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'''Kirivong''' is a [[landrace cannabis]] growing area in [[Kirivong district]], [[Takeo Province|Takeo province]], [[Cambodia]], and the primary centre of cannabis cultivation in the country since the early 2000s. The area is defined by the '''Bayong Kor mountain range''', a low forested range along the [[Vietnam]]ese border spanning four communes: Preah Bat Choan Chum, Prey Ampok, Som and Kiri Chung Koh.<ref name="bayongkor">Ry Sochan. "Hunt on for Takeo marijuana growers." ''Phnom Penh Post'', 1 June 2021. [https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/hunt-takeo-marijuana-growers]</ref> | '''Kirivong''', known in enforcement reports as the '''Green Triangle''',<ref name="ppp2020green">"Kirivong 'Green Triangle': Cannabis cultivators caught." ''Phnom Penh Post'', 21 February 2020. [https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/kirivong-green-triangle-cannabis-cultivators-caught]</ref> is a [[landrace cannabis]] growing area in [[Kirivong district]], [[Takeo Province|Takeo province]], [[Cambodia]], and the primary centre of cannabis cultivation in the country since the early 2000s. The area is defined by the '''Bayong Kor mountain range''', a low forested range along the [[Vietnam]]ese border spanning four communes: Preah Bat Choan Chum, Prey Ampok, Som and Kiri Chung Koh.<ref name="bayongkor">Ry Sochan. "Hunt on for Takeo marijuana growers." ''Phnom Penh Post'', 1 June 2021. [https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/hunt-takeo-marijuana-growers]</ref> | ||
Cannabis cultivation in Kirivong is a multi-generational practice. Takeo provincial police chief Chheang Phannara stated in December 2021 that growing marijuana in Preah Bat Choan Chum commune "is not a new practice and it has been going on for many generations," attributing its persistence to local authorities' "lack of will to implement the law."<ref name="phannara2021">Khouth Sophak Chakrya. "Officers told to tackle marijuana cultivation." ''Phnom Penh Post'', 6 December 2021. [https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/officers-told-tackle-marijuana-cultivation]</ref> | Cannabis cultivation in Kirivong is a multi-generational practice. Takeo provincial police chief Chheang Phannara stated in December 2021 that growing marijuana in Preah Bat Choan Chum commune "is not a new practice and it has been going on for many generations," attributing its persistence to local authorities' "lack of will to implement the law."<ref name="phannara2021">Khouth Sophak Chakrya. "Officers told to tackle marijuana cultivation." ''Phnom Penh Post'', 6 December 2021. [https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/officers-told-tackle-marijuana-cultivation]</ref> The NACD identified Kirivong as Cambodia's primary marijuana-producing area in 2022.<ref name="nacd2023">"Takeo's Kirivong district cited as Cambodia's top marijuana cultivation area." ''Khmer Times'', 10 January 2023. [https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501217448/takeos-kirivong-district-cited-as-cambodias-top-marijuana-cultivation-area/]</ref> | ||
== Geography == | == Geography == | ||
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The Bayong Kor range forms a low mountain barrier along the Cambodian-Vietnamese border in the southeastern corner of Takeo province. The terrain consists of forested slopes and ridgelines interspersed with small valleys, rising from the lowland rice paddies at approximately 50 m to peaks of around 400 m. The district's border with Vietnam's Tay Ninh and Long An provinces makes it a natural corridor for cross-border trade; police reports describe the terrain as "ideal for growing marijuana and smuggling to Vietnam."<ref name="bayongkor" /> | The Bayong Kor range forms a low mountain barrier along the Cambodian-Vietnamese border in the southeastern corner of Takeo province. The terrain consists of forested slopes and ridgelines interspersed with small valleys, rising from the lowland rice paddies at approximately 50 m to peaks of around 400 m. The district's border with Vietnam's Tay Ninh and Long An provinces makes it a natural corridor for cross-border trade; police reports describe the terrain as "ideal for growing marijuana and smuggling to Vietnam."<ref name="bayongkor" /> | ||
Cannabis is cultivated on remote mountain slopes rather than in the lowland agricultural areas. Plots are dispersed across the four communes, typically concealed within forest cover and accessed by foot trails requiring treks of 5 km or more from the nearest roads.<ref name="bayongkor" /> | Cannabis is cultivated on remote mountain slopes rather than in the lowland agricultural areas. Plots are dispersed across the four communes, typically concealed within forest cover and accessed by foot trails requiring treks of 5 km or more from the nearest roads.<ref name="bayongkor" /> Documented cultivation sites include Phnom Bayang (Bayangkor), Toteung Mountain, Da Thlat Mountain, O'bek Thland Mountain and Mount Ondong Thmar Bak, spanning at least seven villages across Preah Bat Choan Chum and Prey Ampok communes. | ||
== Cultivation == | == Cultivation == | ||
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=== Growing practices === | === Growing practices === | ||
Modern cultivation in Kirivong is shaped entirely by the need for concealment under active eradication. Plots are dispersed across remote mountain slopes rather than concentrated in fields, concealed through intercropping with cassava, cashew, sesame and forest trees. Growers build sophisticated irrigation infrastructure including wells, ponds, piped water systems and reservoirs to supply the plots, and maintain seasonal forest camps where they "live in the forest" during the growing period. | Modern cultivation in Kirivong is shaped entirely by the need for concealment under active eradication. Plots are dispersed across remote mountain slopes rather than concentrated in fields, concealed through intercropping with cassava, cashew, sesame and forest trees. Growers build sophisticated irrigation infrastructure including wells, ponds, piped water systems and reservoirs to supply the plots, and maintain seasonal forest camps where they "live in the forest" during the growing period. Provincial anti-drug bureau chief Phoeung Sarun noted a three-month cultivation cycle.<ref name="sarun2021">Nov Sivutha. "Police destroy five marijuana farms in Takeo province." ''Phnom Penh Post'', 12 August 2021. [https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/police-destroy-five-marijuana-farms-takeo-province]</ref> After each eradication raid, growers replant rapidly at new locations: "When we crack down on marijuana plants in the west, growers secretly plant them in the east because this area is on the Cambodian-Vietnamese border."<ref name="sarun2021" /> | ||
Kirivong district police chief Yuk Sarath confirmed in 2017 that "villagers in this commune have grown such plants in their own field for family use, and also for illegal sale to Vietnam and Phnom Penh."<ref name="sarath2017">Khouth Sophak Chakrya. "Field of Dreams: Marijuana crop destroyed in Takeo." ''Phnom Penh Post'', 5 July 2017. [https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/field-dreams-marijuana-crop-destroyed-takeo]</ref> | Kirivong district police chief Yuk Sarath confirmed in 2017 that "villagers in this commune have grown such plants in their own field for family use, and also for illegal sale to Vietnam and Phnom Penh."<ref name="sarath2017">Khouth Sophak Chakrya. "Field of Dreams: Marijuana crop destroyed in Takeo." ''Phnom Penh Post'', 5 July 2017. [https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/field-dreams-marijuana-crop-destroyed-takeo]</ref> | ||
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=== Knowledge export === | === Knowledge export === | ||
Kirivong's established cultivation expertise has been documented radiating to other provinces under enforcement pressure. In 2021, a man from Takeo province established a 7,000-plant operation on Bunong indigenous land in [[Mondulkiri Province|Mondulkiri]], deceiving local landowners who "saw plants they had never seen before."<ref name="mondulkiri2021">Orm Bunthoeurn. "Mondulkiri marijuana farm busted." ''Phnom Penh Post'', 5 April 2021. [https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/mondulkiri-marijuana-farm-busted]</ref> | Kirivong's established cultivation expertise has been documented radiating to other provinces under enforcement pressure. In 2021, a man from Takeo province established a 7,000-plant operation on Bunong indigenous land in [[Mondulkiri Province|Mondulkiri]], deceiving local landowners who "saw plants they had never seen before."<ref name="mondulkiri2021">Orm Bunthoeurn. "Mondulkiri marijuana farm busted." ''Phnom Penh Post'', 5 April 2021. [https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/mondulkiri-marijuana-farm-busted]</ref> Similarly, a 2015 operation in [[Pursat Province|Pursat]] involved plants traced to seed stock from [[Kandal Province|Kandal]],<ref name="pursat2015">Khouth Sophak Chakrya. "Thousands of marijuana plants seized, burned by Pursat police." ''Phnom Penh Post'', 6 May 2015. [https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/thousands-marijuana-plants-seized-burned-pursat-police]</ref> and a 2015 case in [[Kampong Speu Province|Kampong Speu]] revealed a Takeo-based farmer operating on rented land.<ref name="kspeu2015">"Man arrested with 171 marijuana trees in Kampong Speu." ''Phnom Penh Post'', 1 August 2015.</ref> | ||
== Market == | == Market == | ||
Kirivong's cannabis production serves primarily the Vietnamese cross-border market, with secondary domestic distribution to [[Kampot]], [[Sihanoukville]] and [[Phnom Penh]]. Vietnamese traders travel to the commune to buy directly at the farm gate.<ref name="phannara2021" /> Officials consistently report that local growers "do not use locally" and that production is entirely for sale.<ref name=" | Kirivong's cannabis production serves primarily the Vietnamese cross-border market, with secondary domestic distribution to [[Kampot]], [[Sihanoukville]] and [[Phnom Penh]]. Vietnamese traders travel to the commune to buy directly at the farm gate.<ref name="phannara2021" /> Officials consistently report that local growers "do not use locally" and that production is entirely for sale;<ref name="phannara2021" /> deputy provincial governor Khan Sokha confirmed that "people in Kirivong district have never used marijuana."<ref name="kt2021oct">"Police destroy marijuana plants in four locations in Kiri Vong district." ''Khmer Times'', 3 October 2021. [https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50946213/police-destroy-marijuana-plants-in-four-locations-in-kiri-vong-district/]</ref> A 2022 report noted that the cultivation "is well organized with rich people behind the operations."<ref name="kt2022jun">"Marijuana plantations in Takeo destroyed by police." ''Khmer Times'', 23 June 2022. [https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501100679/marijuana-plantations-in-takeo-destroyed-by-police/]</ref> | ||
Trafficking to the border is conducted by motorbike runners carrying loads of approximately 13 kg per trip.{{Citation needed}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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== Eradication == | == Eradication == | ||
''Main article: [[Cannabis eradication in Kirivong]]'' | |||
Kirivong has been the primary target of Cambodia's annual eradication campaigns since at least 2016, with operations typically intensifying in the dry season (December-April). Enforcement is constrained by remote terrain, community non-cooperation and the rapid replanting cycle. The documented scale of eradication has declined dramatically from a peak of ~250,000 plants annually (2017) to 3,365 plants in the single documented 2025 operation, though the vast majority of operations go unreported in English-language media. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Annual Eradication Summary | |||
{| class="wikitable | |||
|+ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Year !! Plants destroyed !! Dried seized !! Key data !! Source | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 2016 || 60,000+ || || Kirivong district || <ref name="kt2017feb">"Takeo marijuana plantation goes up in smoke." ''Khmer Times'', 10 February 2017. [https://www.khmertimeskh.com/12257/takeo-marijuana-plantation-goes-up-in-smoke/]</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 2017 || ~250,000 (Jan-Nov) || 272 kg (H1) || 275,815 national; largest documented year || <ref name="sarath2017" /><ref name="kt2017dec">"Thousands marijuana plants seized in Takeo." ''Khmer Times'', 8 December 2017. [https://www.khmertimeskh.com/94720/thousands-marijuana-plants-seized-takeo/]</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 2018 || ~94,870+ (documented ops) || || 164,925 national; single op of 65,000 plants || <ref name="kt2018feb">"Police continue weed crackdown." ''Khmer Times'', February 2018. [https://www.khmertimeskh.com/114114/police-continue-weed-crackdown/]</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 2019 || ~3,500 (documented ops) || || Two documented operations || <ref name="ppp2019feb">"Police hunt suspects in connection with 1,000 Takeo cannabis plants." ''Phnom Penh Post'', 21 February 2019. [https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/police-hunt-suspects-connection-1000-takeo-cannabis-plants]</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 2020 || ~26,000+ (documented ops) || 50+ kg (seizures) || Incl. "Green Triangle" designation || <ref name="ppp2020green" /><ref name="kt2020aug">"Two hectares of marijuana found and destroyed in Takeo." ''Khmer Times'', 5 August 2020. [https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50751790/two-hectares-of-marijuana-found-and-destroyed-in-takeo/]</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 2021 || || ~6 tonnes dried; 250 kg fresh || 174 locations; 107 reservoirs || <ref name="kt2021dec">"Takeo police chief vows war on weed." ''Khmer Times'', 27 December 2021. [https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50995390/takeo-police-chief-vows-war-on-weed/]</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 2022 || 60,000+ (national) || 14+ tonnes (national) || NACD: Kirivong #1 area || <ref name="nacd2023" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 2025 || 3,365 || || Single documented operation || <ref name="news20250203">[[News:2025-02-03/Enforcement/authorities-burn-3-365-marijuana-plants-in-raid-on-bayang-kor-mountain-cambodia|Authorities burn 3,365 marijuana plants in raid on Bayang Kor Mountain]]. Landrace.Wiki News, 3 February 2025.</ref> | ||
|} | |} | ||
For the full documented operations table (25+ individual raids, 2017-2025), see [[Cannabis eradication in Kirivong]]. | |||
== Accessions == | == Accessions == | ||
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'''Conservation status: Endangered''' — Active eradication, multi-generational cultivation under sustained enforcement pressure, no known preservation efforts. | '''Conservation status: Endangered''' — Active eradication, multi-generational cultivation under sustained enforcement pressure, no known preservation efforts. | ||
Kirivong's landrace populations face the most acute eradication pressure of any growing area in Cambodia. The annual destruction of tens of thousands of plants, combined with the systematic dismantling of irrigation infrastructure (282 reservoirs destroyed between 2019 and 2021 alone<ref name="bayongkor" />), eliminates not just standing crops but the physical cultivation infrastructure that supports them. | Kirivong's landrace populations face the most acute eradication pressure of any growing area in Cambodia. The annual destruction of tens of thousands of plants, combined with the systematic dismantling of irrigation infrastructure (282 reservoirs destroyed between 2019 and mid-2021 alone<ref name="bayongkor" />), eliminates not just standing crops but the physical cultivation infrastructure that supports them. | ||
Despite this pressure, cultivation has persisted for generations. The multi-generational continuity documented by provincial authorities suggests a resilient seed-saving and agricultural knowledge transmission system, but the scale and frequency of eradication operations represent an ongoing threat to genetic diversity and traditional practices. | Despite this pressure, cultivation has persisted for generations. The multi-generational continuity documented by provincial authorities suggests a resilient seed-saving and agricultural knowledge transmission system, but the scale and frequency of eradication operations represent an ongoing threat to genetic diversity and traditional practices. | ||
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* [[Kirivong district]] | * [[Kirivong district]] | ||
* [[Cannabis eradication in Kirivong]] | |||
* [[Southern Cambodia]] | * [[Southern Cambodia]] | ||
* [[Cambodia]] | * [[Cambodia]] | ||
Latest revision as of 20:00, 28 March 2026
| Kirivong | |
|---|---|
| Bayong Kor, Green Triangle | |
| Hierarchy | |
| Gene Pool | Southeast Asian Gene Pool |
| Growing Region | Southern Cambodia |
| Geography | |
| Country | Cambodia |
| Province/State | Takeo |
| District | Kirivong |
| Coordinates | 10.641000, 104.844000 |
| Landscape | |
| Elevation | 50-400 m |
| Terrain | Low mountain range, forested slopes |
| Climate | |
| Climate Type | Tropical monsoon |
| Rainfall | ~1,500 mm annually |
| Seasons | Wet (May-Nov), Dry (Dec-Apr) |
| Documentation | |
| Appellations | 0 |
| Accessions | 11 |
| Conservation | |
| Status | Endangered |
Kirivong, known in enforcement reports as the Green Triangle,[1] is a landrace cannabis growing area in Kirivong district, Takeo province, Cambodia, and the primary centre of cannabis cultivation in the country since the early 2000s. The area is defined by the Bayong Kor mountain range, a low forested range along the Vietnamese border spanning four communes: Preah Bat Choan Chum, Prey Ampok, Som and Kiri Chung Koh.[2]
Cannabis cultivation in Kirivong is a multi-generational practice. Takeo provincial police chief Chheang Phannara stated in December 2021 that growing marijuana in Preah Bat Choan Chum commune "is not a new practice and it has been going on for many generations," attributing its persistence to local authorities' "lack of will to implement the law."[3] The NACD identified Kirivong as Cambodia's primary marijuana-producing area in 2022.[4]
Geography
The Bayong Kor range forms a low mountain barrier along the Cambodian-Vietnamese border in the southeastern corner of Takeo province. The terrain consists of forested slopes and ridgelines interspersed with small valleys, rising from the lowland rice paddies at approximately 50 m to peaks of around 400 m. The district's border with Vietnam's Tay Ninh and Long An provinces makes it a natural corridor for cross-border trade; police reports describe the terrain as "ideal for growing marijuana and smuggling to Vietnam."[2]
Cannabis is cultivated on remote mountain slopes rather than in the lowland agricultural areas. Plots are dispersed across the four communes, typically concealed within forest cover and accessed by foot trails requiring treks of 5 km or more from the nearest roads.[2] Documented cultivation sites include Phnom Bayang (Bayangkor), Toteung Mountain, Da Thlat Mountain, O'bek Thland Mountain and Mount Ondong Thmar Bak, spanning at least seven villages across Preah Bat Choan Chum and Prey Ampok communes.
Cultivation
Growing practices
Modern cultivation in Kirivong is shaped entirely by the need for concealment under active eradication. Plots are dispersed across remote mountain slopes rather than concentrated in fields, concealed through intercropping with cassava, cashew, sesame and forest trees. Growers build sophisticated irrigation infrastructure including wells, ponds, piped water systems and reservoirs to supply the plots, and maintain seasonal forest camps where they "live in the forest" during the growing period. Provincial anti-drug bureau chief Phoeung Sarun noted a three-month cultivation cycle.[5] After each eradication raid, growers replant rapidly at new locations: "When we crack down on marijuana plants in the west, growers secretly plant them in the east because this area is on the Cambodian-Vietnamese border."[5]
Kirivong district police chief Yuk Sarath confirmed in 2017 that "villagers in this commune have grown such plants in their own field for family use, and also for illegal sale to Vietnam and Phnom Penh."[6]
Knowledge export
Kirivong's established cultivation expertise has been documented radiating to other provinces under enforcement pressure. In 2021, a man from Takeo province established a 7,000-plant operation on Bunong indigenous land in Mondulkiri, deceiving local landowners who "saw plants they had never seen before."[7] Similarly, a 2015 operation in Pursat involved plants traced to seed stock from Kandal,[8] and a 2015 case in Kampong Speu revealed a Takeo-based farmer operating on rented land.[9]
Market
Kirivong's cannabis production serves primarily the Vietnamese cross-border market, with secondary domestic distribution to Kampot, Sihanoukville and Phnom Penh. Vietnamese traders travel to the commune to buy directly at the farm gate.[3] Officials consistently report that local growers "do not use locally" and that production is entirely for sale;[3] deputy provincial governor Khan Sokha confirmed that "people in Kirivong district have never used marijuana."[10] A 2022 report noted that the cultivation "is well organized with rich people behind the operations."[11]
Trafficking to the border is conducted by motorbike runners carrying loads of approximately 13 kg per trip.citation needed
| Year | Price | Type | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 140,000-160,000 riel (US$35-40)/kg | Farmgate (to Vietnamese traders) | [3] |
| 2026 | US$500-600/kg | Wholesale (Kampot) | [12] |
| 2026 | US$0.1-1/g | Retail (Kampot) | [12] |
Commune police chief In Vuth noted that "most people in the commune have grown marijuana on their plantations in the village because of the high market price it fetches."[3] For the full historical price series including pre-prohibition data, see Cambodia: The Market.
Eradication
Main article: Cannabis eradication in Kirivong
Kirivong has been the primary target of Cambodia's annual eradication campaigns since at least 2016, with operations typically intensifying in the dry season (December-April). Enforcement is constrained by remote terrain, community non-cooperation and the rapid replanting cycle. The documented scale of eradication has declined dramatically from a peak of ~250,000 plants annually (2017) to 3,365 plants in the single documented 2025 operation, though the vast majority of operations go unreported in English-language media.
| Year | Plants destroyed | Dried seized | Key data | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 60,000+ | Kirivong district | [13] | |
| 2017 | ~250,000 (Jan-Nov) | 272 kg (H1) | 275,815 national; largest documented year | [6][14] |
| 2018 | ~94,870+ (documented ops) | 164,925 national; single op of 65,000 plants | [15] | |
| 2019 | ~3,500 (documented ops) | Two documented operations | [16] | |
| 2020 | ~26,000+ (documented ops) | 50+ kg (seizures) | Incl. "Green Triangle" designation | [1][17] |
| 2021 | ~6 tonnes dried; 250 kg fresh | 174 locations; 107 reservoirs | [18] | |
| 2022 | 60,000+ (national) | 14+ tonnes (national) | NACD: Kirivong #1 area | [4] |
| 2025 | 3,365 | Single documented operation | [19] |
For the full documented operations table (25+ individual raids, 2017-2025), see Cannabis eradication in Kirivong.
Accessions
| Accession ID | Name | Priority | Collected | Locality |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZOM-KHM-TAK-002024001 | Kirivong General Population 2024 | Critical | 20 June 2024 | |
| ZOM-KHM-TAK-0420230002 | Kirivong 'Lime' General Population 2023 | Critical | 15 April 2023 | Secret |
| ZOM-KHM-TAK-0420230003 | Kirivong 'Cambodian Red' General Population 2023 | Critical | 15 April 2023 | Secret |
| ZOM-KHM-TAK-0420230004 | Kirivong 'Phnom Bayang' General Population 2023 | 15 April 2023 | Secret | |
| ZOM-KHM-TAK-0420230005 | Kirivong 'Ta Ou' General Population 2023 | Critical | 15 April 2023 | Secret |
| ZOM-KHM-TAK-0420230001 | Kirivong General Population 2023 | Critical | 15 April 2023 | Secret |
| ZOM-KHM-TAK-0420230006 | Kirivong 'Pha-aok' General Population 2023 | Critical | 15 April 2023 | Secret |
| ZOM-KHM-TAK-0420220001 | Kirivong General Population 2022 | Critical | 15 April 2022 | Secret |
| ZOM-KHM-TAK-0420220002 | Kirivong 'Lime' General Population 2022 | Critical | 15 April 2022 | Secret |
| ZOM-KHM-TAK-0420220003 | Kirivong 'Cambodian Red' General Population 2022 | Critical | 15 April 2022 | Secret |
| ZOM-KHM-TAK-0420220004 | Kirivong 'Mango Passion' General Population 2022 | Critical | 15 April 2022 | Secret |
Conservation Status
Conservation status: Endangered — Active eradication, multi-generational cultivation under sustained enforcement pressure, no known preservation efforts.
Kirivong's landrace populations face the most acute eradication pressure of any growing area in Cambodia. The annual destruction of tens of thousands of plants, combined with the systematic dismantling of irrigation infrastructure (282 reservoirs destroyed between 2019 and mid-2021 alone[2]), eliminates not just standing crops but the physical cultivation infrastructure that supports them.
Despite this pressure, cultivation has persisted for generations. The multi-generational continuity documented by provincial authorities suggests a resilient seed-saving and agricultural knowledge transmission system, but the scale and frequency of eradication operations represent an ongoing threat to genetic diversity and traditional practices.
Recent News
See Also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Kirivong 'Green Triangle': Cannabis cultivators caught." Phnom Penh Post, 21 February 2020. [1]
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Ry Sochan. "Hunt on for Takeo marijuana growers." Phnom Penh Post, 1 June 2021. [2]
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Khouth Sophak Chakrya. "Officers told to tackle marijuana cultivation." Phnom Penh Post, 6 December 2021. [3]
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Takeo's Kirivong district cited as Cambodia's top marijuana cultivation area." Khmer Times, 10 January 2023. [4]
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Nov Sivutha. "Police destroy five marijuana farms in Takeo province." Phnom Penh Post, 12 August 2021. [5]
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Khouth Sophak Chakrya. "Field of Dreams: Marijuana crop destroyed in Takeo." Phnom Penh Post, 5 July 2017. [6]
- ↑ Orm Bunthoeurn. "Mondulkiri marijuana farm busted." Phnom Penh Post, 5 April 2021. [7]
- ↑ Khouth Sophak Chakrya. "Thousands of marijuana plants seized, burned by Pursat police." Phnom Penh Post, 6 May 2015. [8]
- ↑ "Man arrested with 171 marijuana trees in Kampong Speu." Phnom Penh Post, 1 August 2015.
- ↑ "Police destroy marijuana plants in four locations in Kiri Vong district." Khmer Times, 3 October 2021. [9]
- ↑ "Marijuana plantations in Takeo destroyed by police." Khmer Times, 23 June 2022. [10]
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Dillon, Eloïse. Field report (forthcoming). Zomia Collective, 2026.
- ↑ "Takeo marijuana plantation goes up in smoke." Khmer Times, 10 February 2017. [11]
- ↑ "Thousands marijuana plants seized in Takeo." Khmer Times, 8 December 2017. [12]
- ↑ "Police continue weed crackdown." Khmer Times, February 2018. [13]
- ↑ "Police hunt suspects in connection with 1,000 Takeo cannabis plants." Phnom Penh Post, 21 February 2019. [14]
- ↑ "Two hectares of marijuana found and destroyed in Takeo." Khmer Times, 5 August 2020. [15]
- ↑ "Takeo police chief vows war on weed." Khmer Times, 27 December 2021. [16]
- ↑ [burn 3,365 marijuana plants in raid on Bayang Kor Mountain]. Landrace.Wiki News, 3 February 2025.