Talk:Haouz

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Page scope

Haouz treats the Haouz as a historical cannabis growing area: the plain round Marrakesh and the High Atlas valleys above it where the sources place kif growing (Ouidane, the Goundafa of the Oued N'fis), with the kif grown for the Régie under the protectorate and the fibre hemp of the region. The city of Marrakesh as a place is not covered. The Gharb, the other region outside the Rif named for the protectorate period, has no page of its own here.

Data verification

Record source conflicts, dating problems and sources not used here. Keep narrative content on the article.

Discussion

Why the Haouz is a growing area

• Raynaud (1902, p. 108): many Indian-hemp plantations in Morocco, notably in the Souss and at Marrakesh, grown mainly for kif.
• Guichard (France-Maroc, 15 April 1919, p. 103): kif grown close to Marrakesh at Ouidane (irrigated Rehamna) and along the Atlas, in the Oued N'fis among the Goundafa at Talat N'Yagoub and Talat N'bou Raïm; textile hemp (kenneb) also much grown in the Marrakesh region.
• Bellakhdar (2017, pp. 128–129), citing Guichard and Dardanne (1924): irrigated resin hemp among the Rehamna of Al-Ouidane, the Goundafa and the Haskoura; citing Miège (1938) and El Ghorfi (1964), textile hemp in the Marrakesh region to the 1960s.
• Afsahi and Chouvy (2015, p. 7) and Afsahi (2017, p. 106): kif grown for the Régie in the plains of Marrakesh under the protectorate. Chouvy (2022) names the Gharb and the Haouz as the regions outside the Rif where cannabis was grown before independence.
• The title is the name of the plain, which Chouvy uses. The area is not placed under a growing region.

Growing status

• The status is Historical: every source on growing in the Haouz describes the period before 1965.
• First grown: 1902, the year of Raynaud's book, the earliest source read that reports plantations at Marrakesh. Raynaud was at Mogador from 1900 to 1903 (Bellakhdar).
• Last grown: 1964, the year of Nor El Ghorfi's Contribution à l'édification d'une politique agricole, which Bellakhdar cites for the hundred hectares of textile hemp left round Aït Ourir "in the 1960s". The figure is Bellakhdar's citation of El Ghorfi. For kif alone, the latest year is Benabud's 1956, and his haouzi is a variety name, not a place.
• Chouvy (2022) writes that cultivation is "now limited to the Rif region". The page does not treat this one-line statement as a source that growing ended in the Haouz, and it gives no year; the dahir of 24 April 1954 banned kif hemp throughout the French zone but says nothing of the Haouz in particular.

Extent

• Noin (Encyclopædia Universalis) defines the Haouz as the plain between the High Atlas and the Jebilet, about 6,000 km². The growing places in the sources go beyond the plain into the High Atlas: Talat N'Yaâqoub and the Oued N'fis valley (Al Haouz Province), and Aït Ourir (Al Haouz Province). Al-Ouidane is in the Marrakesh Prefecture.
• Bellakhdar places the Haskoura in the region of Demnate, which is in Azilal Province today; Guichard places the Haskoura "in the Souss" (see below). The province field lists Marrakesh Prefecture and Al Haouz Province, where the places are certain.
• The infobox point (31.63, −7.99) is the city of Marrakesh.

How the border is drawn

• The border is a proxy drawn on the Marrakesh Prefecture (OpenStreetMap administrative relation 1712780) and Al Haouz Province (relation 2430105), about 8,700 km², the figure in the infobox. Ouidane, Talat N'Yaaqoub, the valley of the Oued N'fis and Aït Ourir lie inside it.
• The two units take in more than the plain as Noin defines it: the High Atlas valleys above it, where Guichard places the Goundafa, up to the crest.
• Demnate, in Azilal Province, is outside the border. Bellakhdar places the Haskoura there, but Guichard places them in the Souss.
• The Haouz and the Souss meet along the crest of the High Atlas.

Sources and conflicts

• The Haskoura. Guichard (1919, p. 103) writes of the kif "de Haouara et de Haskoura dans le Sous". Bellakhdar (2017, p. 128) places the Haskoura in the region of Demnate in the High Atlas, and Afsahi (2017, p. 108) follows Guichard. The article gives the Haskoura only in Bellakhdar's account; Talk:Souss gives Guichard's.
• Talat N'bou Raïm. Guichard names it with Talat N'Yagoub; Bellakhdar names only Talat N'Yaâqoub. The Gallica text of Guichard reads "Raïrn", an OCR error for Raïm.
• "Since the war". Guichard, writing in 1919, says the ktami could not be had "depuis la guerre", the war of 1914–1918; Bellakhdar notes that it had become very rare in Marrakesh since 1914. Afsahi (2017, p. 108) has it unobtainable during the Rif War, which began in 1921, after Guichard wrote. The article follows Guichard.
• Guichard's name. The article is signed "Dr Guichard"; Bellakhdar gives his first name as Albert. The citation keeps the printed signature. The issue is France-Maroc year 3 no. 4, 15 April 1919 (Gallica record).
• Dardanne (1924). What the article gives from Dardanne is Bellakhdar's attribution.
• Miège (1938). The figures of 450 ha in 1936 and 1,500 ha in 1925 are Bellakhdar's citation of Miège; the farms still working around 1950 are his citation of Malaplate (1953).
• The Régie's perimeters. Cannabis in Morocco, after Bellakhdar (2013), gives two perimeters allowed to the Régie under the dahir of 1932, one in the Marrakesh region and one in the Gharb; the article does not repeat them, since the dahir's text names no place. The dahir's text (art. 43) names no place. Afsahi lists the places as "Moyen Atlas (Marrakech)", the Gharb and the western Rif; "Moyen Atlas" may be a slip for the High Atlas, and the article quotes her wording. Bouquet (Bulletin on Narcotics, 1951) writes that the Régie of the French zone bought its raw kif from producers in Spanish Morocco, which is hard to square with large perimeters at Marrakesh; the article gives Afsahi and Chouvy's account as theirs.

Accessions and sources not used

• Hooker s.n., Marocco (1871) is a herbarium sheet with a point at Marrakesh. Its label reads Hort. Marocco, a garden at the city, and records no field growing, so it is not filed to this area.
• A seed seller describes its "Moroccan Beldia" as a traditional cultivar "from outside Marrakech" (HCG-MAR-UNK-0120220001). A seller's description is not evidence of where cannabis was grown, and the lot is not filed here.