Property:Has research summary
From Landrace.wiki
More actions
This is a property of type Text.
R
Develops operational definitions of terroir and landrace and applies them to cannabis cultivation in the Rif region of Morocco. Argues that hashish produced from the kif landrace meets the typicity, originality and reputation criteria of a terroir product, with the Rif as a delimited area where Berber communities have built up a collective production knowledge over a system of physical, biological and cultural interactions. Treats terroir as historically modern rather than fixist, and traditions as partly invented and reconstructed. Distinguishes site from situation as localisation factors: large-scale cannabis production requires both a biophysical site and a political-territorial situation marked by relative isolation from central authority, conditions the Rif has long met. Traces the etymology of balad, bled, beldi and beldiya to show that territory, terroir and landrace are expressed through variations of a single Arabic root in Moroccan Darija. Examines the contested historical-zone narrative and the five douars said to have been authorised under Moulay El Hassan I, drawing on Bellakhdar's 2021 proposal of Aït Aaksi, Griha, Ighmad, Azila and Talarouak. Concludes that the kif landrace cultivated before the 1960s no longer exists in unmodified form, that the introduction of hybrids in the 2000s and the 2021 therapeutic-cannabis legalisation are accelerating introgression, and that an appellation-style protection coupled with legalisation is the most plausible route to conserving the landrace, the agroecosystem and the regional economy. +
Research:2023-11-02/Journal article/settling-dagga-shifting-frontiers-of-cannabis-knowledge-and-governance-in-south-africa +
Examines the shifting frontiers of cannabis knowledge and governance in South Africa, extending Waetjen's account of how dagga was governed from the colonial period onward. +
Research:2024-01-01/Book chapter/a-focus-on-cannabis-as-an-indigenous-entrepreneurial-activity-in-south-africa-by-the-indigenous-khoisan +
Frames cannabis as an indigenous entrepreneurial activity of the Khoisan and Bantu, arguing for its place in South African indigenous enterprise. A book chapter; cite for the argument rather than for figures. +
A philological and historical study of cannabis in the 12th–13th-century Sanskrit rasaśāstra text Ānandakanda, whose chapter 15 (186 verses) is the most extensive premodern Indian monograph on the plant. Updates Wujastyk (2002) with attention to the seven cannabis-mantras of the Ānandakanda, the fifteen Sanskrit synonyms (including the earliest secure attestation of ''gañjā''), the male–female plant distinction, alchemical recipes, signs of intoxication, and the rarity of cannabis as an ingredient elsewhere in the rasaśāstra corpus. Closes with the etymological history of "marijuana" and other modern-language terms. +
Research:2024-03-15/Journal article/business-as-usual-cannabis-legalisation-and-agrarian-change-in-zimbabwe +
Examines Zimbabwe's legal cannabis sector since its 2018 opening to medicinal and industrial production, with unlicensed uses remaining criminalised, and the implications for agrarian change. The authors argue the formal sector is structured to favour those with substantial resources, marginalising small-scale farmers and illicit cultivators and raising the risk of corporate capture, though several factors undermine agribusiness production. They find that the prohibition of recreational cannabis and the sector's export focus together preserve illicit markets and sustain illicit livelihoods. An agrarian political-economy reference for cannabis commercialisation in Zimbabwe and the broader Global South pattern of export-oriented legal sectors marginalising traditional cultivators. +
Research:2024-05-24/Journal article/the-use-and-potential-abuse-of-psychoactive-plants-in-southern-africa-an-overview-of-evidence-and-future +
An overview of the use and potential abuse of psychoactive plants in southern Africa, situating cannabis among healer-used species and reinforcing that Leonotis is not true dagga. +
Research:2024-06-13/Journal article/international-property-rights-for-cannabis-landraces-and-terroir-products-the-case-of-moroccan-cannabis-and-ha +
Argues that appellations of origin offer the best available intellectual property protection for cannabis landraces and terroir products, on grounds that what needs protecting is tradition and collective ownership rather than innovation and individual ownership. Finds UPOV plant variety protection unsuited to landraces, which cannot meet the distinctness, uniformity and stability criteria required of cultivars. Develops the case through Moroccan hashish and the kif landrace of the Rif, whose typicity derives from the region's geography and the sociotechnical itinerary of cultivation. Concludes that only hashish made traditionally from kif could qualify for an appellation, since recent imported hybrids have produced a resin of Moroccan provenance but not Moroccan origin, and notes that an appellation cannot legally control third party use of a landrace but extends protection in practice to the agroecosystem on which the terroir depends. +
Research:2024-08-21/Journal article/unveiling-colombias-medicinal-cannabis-sativa-treasure-trove-phenotypic-and-chemotypic-diversity-in-legal-cult +
Phytochemical and phenotypic characterisation of 156 legally cultivated Cannabis sativa plants grown across diverse ecological regions of Colombia. Ten cannabinoids and 23 terpenes were quantified by liquid and gas chromatography alongside other phenotypic traits. The data resolve four distinct chemotypes based on cannabinoid profile. Type I varieties show significantly higher terpene content (>0.03%) and Type IV varieties show lower content (<0.03%). β-myrcene emerges as the dominant terpene in balanced and CBD-dominant varieties. The authors report that several normally uncommon terpenes appear in significant quantities and suggest that Colombian environmental conditions may favour their expression. +
Research:2024-08-31/Journal article/identification-of-medicinal-cannabis-landraces-found-in-lusikisiki-eastern-cape-province-south-africa +
Identifies eight vouchered Cannabis sativa specimens collected around Lusikisiki in the Eastern Cape by morphology only, with no chemotype or genetic work. The first vouchered landrace survey of the Mpondoland heartland. +
Research:2024-09-24/Journal article/comprehensive-review-of-phytochemical-studies-and-legalization-of-cannabis-in-morocco +
A review of the phytochemical and biological literature on cannabis grown in Morocco, assembled from the main bibliographic databases, with a closing section on the legalisation of cannabis for medical and industrial use under Law 13-21. The authors set out what has been isolated and characterised from Moroccan material to date and argue that the greater part of the work remains undone, from the isolation of bioactive compounds through to clinical trials. Written for investors, researchers and policymakers rather than as a botanical treatment, so the value here is as a bibliographic entry point into the Moroccan phytochemical literature rather than as a source of primary data. +
Research:2024-09-26/Journal article/finally-freed-cannabis-in-south-africa-a-review-contextualised-within-global-history-diversity-and-chemical +
A review contextualising cannabis in South Africa within global history, diversity and chemical profiles. States that no study has characterised southern-African cannabis landraces and that the NCBI genome assemblies include none of African origin, documenting the characterisation gap. +
Research:2025-01-01/Journal article/comparative-analysis-of-cannabis-legalization-in-south-africa-and-zimbabwe-trajectories-commonalities-and +
A comparative analysis of cannabis legalisation in South Africa and Zimbabwe, examining the trajectories, commonalities and divergences of reform. Documents how licensing costs and commercial frameworks have excluded smallholders in both countries. +
Research:2025-01-21/Journal article/population-genomics-of-a-natural-cannabis-sativa-l-collection-from-iran-identifies-novel-genetic-loci-for-flow +
Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) study of 228 male and female individuals drawn from 35 natural Iranian Cannabis sativa populations spanning multiple climatic zones, grown in a randomised complete block design field experiment at the University of Tehran. Recovers approximately 23,266 high-quality SNPs and links them via association analysis to inflorescence characteristics, flowering time, plant morphology, THC and CBD content, and sex. Resolves the Iranian collection into five fineSTRUCTURE groups against a higher-level two-cluster PCA structure, and finds that Iranian populations are globally distinctive when compared to international reference data. Identifies novel candidate genetic loci for flowering time, morphology, sex determination and chemotype, providing markers that can underpin future cannabis breeding from Iranian germplasm. Frames Iranian natural populations as wild relatives and progenitor-adjacent material that retain genetic variation lost from highly bred modern cultivars. Critical regional reference for the Iran/Persian gene pool on the wiki, complementing the broader Balant et al. 2025 phylogeography (which places the Iranian Plateau as a distinct Paleotropis subgroup) with population-scale resolution and a marker-trait association layer. +
Research:2025-01-23/Journal article/unveiling-cannabinoids-and-terpenes-diversity-in-cannabis-sativa-l-from-northern-india-for-future-breeding-str +
Cannabinoid and essential-oil profiling of Cannabis sativa collected from five populations across northern India, conducted at CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow. Histochemical work locates cannabinoids and terpenes in capitate stalked and capitate sessile glandular trichomes. Essential-oil analysis reports (E)-caryophyllene at 10.30%–36.80% as the major terpene, followed by α-humulene at 0.50%–15.29% and α-bisabolol at 0.00%–16.40%. Cannabinoid and terpene content shows significant diversity among and within the five populations. Correlation analysis finds α-pinene, β-pinene and limonene positively correlated with CBD content, while α- and β-selinene positively correlate with tetrahydrocannabinolic acid content. The authors frame the work as identifying candidate cultivars and chemotypes for Indian cannabis breeding programmes. +
Research:2025-02-06/Journal article/integrating-target-capture-with-whole-genome-sequencing-of-recent-and-natural-history-collections-to-explain-t +
Global phylogeographic study using a Hyb-Seq approach that combines target capture (with the universal Angiosperms353 enrichment panel) and shotgun whole-genome sequencing on the same data, applied to wild-growing accessions, cultivars and herbarium specimens drawn from natural history collections. Phylogenomic and population genomic workflows on the integrated dataset support treating Cannabis as a monotypic genus and recover three main genetic groups: East Asia, Paleotropis, and Boreal. Paleotropis is further divided into Iranian Plateau, Central and South China–Himalayas, and Indoafrica subgroups. Boreal is divided into Eurosiberia–West Mongolia and Caucasus–Mediterranean subgroups. The strongest signal in the data is geographic rather than use-type, with cultivars clustering by region of origin rather than by hemp/drug distinction. Iranian and Central Asian wild-growing populations emerge as particularly distinctive and morphogenetically diverse, consistent with the idea that this region functions as a genetic melting pot. The study is the first global landrace-inclusive phylogeography of cannabis after Ren et al. 2021 and is methodologically significant for showing that herbarium specimens (including older natural history collections) can be integrated with fresh material to recover phylogenetic signal in a genus where field sampling is legally difficult. Provides the geographic backbone against which any landrace genotype on the wiki can be situated, complements the Lynch et al. 2025 pangenome at the population scale, and supports the conservation case that wild-growing populations from understudied regions hold diversity not represented in modern cultivars. +
Research:2025-05-28/Journal article/domesticated-cannabinoid-synthases-amid-a-wild-mosaic-cannabis-pangenome +
The first comprehensive cannabis pangenome, built from 193 genomes (181 new PacBio assemblies plus 12 previously published) representing 144 biological samples spanning use types, history, sex expression and agronomic traits. Includes 78 haplotype-resolved chromosome-scale assemblies and 103 contig-level assemblies covering both male (XY) and female (XX) plants. Documents surprisingly high genetic and structural variation for a single species and proposes a new population structure and hybridisation history. Resolves the heteromorphic X and Y sex chromosomes for the first time, including a variable boundary at the sex-determining and pseudoautosomal regions and male-biased expression of several flowering regulators. Finds that the cannabinoid synthase loci (CBDAS, THCAS) themselves carry very little diversity despite sitting in a region rich in pseudogenised paralogues, structural variation and distinct transposable element arrangements, evidence that the synthases have been recently domesticated against an otherwise wild-mosaic genomic background. Identifies acyl-lipid thioesterase variants associated with fatty acid chain length and with the production of the rarer propyl cannabinoids THCV and CBDV. Confirms that high-CBD hemp lineages such as CBDRx emerged through introgression of the CBDAS locus into a predominantly drug-type genetic background. Concludes that the Cannabis sativa gene pool remains only partly characterised, that wild relatives likely persist in Asia, and that the crop's broader potential is largely unrealised. Provides the new reference framework for placing landrace genotypes in a global population context and underwrites the conservation case that elite modern cultivars have lost diversity that landraces and wild-growing populations still hold. +
Research:2025-07-14/Journal article/cannabis-sativa-in-south-africa-history-legislation-production-and-pharmacological-aspects +
A review of Cannabis sativa in South Africa covering history, legislation, production and pharmacological aspects, synthesising the national picture. +
Research:2025-07-28/Journal article/a-comparative-phytocannabinoid-profiling-of-resin-from-five-hemp-cannabis-sativa-l-cultivars-from-central-nort +
A chemotype study comparing resin from the local Moroccan cultivar the authors call Beldiya with four introduced cultivars, sampled over the 2014 to 2016 harvests in central and northern Morocco and analysed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Thirteen cannabinoids were identified, five of them at mean concentrations above five per cent, and the cultivars fell into three chemical groups. The authors report that the local cultivar alone held a stable profile across all three harvest years while the introduced cultivars varied from year to year. Directly relevant to the record on Moroccan local varieties, since it puts a chemical measure on what distinguishes retained local material from imported hybrid stock. +
Research:2025-09-19/Journal article/profiling-of-various-dry-cannabis-sativa-from-aceh-indonesia-based-on-cannabinoids-spectroscopy-characteristic +
Forensic profiling of five dried Cannabis sativa samples seized in Aceh province, one each from Aceh Besar, Aceh Tengah, Bireuen, Lhokseumawe and Pidie Jaya, using microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and GC-MS. The authors identified ten cannabinoids, with delta-9-THC dominant in every sample; reported THC values range from 28.90% (Aceh Tengah) to 57.48% (Aceh Besar), a spread the authors attribute to environmental factors. The accessible text does not state whether the percentages are by dry weight or relative abundance among detected cannabinoids. Sampling is confined to Aceh; no North Sumatra material was analysed. +
Research:2025-11-26/Journal article/effect-of-propagation-techniques-on-growth-development-oil-yield-and-quality-of-medicinal-cannabis-cannabis +
Tests propagation techniques and their effect on growth, oil yield and quality of the Lusikisiki medicinal cannabis material, extending the Dumani Eastern Cape survey into agronomy. +