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| |local_name = भारत (Bhārat) | | |local_name = भारत (Bhārat) |
| |flag = Flag of India.svg | | |flag = Flag of India.svg |
| |image =
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| |image_caption =
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| |capital = New Delhi | | |capital = New Delhi |
| |continent = Asia | | |continent = Asia |
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| |enforcement = Variable by state | | |enforcement = Variable by state |
| }} | | }} |
| '''India''' is a federal republic in South Asia with a long and complex history of cannabis cultivation, use, and regulation. Traditional cannabis preparations—particularly '''[[bhang]]''', '''[[ganja]]''', and '''[[charas]]'''—have been integrated into religious, medicinal, and recreational practices for millennia, particularly within Hindu and Sufi traditions. | | '''India''' is a federal republic in South Asia with a long history of cannabis cultivation and use. Traditional preparations include '''bhang''', '''ganja''', and '''charas'''. |
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| Despite the [[Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985|NDPS Act of 1985]] criminalizing most cannabis activities, enforcement varies dramatically across states, and traditional preparations remain culturally embedded in regions such as [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and the Himalayan belt.
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| == Map ==
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| <div class="lw-map" data-smw-query="[[Has country::India]]|?Has GPS coordinates|?Has descriptive name|?Has conservation priority|?Has accession ID"></div>
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| == Legal Status == | | == Legal Status == |
| === Current Framework ===
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| The '''[[Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985]]''' (NDPS Act) is the primary legislation governing cannabis in India. Under this act:
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| * '''Cannabis resin (charas)''' and '''ganja''' (flowering tops) are classified as narcotic drugs
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| * '''Bhang''' (leaves and seeds) is explicitly excluded from the definition of cannabis
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| * Penalties range from rigorous imprisonment to fines depending on quantity and intent
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| === State Variations ===
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| Indian states have considerable autonomy in regulating bhang and enforcement priorities:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! State/UT !! Bhang Status !! Enforcement Level !! Notes
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| | [[Rajasthan]] || Legal (licensed shops) || Low || Government-authorized bhang shops
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| | [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Legal (licensed) || Low || Traditional use protected
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| | [[Himachal Pradesh]] || Technically illegal || Variable || Major charas production area; periodic crackdowns
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| |-
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| | [[West Bengal]] || Ambiguous || Low-Medium || Traditional ganja cultivation in north
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| |-
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| | [[Odisha]] || Ambiguous || Low || Some traditional cultivation continues
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| |}
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|
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| === Historical Timeline ===
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| * '''Pre-1961''': Cannabis widely cultivated and used; various regional regulations
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| * '''1961''': India signs UN Single Convention but secures 25-year exemption for traditional use
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| * '''1985''': NDPS Act passed under US pressure; most cannabis activities criminalized
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| * '''1989''': NDPS Act amended; bhang explicitly excluded
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| * '''2020s''': Growing debate on medical cannabis; some states exploring pilot programs
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| == Enforcement & Threats == | | == Enforcement & Threats == |
| {{Main|Portal:Current Events}}
| | {{#ask:[[Category:News]][[Has country::India]] |
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| === Eradication Campaigns ===
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| Major eradication efforts are concentrated in:
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| * '''[[Himachal Pradesh]]''': Annual harvest-time eradication campaigns in [[Parvati Valley]], [[Kullu Valley]]
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| * '''[[Manipur]]/[[Nagaland]]''': Northeast India sees periodic enforcement
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| * '''[[Odisha]]''': Campaigns in tribal areas
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| * '''[[West Bengal]]''': Campaigns in Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar and Cooch Behar districts
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| === Current Threats ===
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| <!-- This section can pull from Portal:Current Events with a semantic query -->
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| {{#ask:[[Category:News]][[Has country::India]][[Has news type::Eradication]] | |
| |?Has date | | |?Has date |
| |?Has location | | |?Has location |
| | |?Has news type |
| |sort=Has date | | |sort=Has date |
| |order=desc | | |order=desc |
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| == Cultivation History == | | == Cultivation History == |
| Cannabis has been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent for at least 3,000 years. The plant appears in the '''[[Atharva Veda]]''' (c. 1500–1000 BCE) as one of five sacred plants.
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| === Traditional Production Regions ===
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| * '''Himalayan Belt''': [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Kashmir]] — primarily charas (hand-rubbed resin)
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| * '''Eastern Plains''': [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]] — primarily ganja (dried flowers)
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| * '''Central India''': [[Madhya Pradesh]] — wild and semi-cultivated populations
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| === Colonial Period ===
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| The '''Indian Hemp Drugs Commission Report (1894)''' remains one of the most comprehensive studies of cannabis use ever conducted. The British commission concluded that moderate use was essentially harmless and recommended against prohibition.
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| == Demographics & Culture == | | == Demographics & Culture == |
| === Linguistic Context ===
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| India's cannabis terminology varies by region and language:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! Term !! Language/Region !! Meaning
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| | भांग (bhāṅg) || Hindi/Sanskrit || Leaves and seeds preparation
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| | गांजा (gānjā) || Hindi/Bengali || Dried female flowers
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| | चरस (caras) || Hindi || Hand-rubbed resin
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| | মদক (madak) || Bengali || Ganja mixed with tobacco
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| |-
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| | കഞ്ചാവ് (kañcāv) || Malayalam || General term for cannabis
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| |}
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| === Religious & Cultural Use ===
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| * '''Shaivism''': Cannabis associated with Lord Shiva; consumed during [[Maha Shivaratri]] and [[Holi]]
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| * '''Sufi traditions''': Historical use among certain orders
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| * '''Ayurveda''': Cannabis preparations used medicinally for pain, insomnia, digestive issues
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| * '''Unani medicine''': Traditional use continues in some practices
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| === Ethnic Communities ===
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| Traditional cultivation knowledge is maintained by various communities:
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| * '''Rajput and Rajwari''' communities in Himachal Pradesh (charas production)
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| * '''Koch''' and '''Rajbongshi''' communities in North Bengal (ganja cultivation)
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| * '''Tribal communities''' in Odisha and Chhattisgarh
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| == Climate Overview ==
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| India's diverse geography supports various cannabis ecotypes:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! Zone !! Climate !! Typical Varieties !! Harvest Season
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| | Himalayan || Alpine/Montane || Short, resinous, early-finishing || Sept–Nov
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| | Northern Plains || Subtropical || Tall, moderate THC || Oct–Dec
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| |-
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| | Eastern || Tropical humid || Very tall, late-flowering || Dec–Feb
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| | Central Plateau || Semi-arid || Variable; wild populations || Nov–Jan
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| |}
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| == Documented Regions == | | == Documented Regions == |
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| {{#ask:[[Category:Growing Regions]][[Has country::India]] | | {{#ask:[[Category:Growing Regions]][[Has country::India]] |
| |?Has conservation status | | |?Has conservation status |
| |?Has gene pool
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| |mainlabel=Region | | |mainlabel=Region |
| |format=table | | |format=table |
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| |default=No growing areas documented yet. | | |default=No growing areas documented yet. |
| }} | | }} |
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| == States & Territories ==
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| {{#ask:[[Category:States]][[Has country::India]]
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| |?Has growing regions count
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| |?Has accessions count
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| |mainlabel=State/UT
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| |format=table
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| |class=wikitable sortable
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| |default=''Browse by state coming soon.''
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| }}
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| ''For now, see individual [[#Documented Regions|Growing Region]] pages for state-level breakdown.''
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| == See Also == | | == See Also == |
| * [[South Asia]] — Gene pool overview | | * [[South Asia]] |
| * [[NDPS Act, 1985]]
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| * [[Indian Hemp Drugs Commission]]
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| * [[Bhang]]
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| * [[Charas]]
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| == References == | | == References == |
| {{Reflist}} | | {{Reflist}} |
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| == External Links ==
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| * [https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1985-61.pdf NDPS Act, 1985 (full text)]
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| * [https://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/studies/inhemp/ihmenu.htm Indian Hemp Drugs Commission Report, 1894]
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| [[Category:Countries]] | | [[Category:Countries]] |
| [[Category:Asia]] | | [[Category:Asia]] |
