]> 2026-05-07T11:44:45+07:00 Research:2015-02-01/Report/le-haschich-marocain-du-kif-aux-hybrides 0 en-gb 2026-05-04Z 2461164.5 Kenza Afsahi, Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy 2015-02-01Z 2457054.5 Field-based investigation conducted in 2013 in the Rif under the European Linksch programme, addressing the gap between UNODC area estimates and seizure volumes for Moroccan hashish. Documents that cultivated areas fell from 134,000 ha in 2003 to 47,500 ha in 2011, but argues that the corresponding 75 percent decline in production volume is implausible given seizure data: the 2009 figures alone implied an 83 percent interception rate, leaving too little hashish in circulation to supply the European market. Resolves the inconsistency through direct field observation: most parcels visited in 2013 had been replanted from kif to imported hybrids with indica-dominant morphology. Documents roughly ten hybrid names current in the Rif including khardala (the dominant 2013 variety), gaouriya, romiya, pakistana, jamaicana, mexicana, marijuana, avocat and hajala, alongside the renaming of kif itself to beldiya, maghribiya, aadiya or kdima dyalna in dichotomous opposition. Traces the supply chain through Swiss outdoor hybrids developed for the Canna Swiss Cup from 1999, Dutch breeding heritage, and increasingly Spanish seedbanks. Reports khardala extraction yields of 7 percent year one, 5 percent year two, 3 percent year three (5 percent average) versus 2 to 2.8 percent for kif per UNODC, doubling or tripling resin yield per hectare. Links the hybrid shift to the documented rise in THC concentration of Moroccan resin seized in France from around 8 percent in the 1980s and 1990s to over 17 percent in 2013. Flags the ecological cost: hybrids require irrigation, accelerating aquifer depletion in a region already exhausted by monoculture. Notes the 2013–2014 legalisation proposals from Istiqlal and PAM and the formation of the Coordination du pays du kif by Senhaja and Ghomara growers' confederations. Le haschich marocain, du kif aux hybrides Drogues, enjeux internationaux (OFDT) 2026-05-04T08:15:03Z 2461164.8437847 Research:2015-02-01/Report/le-haschich-marocain-du-kif-aux-hybrides