coordinates | 36.58, 128.78 |
| Landscape | |
| Area | 1,500 km² |
| Terrain | Approximately Andong city; the hemp fields of 2013 to 2020 lay in Imha and Seohu myeon |
| Growing history | |
| Documentation | |
| Appellations | 0 |
| Accessions | 0 |
| Conservation | |
| Populations | none documented yet |
Andong is a cannabis growing area in Korea, mapped on the city of Andong in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. Hemp is grown there under a permit from the city for its bast fibre, the raw material of Andong-po, the hemp cloth of the Andong area.[1][2] The county's hemp fields covered about 195 jeongbo (roughly 190 hectares) in 1923.[3] In the 1970s, when almost every household grew it, the crop covered more than 110 hectares; in 2020 it covered 4.5 hectares in Imha and Seohu myeon.[4][5] A local cultivar of hemp was collected at Andong in 2008.[6]
The hemp-cloth trade to 1945
Andong-po was a tribute cloth of the Joseon court.[4] Trousers of Andong-po are listed among the clothes made in 1892 for the capping ceremony of Prince Uihwa, the fifth son of King Gojong. A Japanese survey of Korean industry published in 1911 named hemp among the special crops of Gyeongsang and Jeolla, with somewhat larger output around Andong.[2]
In 1923 the Korean journal Gaebyeok surveyed North Gyeongsang county by county. In Andong it found about 195 jeongbo of hemp fields, which produced more than 23,000 bolts of cloth a year, worth 184,000 yen; the journal called the cloth the foremost speciality of Korea. All of it was women's side work. The county office had set up a Hemp Cloth Association in July 1913, which took 20 sen a bolt from producers as an inspection fee. Gaebyeok judged it useless to the weavers: the association, it wrote, bought cloth cheaply from producers who could not sell before the market closed and sold it on at a profit.[3] A 1927 account of Korea's products describes merchants from other places staying in the town for weeks in the weaving season, buying through the association from the producers who came in each day and sending the cloth to Daegu and other markets.[2]
Cultivation since the 1970s
Hemp growing was put under a permit system in the 1970s. After that only two villages of Imha-myeon, Geumso-ri and Gogok-ri, kept the whole round of work from growing the hemp to weaving the cloth; the other villages buy their hemp and weave.[2] The city grants the permits after examining each grower, because the plant is classed as a narcotic.[1] The hemp is sown in March and harvested in June and July.[7] One hectare of hemp gives enough fibre for about 380 bolts of cloth.[4]
The city's figures put the hemp area at 38.2 hectares, with 98 growers, in 2008 and 19.2 hectares, with 61, in 2009. It was 1.5 hectares in 2016, 4.1 in 2017, 2.5 in 2018 and 5.8 in 2019; in 2020 it was 4.5 hectares, with 18 growers.[5] Reports in 2013 and 2016 put the fall down to the labour of growing and processing the fibre and to cheap hemp cloth imported from China.[4][1] In 2018 the city passed an ordinance to help growers with the cost of seed and fertiliser, and at the end of that year it completed a weaving village with a training hall for Andong-po at Geumso-ri.[5]
In 2016 the fields had no fences or other controls on entry. In May of that year the tops of more than 200 plants were cut from a field at Geumso-ri, and villagers said that young shoots and leaves were taken every year between mid-May and the harvest; the city answered that it lacked the staff and money to guard the fields and had put up four cameras at Geumso-ri.[1][7] Unlike the variety Cheongma, which has no narcotic content, the hemp grown at Andong can be made into the drug.[7]
Local cultivar
Seed of a local cultivar was collected at Andong in July 2008 for a study of Korean hemp cultivars. The same cultivar was found at Jeongseon, in Gangwon Province. The low-THC cultivar Cheungsam was selected from crosses between Korean local cultivars, with about 1.7 per cent THC, and low-THC accessions from the Netherlands.[6]
Andong-po
Andong-po is woven from saengnaengi, hemp thread that is not boiled.[2] The stalks are steamed in a samgut: stones are heated in one pit beside water, and the steam passes into a second pit that holds the hemp. The steamed stalks are dried for about a day and soaked again before the outer bark is stripped.[2] Making the cloth takes eight stages from growing the hemp to weaving.[8] Andong-po weaving became an intangible heritage of North Gyeongsang Province on 30 December 1975.[8] The Andong-po Village Preservation Society holds the national designation for sambe weaving.[9]
Accessions
No accessions documented yet.
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See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Kim, S. (24 May 2016). "대마 주산지 도둑 설쳐대지만 단속 안돼…무방비로 재배" [Thieves run loose in the main hemp-growing area, but there is no enforcement]. Seoul Shinmun (in 한국어). Retrieved 29 October 2026.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Jo, H. "안동포" [Andong-po]. Encyclopedia of Andong Culture (in 한국어). Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "朝鮮文化의 基本調査(其二): 慶北道號 上" [Basic survey of Korean culture, no. 2: North Gyeongsang, part 1]. Gaebyeok (in 한국어) (36). 1 June 1923. Retrieved 12 October 2026 – via Korean History Database.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Kim, S. (29 June 2013). "英 왕실도 쓰는 '명품' 안동포 명맥 끊기나" [Will the line of Andong-po, the luxury cloth the British royal household uses, be broken?]. Seoul Shinmun (in 한국어). Retrieved 29 October 2026.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kim, S. (17 June 2020). "안동포 살리기 사업 시들…안동지역 대마 재배면적·경작인 감소" [Andong-po revival scheme flags: hemp area and growers in Andong decline]. Twig (in 한국어). Retrieved 29 October 2026.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Doh, E.J.; Lee, G.; Yun, Y.-J.; Kang, L.-W.; Kim, E.S.; Lee, M.Y.; Oh, S.-E. (2019). "DNA markers to discriminate Cannabis sativa L. 'Cheungsam' with low tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content from other South Korea cultivars based on the nucleotide sequences of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase and putative 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase genes". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2019 8121796. doi:10.1155/2019/8121796.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Eom, J.; Kim, Y. (5 July 2016). "안동 대마 도둑 기승, 불법 채취 매년 반복" [Hemp thieves rife in Andong: illegal picking repeated every year]. Maeil Shinmun (in 한국어). Retrieved 29 October 2026.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "안동포짜기 (安東布짜기)" [Andong-po weaving]. National Heritage Portal (in 한국어). Korea Heritage Service. Retrieved 12 October 2026.
- ↑ "삼베짜기" [Sambe weaving]. National Heritage Portal (in 한국어). Korea Heritage Service. Retrieved 12 October 2026.