Research:2026-01-15/Journal article/unraveling-the-confusion-of-flowering-types-and-terminology-in-cannabis-sativa

15 Jan 2026 Journal article HortScience (American Society for Horticultural Science) 2026

Unraveling the Confusion of Flowering Types and Terminology in Cannabis sativa

Madigan Eckels; Royal Heins; Bruce Bugbee

Perspective/review arguing that cannabis “flowering” terminology is inconsistent across research and industry, which leads to misclassification of photoperiodic behavior and reproductive structures. Proposes clearer categories for female reproductive development (pistillate flowering) and distinguishes multiple male flowering expressions, with descriptive examples and photos to standardize usage across controlled-environment and field contexts.

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2026-01-15 2026-01-20 Unraveling the Confusion of Flowering Types and Terminology in Cannabis sativa Journal article Madigan Eckels; Royal Heins; Bruce Bugbee HortScience (American Society for Horticultural Science) 2026 10.21273/HORTSCI19059-25 https://journals.ashs.org/view/journals/hortsci/61/2/article-p396.xml https://journals.ashs.org/hort/hort/published/rest/pdf-watermark/v1/journals/hortsci/61/2/article-p396.pdf/watermark-pdf/ Perspective/review arguing that cannabis “flowering” terminology is inconsistent across research and industry, which leads to misclassification of photoperiodic behavior and reproductive structures. Proposes clearer categories for female reproductive development (pistillate flowering) and distinguishes multiple male flowering expressions, with descriptive examples and photos to standardize usage across controlled-environment and field contexts.