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Afropips

Eloise Zomia — Sat, 19 Sep 2026 11:36:52 GMT

Eloise Zomia: Add attributed biography and conflicting breeder accounts

{{Infobox Organization
|name = Afropips
|type = Cannabis seed breeder and retailer
|website = https://web.archive.org/web/20101227075502id_/http://afropips.com/index.php
|website_label = afropips.com (archived)
|focus = African cannabis seed lines and hybrids
}}

'''Afropips''' was a cannabis seed business that sold lines described as African [[Landrace Cannabis|landrace cannabis]] alongside hybrids. Its website said that the business began in 2000 under a founder known as Afroman. The surviving catalogue and later sellers' accounts document lines named Malawi Gold and Nigerian, but do not establish the original field collection sites or dates for either.<ref name="afropips-home-2010">{{cite web |title=Afropips.com |website=Afropips |url=http://afropips.com/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227075502id_/http://afropips.com/index.php |archive-date=27 December 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="rsc-malawi">{{cite web |title=Malawi Gold |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/malawi-gold-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |access-date=19 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="ace-nigeria">{{cite web |title=Nigeria Regular |website=ACE Seeds |url=https://www.aceseeds.org/en/seeds/nigeria-regular-seeds/ |access-date=19 September 2026}}</ref>

== Early biographical account ==

A first-person biography headed "Afropips" appeared in a breeders' history compilation posted by ICMag member zeppelindood in February 2005. It describes cannabis from Transkei, Swazi, Lesotho, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe before naming Malawi as the speaker's preferred source. The account says the speaker moved to England in 2000 and began making African hybrids there. The post does not identify the biography's original author.<ref name="icmag-breeders-2005">{{cite web |author=zeppelindood |title=Breeders histories, post 77 |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |date=20 February 2005 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/breeders-histories.3602/page-4/ |access-date=19 September 2026}}</ref>
== Catalogue ==

The archived Afropips website divided its stock into African Pure, African Hybrid and Medical Seeds sections. Its December 2010 homepage offered products named Blue Cheese, Malawi and Nigerian. The site described its seeds as organically produced, selected and pressure-tested, claims for which no independent test was found.<ref name="afropips-home-2010"/>

The SeedFinder breeder database records 25 named Afropips varieties: Blue Cheese, Durban Poison, Fast Blast, Grenadella, Mabombe, MalSP, Malaki, Malawi Gold, Malawi Mini, Malberino, Malberry, Mr Majestyk, Nigerian, Nigerian 99, Nigerian x Afghan, Platinum, Power Malawi, Sangoma, Senegal Haze, Southern Ice, Swazi Red, Sweet Malawi, Sweet White Malawi, Tribal Vision and Triple Treat.<ref name="seedfinder-afropips">{{cite web |title=Afropips Seeds |website=SeedFinder |url=https://seedfinder.eu/en/database/breeder/afropips-seeds |access-date=19 September 2026}}</ref> The database is a record of names attributed to the business; it does not establish that all 25 were sold at the same time or that each was collected in the place suggested by its name. Afropips' own description included F1 hybrids made with non-African parent lines.<ref name="afropips-home-2010"/>

== Malawi Gold ==

SeedFinder preserves a product description attributed to Afropips that calls Malawi Gold a traditional landrace selected after ten years of experience with Malawi growers. It gives a flowering period of 14–16 weeks and lists its THC content as unknown. Its claim that a particular effect resulted from THCV is not accompanied by a chemical analysis.<ref name="seedfinder-malawi">{{cite web |title=Malawi Gold (Afropips Seeds) |website=SeedFinder |url=https://seedfinder.eu/en/strain-info/malawi-gold/afropips-seeds |access-date=19 September 2026}}</ref>

[[The Real Seed Company]] (RSC) identifies Afropips, via a collector community, as the source of its [[RSC-MWI-CEN-0120190001|Malawi Gold 2019 IBL]] seed line. RSC says Jim of Afropips maintained the line outside [[Malawi]] for decades and used it to make Malberry, a cross with Blueberry. RSC says it obtained a selected line through a collector and that, to its knowledge, the line had not been outcrossed. Its listing calls the source a Nkhotakota landrace but gives no original collection date, site, farmer or collector.<ref name="rsc-malawi"/>

== Nigerian line ==

ACE Seeds says a Nigerian cultivar in the later Khalifa Genetics catalogue had belonged to Afropips. According to ACE, a collector community kept the line after the Afropips seedbank shut down, Khalifa Genetics obtained it in 2020 and the first reproduction produced a high proportion of hermaphrodites. ACE says two further controlled open pollinations improved sexual stability; its current listing labels the seed P4.<ref name="ace-nigeria"/> These are the later sellers' accounts of their stock. The listing does not document where or when Afropips obtained the original seed.

== Website and later availability ==

In August 2010 a CannaWeed forum participant reported that Seedsman could no longer restock Afropips Malawi Gold and that the Afropips site was down. Other participants reported a new site and renewed availability in December 2010. A Wayback Machine capture from 27 December 2010 preserves an Afropips shop with seed packs listed for sale. Forum participants described Seedsman promotions and Afropips packs they purchased in 2011.<ref name="cannaweed-afropips">{{cite web |title=[Topic Unique] Afropips |website=CannaWeed |url=https://www.cannaweed.com/forums/topic/87270-topic-unique-afropips/page/2/ |access-date=19 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="afropips-home-2010"/>

ACE Seeds later described the seedbank as having shut down around 2010.<ref name="ace-nigeria"/> A January 2013 capture of afropips.com shows a parked search page.<ref name="afropips-domain-2013">{{cite web |title=Afropips.com: The Best Search Links on the Net |website=afropips.com |url=http://www.afropips.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118060206id_/http://www.afropips.com/ |archive-date=18 January 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 September 2026}}</ref> These records do not establish a precise closure date or who operated the site after 2008. The source reports about the breeder and succession are set out below.

== Conflicting accounts of the breeder ==

Forum reports disagree about a death in 2008 and the later operation of Afropips. In August 2009, CannaWeed member Adiba reproduced a message attributed to "Jimmy SNR" saying "Jimmy JNR" had died the previous September and Afropips would continue. Adiba said the report left them unsure whether the breeder or his son had died. Another member later identified the deceased as the son.<ref name="cannaweed-afropips"/>

In December 2010, CannaWeed member Celebrex quoted text attributed to a new Afropips website saying that "Afroman", named there as James, had died on 1 September 2008 aged 43. Celebrex also wrote that the original breeder no longer ran the business. The quoted site text has not been independently inspected.<ref name="cannaweed-afropips"/> In May 2012, ICMag member Dave Coulier said he had exchanged emails with "Afroman (Jim)" in 2010 and that the breeder's son had died in 2008. The emails are not available in the thread.<ref name="icmag-malawi-2012">{{cite web |title=Afropips Malawi Gold alive and strong! |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/afropips-malawi-gold-alive-and-strong.234987/page-3 |access-date=19 September 2026}}</ref> In 2023, Overgrow member Roms referred to "RIP Jim" without giving a death date.<ref name="overgrow-swazi-2023">{{cite web |author=Roms |title=Swazi Red (Afropips), post 137 |website=Overgrow |date=29 March 2023 |url=https://overgrow.com/t/swazi-red-afropips/102661?page=7 |access-date=19 September 2026}}</ref> The surviving accounts do not establish whether these names refer to the same people, who died in 2008 or who operated Afropips afterwards.
== See also ==
* [[RSC-MWI-CEN-0120190001|Malawi Gold 2019 IBL]]

== References ==
<references />

Vibes Collective

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 17:42:52 GMT

Eloise Zomia: Create: Vibes Collective, organisation page for the online seed-keeping community of vibescollective.org and its Jamaican Lambsbread

{{Infobox Organization
|name = Vibes Collective
|type = Online community of cannabis growers and seed keepers
|website = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928090706/http://www.vibescollective.org/
|website_label = vibescollective.org (archived)
|scope = International
|focus = Documentation and preservation of cannabis landraces and heirloom lines
}}

'''Vibes Collective''', shortened by its members to '''Vibesco''' or '''Vibe Co''', was an online community of cannabis growers built around the website vibescollective.org.<ref name="vib-home-2007">{{cite web |title=Vibes Collective | Home |website=Vibes Collective |url=http://www.vibescollective.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928090706/http://www.vibescollective.org/ |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="roms-94">{{cite web |author=Roms |title=Jamaican Lambsbread (Vibes Collective) |website=Overgrow |date=1 March 2023 |url=https://overgrow.com/t/free-jamaican-lambsbread-vibes-collective/102081/94 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="mustafunk-2018-founders">{{cite web |author=Mustafunk |title=qui possède des photos du vibes collective ? |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |language=fr |date=25 August 2018 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/qui-possede-des-photos-du-vibes-collective.350254/page-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315172224/https://www.icmag.com/threads/qui-possede-des-photos-du-vibes-collective.350254/page-5 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |url-status=live |quote=Le Vibes Collective a été fondée à l'origine par Kanza Kaya et Rahan... Silly les a aidés à monter le web parce qu'ils ne savaient pas grand-chose sur Internet et les ordinateurs. Peu de fois après le Vibe Co a fermé, Silly a fondé le Silly Vibes 2.0. |trans-quote=The Vibes Collective was originally founded by Kanza Kaya and Rahan... Silly helped them set up the website because they did not know much about the Internet and computers. A short while after the Vibe Co closed, Silly founded the Silly Vibes 2.0. |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The site's "About us" page said "We're here to maintain and regroup information about the genetics of cannabis sativa" and gave [[Landrace Cannabis|landraces]] a special place, "as they are the source to all the modern varieties available now on the market".<ref name="vib-about-2007">{{cite web |title=Vibes Collective | About us |website=Vibes Collective |url=http://vibescollective.org/index.php?id=24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102195621/http://vibescollective.org:80/index.php?id=24 |archive-date=2 November 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> Its wiki called the collective "an online international community dedicated to the publication and study of the Cannabis sativa L. genepool".<ref name="vib-wiki-home">{{cite web |title=Home |website=WikiVibes |url=http://www.vibescollective.org/wiki/index.php5?title=Home&oldid=96 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101023052/http://www.vibescollective.org:80/wiki/index.php5?title=Home&oldid=96 |archive-date=1 January 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> Former members still use the name for seed lines they keep, among them a Jamaican Lambsbread.<ref name="roms-1">{{cite web |author=Roms |title=Jamaican Lambsbread (Vibes Collective) |website=Overgrow |date=6 February 2023 |url=https://overgrow.com/t/free-jamaican-lambsbread-vibes-collective/102081/1 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="roms-267">{{cite web |author=Roms |title=Jamaican Lambsbread (Vibes Collective) |website=Overgrow |date=21 March 2024 |url=https://overgrow.com/t/free-jamaican-lambsbread-vibes-collective/102081/267 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== History ==

Accounts of the founding differ. In March 2018 the member Roms wrote that SillyCone had created the site with Rahan. In June 2026 SillyCone wrote of having set up the Vibes with Rahan.<ref name="roms-2018-site">{{cite web |author=Roms |title=qui possède des photos du vibes collective ? |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |language=fr |date=7 March 2018 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/qui-possede-des-photos-du-vibes-collective.350254/post-11315868 |quote=C'est SillyCone qui avait créé le site avec Rahan, et oui tout est sauvegardé! |trans-quote=It was SillyCone who had created the site with Rahan, and yes, everything is saved! |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="sillycone-2026">{{cite web |author=SillyCone |title=qui possède des photos du vibes collective ? |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |language=fr |date=2 June 2026 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/qui-possede-des-photos-du-vibes-collective.350254/post-19452896 |quote=j'avais monté le Vibes avec Rahan |trans-quote=I had set up the Vibes with Rahan |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> In February 2023 Roms wrote that the collective "was born thanks to Rahan, Kanza and Sillycone for the php work".<ref name="roms-1" /> Mustafunk, writing in August 2018, named Kanza Kaya and Rahan as the founders and said that Silly had helped them set up the website.<ref name="mustafunk-2018-founders" />

The earliest capture of the site in the Wayback Machine, of February 2007, is the forum's login page, which warned that "Only registered members are allowed to access this section".<ref name="vib-forum-2007">{{cite web |title=Login |website=Vibes Collective |url=http://www.vibescollective.org/forum/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226053251/http://www.vibescollective.org:80/forum/index.php? |archive-date=26 February 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> A capture of the homepage from September 2007 carries the footer "© 2006 Vibes Collective". Its menu led to articles, a strainguide in three sections (landraces, hybrids and clones), a community area and an About page.<ref name="vib-home-2007" /> News items posted by SillyCone in 2007 announced reports on hybrids in March and a world map for browsing the landraces in May.<ref name="vib-home-2007" /> The site also ran a wiki, WikiVibes; the history of its home page begins with an edit by SillyCone on 9 December 2007.<ref name="vib-wiki-history">{{cite web |title=Home: revision history |website=WikiVibes |url=http://www.vibescollective.org/wiki/index.php5?title=Home&action=history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101023046/http://www.vibescollective.org:80/wiki/index.php5?title=Home&action=history |archive-date=1 January 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> In March 2009 the strainguide's pages carried the line "Copyright © 2006-2009 SillyCone for The Vibes Collective".<ref name="vib-sg-hybrids-2009">{{cite web |title=Hybrids News |website=The Vibes Collective Strain Guide |url=http://www.vibescollective.org/strainguide/hybrids |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312042007/http://www.vibescollective.org:80/strainguide/hybrids |archive-date=12 March 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> On 16 December 2009 a notice on the forum said that "it happened to be impossible to keep our current DNS". The forum was to close on 18 December for a final save and disappear on 3 January.<ref name="vib-forum-2009">{{cite web |title=Login |website=Vibes Collective |url=http://www.vibescollective.org/forum/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216125054/http://www.vibescollective.org:80/forum/ |archive-date=16 December 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> By April 2010 the address showed a page offering the domain for sale.<ref name="vib-parked-2010">{{cite web |title=vibescollective.org |url=http://www.vibescollective.org/strainguide/hybrids/1582 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418030945/http://www.vibescollective.org:80/strainguide/hybrids/1582 |archive-date=18 April 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

Members describe the end of the community in different terms. Roms called it a "ten years alive community".<ref name="roms-1" /> Roms also wrote in 2023 that other lines of the collective had been "stolen and sold" and that this was "partly why our free community was closed".<ref name="roms-78">{{cite web |author=Roms |title=Jamaican Lambsbread (Vibes Collective) |website=Overgrow |date=25 February 2023 |url=https://overgrow.com/t/free-jamaican-lambsbread-vibes-collective/102081/78 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> Mustafunk wrote in 2020 that the collective "collapsed because only a few were doing the hard work while others took advantage".<ref name="mustafunk-2020">{{cite web |author=Mustafunk |title=jamaican "lambsbread" |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |date=3 August 2020 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/jamaican-lambsbread.216089/post-12316919 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> In 2018 Mustafunk wrote that Silly founded a successor, Silly Vibes 2.0, shortly after the collective closed.<ref name="mustafunk-2018-founders" /> Roms wrote in the same year that the backup of the strainguide lacked its landrace section and that the strainguide stayed private by common agreement.<ref name="roms-2018-strainguide">{{cite web |author=Roms |title=qui possède des photos du vibes collective ? |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |language=fr |date=2 April 2018 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/qui-possede-des-photos-du-vibes-collective.350254/post-11344818 |quote=Pour le strainguide j'ai eu la confirmation en privé mais il manque malheureusement la sauvegarde de la partie landrace. [...] le strainguide reste privé d'un commun accord |trans-quote=For the strainguide I had confirmation in private, but unfortunately the backup of the landrace part is missing. [...] the strainguide stays private by common agreement |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Strainguide ==

The strainguide's landrace section was made of reports by members. Each entry was placed on the world map by coordinates and had fields for climate, traditional uses, ancestors and classification, with notes on the plant and the smoke.<ref name="vib-sg-jbm">{{cite web |title=Jamaican Blue Mountains |website=Vibes Collective Strainguide |url=http://www.vibescollective.org/strainguide/index.php/landraces/landrace/11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129092013/http://www.vibescollective.org:80/strainguide/index.php/landraces/landrace/11 |archive-date=29 January 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> Among the archived entries, these give an origin or a date for their seed:
* Jamaican Blue Mountains: "Collected in 1984 in the Blue Mountains, preserved since then in Spain".<ref name="vib-sg-jbm" />
* Panama Red 1974: "Unknown origin, on the scene since 1974".<ref name="vib-sg-panama">{{cite web |title=Panama Red 1974 |website=Vibes Collective Strainguide |url=http://www.vibescollective.org/strainguide/index.php/landraces/landrace/20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129092055/http://www.vibescollective.org:80/strainguide/index.php/landraces/landrace/20 |archive-date=29 January 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>
* N'iakoy: "seeds acquired in 2004 direct from the grower from 2 females in an open pollinated field", from a population "passed down through 3 generations of growers".<ref name="vib-sg-niakoy">{{cite web |title=N'iakoy |website=Vibes Collective Strainguide |url=http://www.vibescollective.org/strainguide/index.php/landraces/landrace/28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129092133/http://www.vibescollective.org:80/strainguide/index.php/landraces/landrace/28 |archive-date=29 January 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>
* Sri Lanka Sativa: "Seeds were collected through all the island. We were given 25 seeds for the reproduction presented here."<ref name="vib-sg-srilanka">{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka Sativa |website=Vibes Collective Strainguide |url=http://www.vibescollective.org/strainguide/index.php/landraces/landrace/29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129092138/http://www.vibescollective.org:80/strainguide/index.php/landraces/landrace/29 |archive-date=29 January 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>
* African Goblin, from [[Malawi]]: "Collected on field".<ref name="vib-sg-malawi">{{cite web |title=African Goblin (Malawi) |website=Vibes Collective Strainguide |url=http://www.vibescollective.org/strainguide/index.php/landraces/landrace/24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129092110/http://www.vibescollective.org:80/strainguide/index.php/landraces/landrace/24 |archive-date=29 January 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>
The hybrid section listed commercial seed lines by breeder for members to report on.<ref name="vib-sg-hybrids-2009" />

== Seed lines ==

In August 2018 Mustafunk listed lines the collective still kept, among them JBM85, Panama74, Chiang Mai Thai, South Indian, Vietnam Black, Malawi, Mullumbimby, Ethiopian and Swazi. The same post says that Rahan was still working with the original stock of Lambsbread and Ethiopian.<ref name="mustafunk-2018-lines">{{cite web |author=Mustafunk |title=qui possède des photos du vibes collective ? |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |language=fr |date=25 August 2018 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/qui-possede-des-photos-du-vibes-collective.350254/page-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315172224/https://www.icmag.com/threads/qui-possede-des-photos-du-vibes-collective.350254/page-5 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |url-status=live |quote=Nous conservons le JBM85 aussi, Panama74, Chiang Mai Thai, South Indian, Vietnam Black, Malawi, Mullumbimby, Ethiopian, Swazi et d'autres, aussi de nombreuses lignes de ma propre collection. Rahan continue de travailler avec le stock original de Lambsbread et Ethiopian. |trans-quote=We also keep the JBM85, Panama74, Chiang Mai Thai, South Indian, Vietnam Black, Malawi, Mullumbimby, Ethiopian, Swazi and others, and many lines from my own collection too. Rahan continues to work with the original stock of Lambsbread and Ethiopian. |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> In 2023 Roms wrote that "The Vibesco had worked just few authentic oldschool landrace strains" and that most of its lines "were heirlooms or IBL already worked by" named breeders.<ref name="roms-94" />

== Jamaican Lambsbread ==

=== Origin ===
Members give different accounts of where the seed came from. In April 2018 Roms wrote, in French, that it had passed to GrowDan from Bushman, of the Trenchtown community in Kingston, [[Jamaica]], as an agreement between [[Rastafari|Rastas]] on the sole condition that it never make money.<ref name="roms-2018-trenchtown">{{cite web |author=Roms |title=qui possède des photos du vibes collective ? |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |language=fr |date=5 April 2018 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/qui-possede-des-photos-du-vibes-collective.350254/post-11349397 |quote=Elle fut transmise à GrowDan des mains de Bushman de la communauté de Trenchtown à Kingston. Un deal entre rasta à la seule condition qu'elle ne génère jamais d'argent!!! C'est donc une question d'honneur pour le VibesCollective |trans-quote=It was passed to GrowDan from the hands of Bushman of the Trenchtown community in Kingston. A deal between Rastas on the sole condition that it never generate money!!! So it is a question of honour for the VibesCollective |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> Roms's account of February 2023 says that "Dan collected with the singer Bushman on a backstage concert in Martinique" and dates the start of the story to "early 2000".<ref name="roms-1" /> A report by Rahan, undated, which Roms posted in the same thread, says that the line "was gifted to our small collective last year", that it "comes straight from rasta communities in the Carribean" and that its history "can be tracked back to the 70’s in Jamaica".<ref name="roms-2">{{cite web |author=Roms |title=Jamaican Lambsbread (Vibes Collective) |website=Overgrow |date=6 February 2023 |url=https://overgrow.com/t/free-jamaican-lambsbread-vibes-collective/102081/2 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> Mustafunk wrote in 2020 that the line "was originally a present from Bushman to GrowDan and the other members, and from GrowDan to Rahan".<ref name="mustafunk-2020" />

=== Dates ===
Members and sellers date the line differently. In July 2011 jahgreenlabel, whom Roms counts as a member of the collective, opened a thread on International Cannagraphic Magazine (ICMag) with the words "jamaican lambsbread line 1960".<ref name="jgl-2011">{{cite web |author=jahgreenlabel |title=jamaican "lambsbread" |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |date=20 July 2011 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/jamaican-lambsbread.216089/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922100836/https://www.icmag.com/threads/jamaican-lambsbread.216089/ |archive-date=22 September 2025 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="roms-2018-f4">{{cite web |author=Roms |title=qui possède des photos du vibes collective ? |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |language=fr |date=6 April 2018 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/qui-possede-des-photos-du-vibes-collective.350254/post-11350461 |quote=Le phéno purple plus haut c'est une mom F3 pour la repro F4 en 2010/11, avant que JGL ne soit membre du Vibesco et qu'il fasse lui aussi sa repro F5. |trans-quote=The purple phenotype above is an F3 mother for the F4 reproduction in 2010/11, before JGL was a member of the Vibesco and made his own F5 reproduction as well. |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> Swami Organic Seed has listed seed as "1960's Vibes Collective Lambsbread Heirloom".<ref name="swami-2024">{{cite web |title=1960's Vibes Collective Lambsbread Heirloom |website=Swami Organic Seed |url=https://swamiseed.org/products/1960s-Vibes-Collective-Lambsbread-Heirloom-p552470095 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625064159/https://swamiseed.org/products/1960s-Vibes-Collective-Lambsbread-Heirloom-p552470095 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> [[Kwik Seeds]] gives the Lambsbread parent of one of its crosses as "1970s Jamaican Lambsbread".<ref name="kwik-doublejam">{{cite web |title=Jamaican Lambsbread x Jamaican Blue Mountain – F4 |website=Kwik Seeds |url=https://kwikseeds.com/product/jamaican-lambsbread-x-jamaican-blue-mountain-f4/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> Roms wrote in 2024 that in 2002 the line "wasn’t really collected yet".<ref name="roms-267" /> In 2026 Roms wrote of "The 1960 or '68 denomination" that "one could also say 1845 to 1921", tying those years to the arrival of workers from India in Jamaica.<ref name="roms-1105">{{cite web |author=Roms |title=Jamaican Lambsbread (Vibes Collective) |website=Overgrow |date=8 July 2026 |url=https://overgrow.com/t/free-jamaican-lambsbread-vibes-collective/102081/1105 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

=== Generations ===
Roms's account of February 2023 traces the line through Rahan's selection and F2 and F3, an F4 by Volcanik and Upok, "Another parallel F4 repro by Jahgreenlabel with Rahan’s F3", an F5 by OvergrowDaWorld and Roms's own F6 and F7.<ref name="roms-1" /> In 2018 Roms had called jahgreenlabel's reproduction an F5 and dated the F4 reproduction to 2010 or 2011.<ref name="roms-2018-f4" /> In February 2026 Roms listed seed of "JLB P7".<ref name="roms-871">{{cite web |author=Roms |title=Jamaican Lambsbread (Vibes Collective) |website=Overgrow |date=6 February 2026 |url=https://overgrow.com/t/free-jamaican-lambsbread-vibes-collective/102081/871 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

=== Sale ===
Members say that the pure line is not to be sold. Roms wrote in April 2018 that it had been "sadly sold in pure form recently" and that "the Rasta and our good conscience don't wanna see money from its pure form".<ref name="roms-561">{{cite web |author=Roms |title=jamaican "lambsbread" |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |date=9 April 2018 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/jamaican-lambsbread.216089/post-11352179 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> Mustafunk wrote in 2020 that "No one has the legitimate right to sell a gift they've received".<ref name="mustafunk-2020" /> Swami Organic Seed listed its "1960's Vibes Collective Lambsbread Heirloom" at $100.00. The listing showed the seed in stock in June 2024 and sold out in May and September 2026.<ref name="swami-2024" /><ref name="swami-2026">{{cite web |title=1960's Vibes Collective Lambsbread Heirloom |website=Swami Organic Seed |url=https://swamiseed.org/products/1960s-Vibes-Collective-Lambsbread-Heirloom-p552470095 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514202007/https://swamiseed.org/products/1960s-Vibes-Collective-Lambsbread-Heirloom-p552470095 |archive-date=14 May 2026 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="swami-live">{{cite web |title=1960's Vibes Collective Lambsbread Heirloom |website=Swami Organic Seed |url=https://swamiseed.org/products/1960s-Vibes-Collective-Lambsbread-Heirloom-p552470095 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> Replying in November 2025 to a link to that listing, jahgreenlabel wrote "$100 for seeds I was giving away by the thousands, for free" and "This strain shouldn't have been sold pure."<ref name="jgl-2025">{{cite web |author=jahgreenlabel |title=jamaican "lambsbread" |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |date=24–25 November 2025 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/jamaican-lambsbread.216089/page-108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101185039/https://www.icmag.com/threads/jamaican-lambsbread.216089/page-108 |archive-date=1 January 2026 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

=== Crosses ===
Crosses made from the line are sold. Mustafunk wrote in 2020 that jahgreenlabel "released both the Double Jamaican and the Colombian Jam through USC", having outcrossed the Lambsbread to "the Jamaican Blue Mountain 1987".<ref name="mustafunk-2020" /> In 2025 jahgreenlabel wrote of having "marketed two versions of DoubleJam, the first as an F1".<ref name="jgl-2025" /> Kwik Seeds sells "an F4 of the legendary Underground Seeds Collective line ‘Double Jam’" and gives its parents as "1970s Jamaican Lambsbread x 1985 Jamaican Blue Mountain".<ref name="kwik-doublejam" /> Mustafunk dates the Blue Mountain parent of jahgreenlabel's cross to 1987. Kwik Seeds dates the Blue Mountain parent of Double Jam to 1985.

== Accessions ==

Accessions recording the Vibes Collective as their seed storage location.

{{#ask:
[[Category:Accessions]]
[[Has seed storage location::Vibes Collective]]
|?Has descriptive name=Name
|?Has collection date=Collected
|?Has country=Country
|?Has growing region=Region
|format=table
|class=wikitable sortable
|limit=500
|default=No accessions recorded against this organisation yet.
}}

== See also ==
* [[Landrace Cannabis]]
* [[The Real Seed Company]]

== References ==
<references />

Coco Genes

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 17:42:36 GMT

Eloise Zomia: Create: Coco Genes (Collector's Collective), organisation page for the seller of Indian village seed that Khalifa Genetics credits

{{Infobox Organization
|name = Coco Genes
|type = Seed collector and retailer
|website = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227161947/https://www.cocogenes.com/
|website_label = cocogenes.com (archived)
|base = Southern California (US distribution) and India (headquarters)
|scope = India
|focus = Collection and sale of cannabis seed from Indian villages and regions
|other_sites = Strainly store ''CocoGenes''
}}

'''Coco Genes''', also written '''CocoGenes''' and also known as '''Collector's Collective''', sold cannabis seed collected in [[India]]. It ran the website cocogenes.com, which carried the name Collector's Collective. It also ran a store on the seed marketplace Strainly under the name CocoGenes.<ref name="coc-wpjson">{{cite web |title=Collector's Collective (WordPress site description) |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/wp-json/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920221733/https://www.cocogenes.com/wp-json/ |archive-date=20 September 2022 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-strainly">{{cite web |title=CocoGenes |website=Strainly |url=https://strainly.io/en/cocogenes |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> A "Find Us" panel on the site listed two offices: Southern California for distribution in the United States and India as headquarters.<ref name="coc-assam-2021">{{cite web |title=Assam | Ancient Ganja |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/assam-ancient-ganja/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116023448/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/assam-ancient-ganja/ |archive-date=16 January 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The seed company [[Khalifa Genetics]] credits the business, under several of these names, with collecting the seed of three of its lines.<ref name="khalifa-rasol">{{cite web |title=Rasol Village |website=Khalifa Genetics |url=https://khalifagenetics.com/product/rasol-village/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="khalifa-kerala">{{cite web |title=Kerala Chellakutti |website=Khalifa Genetics |url=https://khalifagenetics.com/product/kerala-chellakutti/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="khalifa-kullu">{{cite web |title=Kullu Valley |website=Khalifa Genetics |url=https://khalifagenetics.com/product/kullu-valley/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Names ==

The site's WordPress configuration gave its name as "Collector's Collective" and its description as "Rare and unique collection of hand-picked seed varietals."<ref name="coc-wpjson" /> The homepage title carried the name "Collector's Collective" in captures of February 2021 and June 2022 and read "Coco Genes" in captures of October 2023 and December 2024. The image at the head of the page was labelled "Collector's Collective" in all four.<ref name="coc-home-2021">{{cite web |title=Collector's Collective – Rare and unique collection of hand-picked seed varietals |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227161947/https://www.cocogenes.com/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-home-2022">{{cite web |title=Shop |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627043534/https://www.cocogenes.com/ |archive-date=27 June 2022 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-home-2023">{{cite web |title=Coco Genes |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025124039/https://www.cocogenes.com/ |archive-date=25 October 2023 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-home-2024">{{cite web |title=Coco Genes |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211020934/https://www.cocogenes.com/ |archive-date=11 December 2024 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The About page calls the business "Collectors collective genes". The Strainly store signs itself "Coco Genes a.k.a Collectors Collective".<ref name="coc-about">{{cite web |title=About |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627060221/https://www.cocogenes.com/about/ |archive-date=27 June 2022 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-strainly" /> Khalifa Genetics uses four forms on its own pages: "Coco Genes", "Collector’s Collective (Coco Genes)", "Collector Collective Genes" and "Collectors Collectives Genes".<ref name="khalifa-rasol" /><ref name="khalifa-kerala" /><ref name="khalifa-kullu" /><ref name="khalifa-blog">{{cite web |title=The Diverse Indian Landraces |website=Khalifa Genetics |url=https://khalifagenetics.com/diverse-indian-landraces/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collections ==

The About page describes the business as collecting "rare and endangered plant varieties" and also selling Indian handicrafts.<ref name="coc-about" /> In October 2023 the shop listed 27 products as landrace seeds, alongside categories of accessories and of health and wellness goods.<ref name="coc-home-2023" /> The archived product pages describe seed from the following places.
* [[Himachal Pradesh]]: six villages in the [[Parvati Valley]] ([[Grahan]], Kalga, [[Pulga]], [[Rasol]], [[Tosh]] and Choj), the village of [[Malana]], Lapash in [[Kullu District]], Mahoot near the Jalori Pass and Nadar inside the Great Himalayan National Park.<ref name="coc-pulga">{{cite web |title=Pulga Village | Parvati Valley |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/pulga-village-parvati-valley/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116023357/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/pulga-village-parvati-valley/ |archive-date=16 January 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-rasol">{{cite web |title=Rasol Village |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/rasol-landrace/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227154928/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/rasol-landrace/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-chojj">{{cite web |title=Tatva’s CHOJJ Village Collection |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/tatvas-chojj-village-collection/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523164829/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/tatvas-chojj-village-collection/ |archive-date=23 May 2022 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-grahan">{{cite web |title=Grahan Village |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/grahan-village/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116020047/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/grahan-village/ |archive-date=16 January 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-kalga">{{cite web |title=Kalga | Parvati Valley |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/kalga-parvati-valley/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116030132/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/kalga-parvati-valley/ |archive-date=16 January 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-sitemap-2022">{{cite web |title=Collector's Collective (site feed) |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/sitemap.rss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027195226/https://www.cocogenes.com/sitemap.rss |archive-date=27 October 2022 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-tosh">{{cite web |title=Maamus Tosh Village Landrace seeds |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/maamus-tosh-village-landrace-seeds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523185005/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/maamus-tosh-village-landrace-seeds/ |archive-date=23 May 2022 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-lama">{{cite web |title=Lama Malana |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/lama-rathri/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227162445/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/lama-rathri/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-lapash">{{cite web |title=Lapash Village : RobStone Collection |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/lapash-village-robstone-collection/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523184451/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/lapash-village-robstone-collection/ |archive-date=23 May 2022 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-mahoot">{{cite web |title=Mahoot Village : Robstoned Collection |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/mahoot-village-robstoned-collection/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627054619/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/mahoot-village-robstoned-collection/ |archive-date=27 June 2022 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-nadar">{{cite web |title=Nadar | Pekhri village : Rob stone collection |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/nadar-pekhri-village-rob-stone-collection/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627045652/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/nadar-pekhri-village-rob-stone-collection/ |archive-date=27 June 2022 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>
* [[Uttarakhand]]: Uttarkashi and Pilkholi in Almora district.<ref name="coc-uttarkashi">{{cite web |title=Uttarkashi |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/uttarkashi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227161113/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/uttarkashi/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-pilkholi">{{cite web |title=PILKHOLI Ashram seeds -Almora,Uttarakhand /untouched genetics |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/pilkholi-ashram-seeds-almorauttarakhand-untouched-genetics/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523173851/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/pilkholi-ashram-seeds-almorauttarakhand-untouched-genetics/ |archive-date=23 May 2022 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>
* Southern and western India: [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], Puducherry and the Western Ghats of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="coc-nilgiri">{{cite web |title=Nilgiri Ranges (Blue mountains) |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/nilgiri-ranges/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227151928/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/nilgiri-ranges/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-mangoex">{{cite web |title=MangoeX Karnataka |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/mangoex-karnataka/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305092744/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/mangoex-karnataka/ |archive-date=5 March 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-puducherry">{{cite web |title=Puducherry Coastal Sativa |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/puducherry/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227150504/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/puducherry/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-kerala">{{cite web |title=Kerala 2020 |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/kerala-landrace/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116030328/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/kerala-landrace/ |archive-date=16 January 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-badrakali">{{cite web |title=Badrakali Maharashtra |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/badrakali-maharashtra/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116015139/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/badrakali-maharashtra/ |archive-date=16 January 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-mithu">{{cite web |title=Mithu Maharashtra |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/mithu-maharashtra/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305102700/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/mithu-maharashtra/ |archive-date=5 March 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-revadi">{{cite web |title=Revadi Maharashtra |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/revadi-maharashtra/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305103651/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/revadi-maharashtra/ |archive-date=5 March 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>
* Eastern and north-eastern India: [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref name="coc-assam-2021" /><ref name="coc-meghalaya">{{cite web |title=Meghalaya Khasi Hills |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/meghalaya-khasi-hills/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116015404/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/meghalaya-khasi-hills/ |archive-date=16 January 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-odisha">{{cite web |title=Odisha Shelaghotti (Orissa) |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/orissa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226223953/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/orissa/ |archive-date=26 February 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-arakku">{{cite web |title=Arakku Valley | Andhra Pradesh |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/arakku-valley-andhra-pradesh/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116015620/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/arakku-valley-andhra-pradesh/ |archive-date=16 January 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-westbengal">{{cite web |title=RANGAMATTI West Bengal |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/west-bengal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305095336/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/west-bengal/ |archive-date=5 March 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

Two further products, both labelled LandraceWarden, were seed from Balochistan: one from Quetta and one from a sandy high-altitude desert.<ref name="coc-landracewarden">{{cite web |title=LandraceWarden Dasht Desert Balochistan |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/landracewarden-dasht-desert-balochistan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815010202/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/landracewarden-dasht-desert-balochistan/ |archive-date=15 August 2022 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-sitemap-2022" /> Another product was seed gathered during the 2019 Kumbh Mela.<ref name="coc-kumbh">{{cite web |title=Kumbh Mela Collection #1 |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/kumbh-mela/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305103426/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/kumbh-mela/ |archive-date=5 March 2021 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

The Grahan Village seed was "collected during winter 2019 expedition" and the Kerala stock came from "the new 2020 drop".<ref name="coc-grahan" /><ref name="coc-kerala" /> The site filed other products under "2020 Season" and "2021 season".<ref name="coc-kalga" /><ref name="coc-lapash" /> Several pages credit named collectors: plantlover77 for three lines from Maharashtra and Rob Stone, also written RobStone and Robstoned, for Lapash, Mahoot and Nadar.<ref name="coc-badrakali" /><ref name="coc-mithu" /><ref name="coc-revadi" /><ref name="coc-lapash" /><ref name="coc-mahoot" /><ref name="coc-nadar" /> The Uttarkashi page describes its seed as "collected in the wild".<ref name="coc-uttarkashi" /> The page for ''Sister Villages : Kalga 2021'' says that its images "are from a reproduction run from the 2020 seeds done by @safeeakhfarms in California climates".<ref name="coc-kalga-2021">{{cite web |title=Sister Villages : Kalga 2021 |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/product/sister-villages-kalga-2021/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627050912/https://www.cocogenes.com/product/sister-villages-kalga-2021/ |archive-date=27 June 2022 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Khalifa Genetics and other sellers ==

Khalifa Genetics writes that "Our friend at Coco Genes collected the seeds directly at source" for its Rasol Village line and that they are "from the 2018 harvest". The same sentences appear in the earliest archived copy of the page, from December 2019.<ref name="khalifa-rasol" /><ref name="khalifa-rasol-2019">{{cite web |title=Rasol Village |website=Khalifa Genetics |url=https://khalifagenetics.com/product/rasol-village/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213231726/https://khalifagenetics.com/product/rasol-village/ |archive-date=13 December 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> It credits the Collector's Collective with obtaining Kerala Chellakutti from local farmers in Kerala. It credits a member of the "Collector Collective Genes" with collecting "The first generation" of its Kullu Valley line.<ref name="khalifa-kerala" /><ref name="khalifa-kullu" />

Resellers of Rasol Village describe the seed on sale in two ways. Mandala Seeds calls it "1st-generation seeds collected directly by Coco Genes at source".<ref name="mandala-rasol">{{cite web |title=Rasol Village |website=Mandala Seeds |url=https://shop.mandalaseeds.com/products/rasol-village |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> ACE Seeds says that the Khalifa team "performed a controlled open pollination (indoors)" and labels the seed P2.<ref name="ace-rasol">{{cite web |title=Rasol Regular Seeds |website=ACE Seeds |url=https://www.aceseeds.org/en/seeds/rasol-regular-seeds/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> In an April 2020 post on the forum International Cannagraphic Magazine (ICMag), the member dubi explained why ACE Seeds had begun to offer Indian seed from Khalifa Genetics and Indian Landrace Exchange. The post says that the Indian seed bred by Khalifa Genetics is "P2, P3, etc".<ref name="icmag-ace-2020">{{cite web |author=dubi |title=New (North) Indian strains? |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |date=2 April 2020 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/new-north-indian-strains.372089/post-12153864 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> A resale listing on Strainly, created in August 2026, offers Rasol Village seed "Aquired from coco genes".<ref name="strainly-resale">{{cite web |title=Rasol Village sativa chara 12 Seeds cocogenes |website=Strainly |url=https://strainly.io/en/listings/504340-rasol-village-sativa-chara-12-seeds-cocogenes |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Online shops ==

The Strainly store showed 17 open listings in a capture of January 2021 and none on 18 September 2026.<ref name="coc-strainly-2021">{{cite web |title=Profile of CocoGenes |website=Strainly |url=https://strainly.io/en/cocogenes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117004441/https://strainly.io/en/cocogenes |archive-date=17 January 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="coc-strainly" /> The capture of the homepage made on 10 February 2025 records the message "Access denied."<ref name="coc-home-2025">{{cite web |title=cocogenes.com |website=Collector's Collective |url=https://www.cocogenes.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210094447/https://www.cocogenes.com/ |archive-date=10 February 2025 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Accessions ==

Accessions recording Coco Genes as their seed storage location.

{{#ask:
[[Category:Accessions]]
[[Has seed storage location::Coco Genes]]
|?Has descriptive name=Name
|?Has collection date=Collected
|?Has country=Country
|?Has growing region=Region
|format=table
|class=wikitable sortable
|limit=500
|default=No accessions recorded against this organisation yet.
}}

== See also ==
* [[Landrace Cannabis]]
* [[Parvati Valley]]

== References ==
<references />

Delicorganic

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 17:42:28 GMT

Eloise Zomia: Create: Delicorganic, organisation page for the holder of the three DEL- accessions, from the holder's own posts, Phylos, RSC, Kwik Seeds and The Landrace Team

{{Infobox Organization
|name = Delicorganic
|type = Seed collector and breeder
|scope = Greece
|focus = Collection, open pollination and inbreeding of Greek cannabis lines
}}

'''Delicorganic''' is the name used by a collector and breeder of [[Greece|Greek]] cannabis seed. The genotyping company [[Phylos Bioscience]] lists Delicorganic in Greece with two varieties, ''Greece - Kalamata Red'' and ''Cretan-Greece''.<ref name="phylos-org">{{cite web |title=Delicorganic |website=Phylos Bioscience |url=https://phylos.bio/org/4g79rxo9/delicorganic |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> [[The Real Seed Company]] (RSC) and its second shop [[Kwik Seeds]] name Delicorganic as the source of three lines they sell as ''Cretan'', ''Kalamata Red'' and ''Arcadian''.<ref name="rsc-arcadian">{{cite web |title=Arcadian |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/arcadian-greek-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="kwik-arcadian">{{cite web |title=Arcadian |website=Kwik Seeds |url=https://kwikseeds.com/product/arcadian-greek-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

Delicorganic has posted on the cannabis forum International Cannagraphic Magazine (ICMag) since 2015, in English and Greek, about searching for local seed in Greek villages, maintaining the lines by [[open pollination]] and producing [[inbred line]]s from them.<ref name="icmag-2015-10-18">{{cite web |author=delicorganic |title=Landrace sativa-organic grow |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |date=18 October 2015 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/landrace-sativa-organic-grow.315344/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="icmag-2020-07-08">{{cite web |author=delicorganic |title=Greek landrace strains |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |date=8 July 2020 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/greek-landrace-strains.81755/post-12286007 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> In 2020 Delicorganic wrote that uncontaminated seed stocks of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s are more accurately classed as Greek [[heirloom variety|heirlooms]] than as [[Landrace Cannabis|landraces]].<ref name="icmag-2020-02-10">{{cite web |author=delicorganic |title=Greek Kalamata red IBL |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |date=10 February 2020 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/greek-kalamata-red-ibl.370508/post-12086078 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collections ==

In July 2020 Delicorganic posted a list of "the greek heirlooms/landraces that i ve collected in the last 12 years".<ref name="icmag-2020-07-08" /> The post describes collecting in detached villages and on mountainous islands. It says that seed offered by urban growers who claimed to hold Kalamata Red or Cretan was deliberately not collected.<ref name="icmag-2020-07-08" /> It lists nine collections:<ref name="icmag-2020-07-08" />
* three seed stocks of Kalamata Red, described as "alagonian bud" and dated 1999, 2001 and 2005, one of them with at least 37 years of local cultivation;
* two seed stocks of "Cretan-mylopotamos Sativa", dated 1998 and 2002, with at least 25 years of local cultivation;
* seed from Pyrgos in the [[Peloponnese]];
* "Arcadian hashplants" from Tripoli, with 25 to 30 years of local cultivation;
* seed from the island of [[Syros]];
* two genetically identical seed stocks from the island of [[Ikaria]], with at least 15 to 20 years of local cultivation;
* seed from "Olympos mountain", with ten years of local cultivation;
* seed from Pertouli in [[Trikala]];
* seed from Melivoia in [[Larissa]].

The same post says that Kalamata Red and Cretan had already been made into open-pollination seed stocks and were in their second year of stabilisation. It estimates that none of the collections exceeds 13 to 15 per cent THC.<ref name="icmag-2020-07-08" />

== Accounts of the Kalamata Red and Cretan seed ==

=== Kalamata Red ===

In October 2015 Delicorganic described a sativa, grown for the second time, as coming from southern Greece near the city of [[Kalamata]]. A post of 18 October 2015 says its seeds "came from kalamata peloponnisos".<ref name="icmag-2015-10-18" /> A Greek-language post of 20 October 2015 attributes the seed to an old grower with no access to modern hybrids and gives its area of origin as the southern Peloponnese.<ref name="icmag-2015-10-20">{{cite web |author=delicorganic |title=Landrace sativa-organic grow |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |language=el |date=20 October 2015 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/landrace-sativa-organic-grow.315445/ |quote=απο σπόρους άσιμους μεν,απο χέρια μερακλή-παλιού καλλιεργητή δε,o oποίος δεν είχε σίγουρα πρόσβαση,γνώση και θέληση για νέας γενιάς υβρίδια,περιοχή προέλευσης νότια πελοπόννησος |trans-quote=from seeds of no known name, but from the hands of an enthusiast old grower who certainly had no access to, knowledge of or wish for new-generation hybrids; area of origin the southern Peloponnese |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> A post of 22 October 2015 says the seeds "probably came from pelloponisos".<ref name="icmag-2015-10-22">{{cite web |author=delicorganic |title=Greek landrace strains |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |date=22 October 2015 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/greek-landrace-strains.81755/post-9900568 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

In September 2016, opening a Greek-language thread on traditional local varieties, Delicorganic wrote of still wondering, after years of searching for local seed, whether the Kalamata and Cretan varieties existed.<ref name="icmag-2016-09-26">{{cite web |author=delicorganic |title=Παραδοσιακές, ντόπιες ποικιλίες κάνναβης |trans-title=Traditional, local cannabis varieties |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |language=el |date=26 September 2016 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/paradosiakes-ntopies-poikilies-kannabes.332144/ |quote=Πραγματικά αναρωτιέμαι και εγώ μετά απο χρόνια ψαξίματος ντόπιων σπόρων αν υπάρχουν τα καλαματιανά και τα κρητικά |trans-quote=I too really wonder, after years of searching for local seeds, whether the Kalamata and the Cretan ones exist |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

In January 2017 Delicorganic opened a thread on the line. It was archived in April 2018 under the title "Greek red landrace" and is now titled "Greek kalamata red".<ref name="icmag-2018-archive">{{cite web |author=delicorganic |title=Greek red landrace |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |url=https://www.icmag.com/ic/showthread.php?t=337622 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406051118/https://www.icmag.com/ic/showthread.php?t=337622 |archive-date=6 April 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="icmag-2017-01-24">{{cite web |author=delicorganic |title=Greek Kalamata red |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |date=24 January 2017 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/greek-kalamata-red.336925/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The opening post says that the plants' high and appearance were very close to "the mythic kalamata red", which Delicorganic had smoked a few times before 2002. A reply the same day calls the line "not a random landrace" and says that it has a "strange and very promising story".<ref name="icmag-2017-01-24" />

Delicorganic's July 2020 list dates three Kalamata Red seed stocks to 1999, 2001 and 2005.<ref name="icmag-2020-07-08" /> RSC's listing gives the sourcing as "Delicorganic, near Messinia, Kalamata, Greece (2004)". It says the seed came from a farming family in the Kalamata region "15 years ago", whose village had grown the line for more than 30 years.<ref name="rsc-kalamata">{{cite web |title=Kalamata Red |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/kalamata-red-heirloom-landrace-cannabis-seeds/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> [[The Landrace Team]], which also sells the line, names the village as Alagonia in [[Messenia]], at 800 metres above sea level. It says the family grew the line for up to 25 years.<ref name="tlt-history">{{cite web |title=History of Kalamata Red |website=The Landrace Team |url=https://www.tltseeds.com/history-of-kalamata-red/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

=== Cretan ===

RSC's listing says the Cretan seed was collected in the early 1990s in the mountains of [[Rethymno]] on [[Crete]].<ref name="rsc-cretan">{{cite web |title=Cretan |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/creatan-greek-landrace-cannabis-strain-seeds/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The oral history on Phylos's ''Cretan-Greece'' page, written in the first person plural, calls the line a "cultivar from the 90's".<ref name="phylos-cretan">{{cite web |title=Cretan-Greece |website=Phylos Bioscience |url=https://phylos.bio/variety/PGTH-504979/cretan-greece |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

In a Greek-language post of January 2017, another member described holding local Cretan seed from the area of Mylopotamos. Replying, Delicorganic asked about the variety's genetics and wrote of never having smoked the Cretan "κοκκινόφουντα" (red-bud).<ref name="icmag-2017-01-07">{{cite web |author=delicorganic |title=Παραδοσιακές, ντόπιες ποικιλίες κάνναβης |trans-title=Traditional, local cannabis varieties |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |language=el |date=7 January 2017 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/paradosiakes-ntopies-poikilies-kannabes.332144/post-10698485 |quote=Δεν έτυχε να καπνίσω ποτέ κρητική κοκκινόφουντα |trans-quote=I have never happened to smoke Cretan red-bud |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> Delicorganic's July 2020 list dates two "Cretan-mylopotamos" seed stocks to 1998 and 2002.<ref name="icmag-2020-07-08" />

== Breeding ==

In November 2019 Delicorganic wrote of having worked on Kalamata Red for a few years. After another outdoor open-pollination project, the stated aims were to stabilise the quality of the high, the hashy terpene profile and adaptation to very hot climates, while removing intersex plants and low yields.<ref name="icmag-2019-11-27">{{cite web |author=delicorganic |title=Greek landrace strains |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |date=27 November 2019 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/greek-landrace-strains.81755/post-12000037 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> In February 2020 Delicorganic reported testing the second generation of an indoor inbred-line reproduction of Kalamata Red. Five to six per cent of first-generation plants showed intersex traits indoors, with a stated target of below three per cent.<ref name="icmag-2020-02-09">{{cite web |author=delicorganic |title=Greek Kalamata red IBL |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |date=9 February 2020 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/greek-kalamata-red-ibl.370508/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

In April 2022 Delicorganic reported first cannabinoid analyses of Kalamata Red, Cretan and Arcadian, giving THC of 8 to 12.6 per cent, CBD of 0.1 per cent and [[tetrahydrocannabivarin|THCV]] at 0.15 per cent.<ref name="icmag-2022-04-04">{{cite web |author=delicorganic |title=Kalamata Red O.P. (Delicorganic) |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |date=4 April 2022 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/kalamata-red-o-p-delicorganic.18114162/post-18117563 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> In July 2026 Delicorganic wrote that the relatively low THC of the Greek lines, with THCV and [[cannabichromene|CBC]] at comparatively high levels, "is now well established".<ref name="icmag-2026-07-09">{{cite web |author=delicorganic |title=Greek landrace strains |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |date=9 July 2026 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/greek-landrace-strains.81755/post-19490875 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Genotyping ==

In January 2017, answering a suggestion to send material to the Phylos Galaxy genotyping project, Delicorganic wrote that nothing had been sent yet.<ref name="icmag-2017-01-24" /> In March 2017 Delicorganic wrote that "a sample for phylos is already on the way".<ref name="icmag-2017-03-24">{{cite web |author=delicorganic |title=Greek Kalamata red |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |date=24 March 2017 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/greek-kalamata-red.336925/post-10849520 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> In a Greek-language post of November 2018, Delicorganic wrote that [[Robert Connell Clarke|Robert Clarke]] had recently uploaded the famous local variety of Kalamata to the Phylos Galaxy, together with local varieties of neighbouring countries.<ref name="icmag-2018-11-08">{{cite web |author=delicorganic |title=Παραδοσιακές, ντόπιες ποικιλίες κάνναβης |trans-title=Traditional, local cannabis varieties |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |language=el |date=8 November 2018 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/paradosiakes-ntopies-poikilies-kannabes.332144/post-11596260 |quote=Μαζί με κάμποσες ακόμη ντόπιες ποικιλίες γειτονικών χωρών ο robert clarke(συγγραφέας του cannabis ethnobotany) πρόσφατα ανεβασε στο phylos galaxy και την δικιά μας ξακουστή ντόπια ποικιλια της Καλαμάτας |trans-quote=Together with several more local varieties of neighbouring countries, robert clarke (author of cannabis ethnobotany) recently uploaded to the phylos galaxy our own famous local variety of Kalamata too |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

Phylos's genotype report for ''Greece - Kalamata Red'' names Delicorganic as the submitter and gives a test date of 22 October 2018. Its report for ''Cretan-Greece'' gives a test date of 17 May 2021. Both reports give a genetic novelty score of "uncommon".<ref name="phylos-kr-report">{{cite web |title=Delicorganic - Greece - Kalamata Red Genotype Report |website=Phylos Bioscience |url=https://phylos.bio/sims/variety/PGT-206953/delicorganic/greece-kalamata-red |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="phylos-cr-report">{{cite web |title=Delicorganic - Cretan-Greece Genotype Report |website=Phylos Bioscience |url=https://phylos.bio/sims/variety/PGTH-504979/delicorganic/cretan-greece |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The oral history on the Kalamata Red variety page reads "Submitted by Robert C. Clarke, collection and breeding by delicorganic". It carries the same account as RSC's listing of a farming family in the Kalamata region "15 years ago".<ref name="phylos-kr">{{cite web |title=Greece - Kalamata Red |website=Phylos Bioscience |url=https://phylos.bio/variety/PGT-206953/greece-kalamata-red |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> A copy of the page archived on 26 August 2019 shows only "Submitted by Robert C. Clarke" under the oral history.<ref name="phylos-kr-2019">{{cite web |title=Greece - Kalamata Red |website=Phylos Bioscience |url=https://phylos.bio/variety/PGT-206953/greece-kalamata-red |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826004619/https://phylos.bio/variety/PGT-206953/greece-kalamata-red |archive-date=26 August 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The account is present in the copy of 17 January 2021, which names the variety's source as "greco seeds/Delicorganic".<ref name="phylos-kr-2021">{{cite web |title=Greece - Kalamata Red |website=Phylos Bioscience |url=https://phylos.bio/variety/PGT-206953/greece-kalamata-red |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117093734/https://phylos.bio/variety/PGT-206953/greece-kalamata-red |archive-date=17 January 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Distribution ==

RSC's listings give Delicorganic as the source of all three of its Greek lines. The Cretan sourcing line names no place or year; Kalamata Red's reads "near Messinia, Kalamata, Greece (2004)" and Arcadian's "Mantineia, Greece, 2005".<ref name="rsc-cretan" /><ref name="rsc-kalamata" /><ref name="rsc-arcadian" /> RSC's blog introduced Arcadian on 28 March 2023 as "a newly arrived Greek landrace accession".<ref name="rsc-blog-2023-03">{{cite web |title=Kandivi & Kannávi – Greek and Uyghur Landrace Strains for Hashish |website=The Real Seed Company |date=28 March 2023 |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/2023/03/kannavi-a-greek-landrace-strain-for-hashish/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> Kwik Seeds' blog announced it on 7 April 2023 as "collected and maintained by Delice Organic".<ref name="kwik-blog-2023-04">{{cite web |title=Arcadian – New Greek Landrace Strain Accession |website=Kwik Seeds |date=7 April 2023 |url=https://kwikseeds.com/arcadian-new-greek-landrace-strain-accession/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

The Landrace Team sells lines it calls Kalamata Red and Crete with the sourcing line "Delicorganic".<ref name="tlt-kalamata">{{cite web |title=Kalamata Red |website=The Landrace Team |url=https://www.tltseeds.com/kalamata-red/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="tlt-crete">{{cite web |title=Crete (Greece) |website=The Landrace Team |url=https://www.tltseeds.com/crete-greece/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> It describes Delicorganic as "our member, bio-grower/breeder" and, in text reproduced on SeedFinder, as "our oldest member".<ref name="tlt-history" /><ref name="seedfinder-tlt-kr">{{cite web |title=Kalamata Red (The Landrace Team) |website=SeedFinder |url=https://seedfinder.eu/en/strain-info/kalamata-red/the-landrace-team |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> In December 2025 Delicorganic wrote that The Landrace Team did not have Kalamata Red and advised buyers to trust only RSC for Greek landraces.<ref name="icmag-2025-12-30">{{cite web |author=delicorganic |title=The Landrace Team |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |date=30 December 2025 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/the-landrace-team.18127605/post-19283771 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The Greek shop Tsiou Seeds sells a feminised Kalamata Red that names Delicorganic as its breeder.<ref name="tsiou-kr-fem">{{cite web |title=Kalamata red feminized |website=Tsiou Seeds |language=el |url=https://tsiouseeds.gr/shop/sporoi-cannabis/the-landrace-team-seeds/%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9-%CF%83%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B9-the-landrace-team-seeds/kalamata-red-feminized/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

Delicorganic has also written about Greek lines sold under other names. A 2016 post relays another grower's account that the seed sold as Athina came from a family in [[Serres]] in northern Greece. A 2022 post refers to Moliotiko as a release of RSC from central Greece.<ref name="icmag-2016-10-09">{{cite web |author=delicorganic |title=Greek landrace strains |website=International Cannagraphic Magazine |date=9 October 2016 |url=https://www.icmag.com/threads/greek-landrace-strains.81755/post-10549590 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="icmag-2022-04-04" />

== Accessions ==

Accessions recording Delicorganic as their seed storage location.

{{#ask:
[[Category:Accessions]]
[[Has seed storage location::Delicorganic]]
|?Has descriptive name=Name
|?Has collection date=Collected
|?Has country=Country
|?Has growing region=Region
|format=table
|class=wikitable sortable
|limit=500
|default=No accessions recorded against this organisation yet.
}}

== See also ==
* [[Heirloom variety]]
* [[Landrace Cannabis]]
* [[The Real Seed Company]]

== References ==
<references />

RSC-LAO-BOL-0120190001

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 10:03:25 GMT

Eloise Zomia: Highland Lao, the Winter 2019 Bolikhamsai accession RSC sold from December 2019: both shops' archived listings and announcements, sourced statements only, reasoning on Talk

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Highland Lao General Population 2019
|accession_id = RSC-LAO-BOL-0120190001
|image = RSC Highland Lao 1.jpg
|image_alt = A tall cannabis plant with long, narrow leaflets in front of a tree with feathery leaves, under a blue sky
|image_caption = Photograph on the Highland Lao listings, which caption it "Lao landrace, Central Laos"
|show_map = yes


|classification = Landrace
|accession_type = General population
|selection_type =
|sexual_characteristics =
|pollination_type =
|chemotype =
|primary_purpose = Recreation


|minimum_flowering_time =
|maximum_flowering_time =
|minimum_height = 2
|maximum_height = 4
|photoperiod_response = Short-day


|growth_pattern = Christmas tree
|branching =
|leaf_shape =
|leaflet_count =
|leaf_color =
|stem_color =
|stigma_color =
|serration =
|flower_structure =


|processing_method = Ganja
|processing_notes = Seedless or lightly seeded buds
|aroma = Fruity, peppery, musky, spicy, strong citrus
|effects =
|terpene_profile =


|gene_pool =
|regional_complex =
|growing_region =
|growing_area =
|appellation =
|field =


|country = Laos
|province = Bolikhamsai Province
|admin_2 =
|admin_2_label =
|admin_3 =
|admin_3_label =
|admin_4 =
|admin_4_label =
|locality =
|coordinates = 18.58, 104.15
|elevation =
|aspect =


|local_name =
|pronunciation =
|vernacular_translation =
|synonyms =


|collection_method = Seeds
|sourcing_type = Point of Origin
|autochtonous = Yes
|collection_date = 2019
|sample_harvest_date =
|collector = Angus
|farmer_name =
|expedition_id =


|conservation_priority =
|cultivation_status = Unknown
|cultivation_system_type = Unknown
|cultivation_scale =
|legal_enforcement_threats =
|eradication_date =
|population_estimate =
|male_female_ratio =
|population_hermaphroditism =
|culling =
|perceived_introgression_level = Minimal


|seed_sourcing =
|planting_method =
|cycle_1_earliest_planting =
|cycle_1_latest_planting =
|cycle_1_harvest_start = December
|cycle_1_harvest_end = January
|cycle_2_earliest_planting =
|cycle_2_latest_planting =
|cycle_2_harvest_start =
|cycle_2_harvest_end =
|observed_soil_type =
|soil_ph =


|seed_storage_location = The Real Seed Company
|seed_quantity =
|seed_weight =
|seed_viability =


|parent_accession =
|mother_plant_id =
|father_plant_id =
|related_accession =
|same_population_accessions =
}}

'''Highland Lao General Population 2019''' is a [[Landrace Cannabis|landrace cannabis]] [[All accessions|accession]] from [[Bolikhamsai Province]], [[Laos]], which [[The Real Seed Company]] (RSC) sold as ''Highland Lao'' from December 2019.<ref name="rsc-news-2019">{{cite web |title=New Lao – Thai Landraces |website=The Real Seed Company |date=3 December 2019 |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/2019/12/new-lao-thai-landraces/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="rsc-2019">{{cite web |title=Highland Lao |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212035130/https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-date=12 December 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> RSC described it as a pure Lao landrace from the highlands of Laos, obtained from farmers in Bolikhamsai.<ref name="rsc-2019" /> RSC later sold further Bolikhamsai accessions under numbered names, and its listing for ''Highland Lao #2'' stated that that seed did not come from the same farmer as this accession.<ref name="rsc-hl2-2020">{{cite web |title=Highland Lao #2 |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-2-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805224810/https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-2-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-date=5 August 2020 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Geography ==

RSC wrote that the accession was collected in the mountains of Bolikhamsai Province, in central Laos, and gave a latitude of about 18° N;<ref name="rsc-2019" /> versions of the listing from May 2022 say the highlands of Bolikhamsai instead.<ref name="rsc-2022-05">{{cite web |title=Highland Lao |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520111954/https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-date=20 May 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> Neither RSC nor the Kwik Seeds listing of the same line, on the shop RSC calls its other site,<ref name="rsc-hemp">{{cite web |title=Hemp & Multipurpose |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product-category/hemp-multipurpose-cultivars-landraces/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> names a district or a village.<ref name="rsc-2019" /><ref name="kwik-2020">{{cite web |title=Highland Lao |website=Kwik Seeds |url=https://kwikseeds.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930083156/https://kwikseeds.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-date=30 September 2020 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== History ==

According to RSC, large-scale commercial cultivation had moved into this region because of crackdowns on production along the [[Mekong]] in lowland Laos and in neighbouring [[Northeastern Thailand|Isan]], which it calls the historic centres of "Thai" [[Ganja|ganja]] production.<ref name="rsc-2019" /><ref name="rsc-2020">{{cite web |title=Highland Lao |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805223633/https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-date=5 August 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> From October 2022 the listing added that both regions are predominantly ethnically [[Lao people|Lao]].<ref name="rsc-2022-10">{{cite web |title=Highland Lao |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003183945/https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-date=3 October 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection Details ==

Both shops gave the sourcing as The Real Seed Company, Laos, Southeast Asia, Winter 2019, in every version that offered the line.<ref name="rsc-2019" /><ref name="kwik-2020" /> RSC stated that the accession was obtained from Lao farmers in Bolikhamsai who cultivate for the Thai market, and that the seeds came from the season's earliest harvested plants, which were taken down at the end of October.<ref name="rsc-2019" /> Neither shop names the farmers.<ref name="rsc-2019" /><ref name="kwik-2020" />

RSC announced the seed on 3 December 2019, with ''Lao Village Landrace'', as two Lao landraces new in stock, describing Bolikhamsai as home to much commercial production for export to Thailand.<ref name="rsc-news-2019" /> Kwik Seeds carried the same announcement two days later.<ref name="kwik-news-2019">{{cite web |title=Lao – Thai Landraces New from The Real Seed Company |website=Kwik Seeds |date=5 December 2019 |url=https://kwikseeds.com/2019/12/lao-thai-landraces-new-from-the-real-seed-company/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> RSC's listing is archived with the Winter 2019 sourcing until March 2024, and Kwik Seeds' until March 2023.<ref name="rsc-2024">{{cite web |title=Highland Lao |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301114810/https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-date=1 March 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="kwik-2023">{{cite web |title=Highland Lao |website=Kwik Seeds |url=https://kwikseeds.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320212737/https://kwikseeds.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-date=20 March 2023 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Cultivation Details ==

RSC gave the purpose as ganja, which it glosses as seedless or lightly seeded buds, and listed greenhouse or outdoor growing.<ref name="rsc-2019" /> Both shops gave the regional harvest as December to January;<ref name="rsc-2019" /><ref name="kwik-2023" /> from October 2022 RSC's listing gave "Seed to harvest 6 months" in its place.<ref name="rsc-2022-10" /> RSC wrote that typical Lao and Thai ganja landraces take six months from seed to harvest, and that farmers in mainland Southeast Asia follow two main cycles: sowing in June or July for a harvest in December or January, or sowing in August or September for a harvest in February or March.<ref name="rsc-2019" />

== Botanical Characteristics ==

Both shops gave a height of 2 to 4 metres and a Sativa-type architecture.<ref name="rsc-2019" /><ref name="kwik-2020" /> From August 2020 RSC classified the line as ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' subsp. ''indica'' var. ''indica''; Kwik Seeds' listing gives no classification.<ref name="rsc-2020" /><ref name="kwik-2023" /> RSC's genetics line read "Pure Lao – Thai Landrace Strain" in December 2019, "Lao – Thai Landrace" from August 2020, and "Traditional Lao – Thai Ganja Domesticate" from April 2021; Kwik Seeds moved from the first wording to the third.<ref name="rsc-2019" /><ref name="rsc-2020" /><ref name="rsc-2021">{{cite web |title=Highland Lao |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418032129/https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="kwik-2020" /><ref name="kwik-2023" /> From May 2022 RSC quoted an indoor grower who reported that the plants turned purple naturally, without cold weather.<ref name="rsc-2022-05" />

== Aroma ==

Both shops described fruity, peppery and musky aromas, RSC until May 2022 and Kwik Seeds throughout.<ref name="rsc-2022-05" /><ref name="kwik-2023" /> From October 2022 RSC described the aromas as musky, spicy and strongly citrus.<ref name="rsc-2022-10" />

== Effects ==

From May 2022 RSC quoted the indoor grower's description of the high as "100% cerebral deep space exploration", without anxiety or paranoia.<ref name="rsc-2022-05" />

== Smoke Reports ==

{{Accession smoke reports}}

== See Also ==
* [[Landrace Cannabis]]
* [[The Real Seed Company]]
* [[RSC-LAO-BOL-0120220001|Highland Lao #4 General Population 2022]]
* [[RSC-LAO-BOL-0120230001|Highland Lao #5 General Population 2023]]
* [[RSC-LAO-BOL-0120240001|Highland Lao #6 General Population 2024]]
* [[RSC-LAO-BOL-0120250001|Highland Lao #7 General Population 2025]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

Banerjee 263 (1964)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 09:38:33 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Forest Herbarium (BKF), SN 063406, an Indian sheet held in Bangkok

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Banerjee 263 herbarium specimen, Motihari (1964)
|accession_id = Banerjee 263 (1964)
|image = Banerjee 263 specimen SN063406.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with a slender, leafy Cannabis sativa branch in flower, a numbered tag, and a printed Central National Herbarium label filled in in purple ink.
|image_caption = Banerjee 263, held by the Forest Herbarium (BKF) as barcode SN 063406 (fair use)
|show_map = yes


|classification = Other


|country = India
|province = Bihar
|admin_2 = East Champaran District
|locality = Motihari
|coordinates = 26.65, 84.91
|elevation =


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1964-08-20
|collector = S. P. Banerjee


|specimen_repository = Forest Herbarium (BKF)
|catalogue_number = SN 063406
|occurrence_id = https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=063406&typedb=optmain
|collector_number = Banerjee, S.P. 263
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Banerjee 263''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected at [[Motihari]] in [[East Champaran District]], [[Bihar]], [[India]], on 20 August 1964 by [[S. P. Banerjee]]. The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds the sheet as accession BKF 77674, barcode [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=063406&typedb=optmain SN 063406].<ref name="BKF">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 063406 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=063406&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The sheet carries the printed label of the ''Central National Herbarium (CAL), Botanical Survey of India, Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah'', filled in by hand in purple ink. It is headed ''Flora of Bihar'' and gives the collection number as 263, the date as ''20.8.1964'' and the locality as ''Motihari''.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 063406 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/063406_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> It leaves the local name, altitude and notes blank. A tag tied to the stem repeats the number 263.<ref name="Sheet"/> The Forest Herbarium's catalogue gives the date as 20 August 1964 and the collector as ''Banerjee, S.P.''<ref name="BKF"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

The label places the plant in the family ''Urticaceae'' and names it ''Cannabis sativa'' Linn. It leaves the line for the determiner blank.<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogue records the plant as ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="BKF"/> The sheet carries a slender, leafy branch in flower. The Forest Herbarium's accession stamp on the sheet is dated ''24.2.83''.<ref name="Sheet"/>

</div>

Nanakorn 8642 (1999)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:55:53 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Forest Herbarium (BKF), SN 262600 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Nanakorn 8642 herbarium gathering, Chiang Dao (1999)
|accession_id = Nanakorn 8642 (1999)
|image = Nanakorn 8642 specimen SN262600.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with leafy, flowering Cannabis sativa shoots and a printed Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden label.
|image_caption = Nanakorn 8642, held by the Forest Herbarium (BKF) as barcode SN 262600 (fair use)
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Chiang Mai Province
|admin_2 = Chiang Dao District
|locality = Doi Chiang Dao National Park
|coordinates =
|elevation =


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1999-02-19
|collector = W. Nanakorn


|specimen_repository = Forest Herbarium (BKF)
|catalogue_number = SN 262600; SN 262601
|occurrence_id = https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=262600&typedb=optmain
|collector_number = Nanakorn, W. et al. 8642
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Nanakorn 8642''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected in Doi Chiang Dao National Park, [[Chiang Dao District]], [[Chiang Mai Province]], [[Northern Thailand|northern Thailand]], on 19 February 1999 by [[W. Nanakorn]] and colleagues. The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds the gathering on two sheets under accession BKF 233995, barcodes [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=262600&typedb=optmain SN 262600] and [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=262601&typedb=optmain SN 262601].<ref name="BKF600">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 262600 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=262600&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="BKF601">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 262601 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=262601&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

SN 262600 carries the printed ''Flora of Thailand'' label of the ''Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden Herbarium (QBG)'', number 8642. It gives the locality as ''Doi Chiang Dao National Park, Chiang Dao district, Chiang Mai Province'', the collector as ''W. Nanakorn et al. 8642'' and the date as ''19/2/1999''. It leaves the local name, altitude and note blank.<ref name="Sheet600">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 262600 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/262600_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> SN 262601 carries the Forest Herbarium's ''Flora of Thailand'' label with the same locality, collector and number; its date is written on the line for the determination.<ref name="Sheet601">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 262601 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/262601_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The two sheets are pencilled ''sheet 1/2'' and ''sheet 2/2''.<ref name="Sheet600"/><ref name="Sheet601"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

Both labels name the family ''Cannabaceae'' and the plant ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="Sheet600"/><ref name="Sheet601"/> No determiner is named. The catalogue records the plant as ''Cannabis sativa'' L. and the date as 19 February 1999.<ref name="BKF600"/> [[Bunchuai 1208 (1962)|Bunchuai 1208]] is an earlier cannabis gathering from Doi Chiang Dao.

</div>

Maxwell 97-797 (1997)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:55:42 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: California Academy of Sciences, CAS 1781016 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Maxwell 97-797 herbarium gathering, Mae Taeng (1997)
|accession_id = Maxwell 97-797 (1997)
|image = Maxwell 97-797 specimen CAS1781016.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with a flowering male Cannabis sativa branch of broad leaflets and a typed Chiang Mai University label.
|image_caption = Maxwell 97-797, held by the California Academy of Sciences as catalogue 1781016 (CC0)
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Chiang Mai Province
|admin_2 = Mae Taeng District
|locality = Pah Dang, Geut Chang
|coordinates =
|elevation = 1125


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1997-07-30
|collector = J.F. Maxwell


|specimen_repository = California Academy of Sciences
|catalogue_number = CAS 1781016
|occurrence_id = https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/6408927556
|collector_number = Maxwell, J.F. 97-797
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Maxwell 97-797''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected near Pah Dang, a red [[Lahu people|Lahu]] village in Geut Chang subdistrict, [[Mae Taeng District]], [[Chiang Mai Province]], [[Northern Thailand|northern Thailand]], on 30 July 1997 by [[J.F. Maxwell]]. The [[California Academy of Sciences]] holds a sheet as catalogue 1781016, published by [[GBIF]] as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/6408927556 preserved specimen occurrence 6408927556].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 6408927556: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/6408927556 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds a duplicate as accession BKF 121956, barcode [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=118283&typedb=optmain SN 118283].<ref name="BKF">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 118283 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=118283&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

Both sheets carry the typed label ''Flora of Thailand, CMU Herbarium, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University'', stamped ''Introduced & cultivated'' and marked with the male sign.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet CAS 1781016: Cannabis sativa L. |website=CAS Botany collection images |publisher=California Academy of Sciences |url=https://ibss-images.calacademy.org/static/botany/originals/87/d0/87d05c51-99a2-4a39-978a-b0fffe95763f.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="BKFSheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 118283 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/118283_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> It gives the province as ''Chiang Mai'' and the district as ''Mae Dtang''. It gives the location as ''Doi Sahng Liang, south side, upper Gu Gahp Valley near Pah Dang (red Lahu) Village; Geut Chang Subdistrict''. It gives the elevation as ''1125 m'' and the date as ''30 July 1997''.<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Cultivation observation ==

The label gives the habitat as ''open field, planted among corn; degraded, seasonal, primary evergreen hardwood + bamboo forest; limestone bedrock''. It notes that the plant is ''native to central Asia''.<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

The notes describe a branching herb 2 m tall with a basal diameter of 18 mm and male inflorescences. They give the colours of its stem, bracts, tepals and anthers.<ref name="Sheet"/> The label names the family ''Cannabidaceae'' and the plant ''Cannabis sativa L.'' It records five duplicates. A common name is typed over the printed caption and is not legible with confidence.<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogues record the plant as ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="GBIF"/><ref name="BKF"/> [[Maxwell 88-1359 (1988)|Maxwell 88-1359]] is an earlier cannabis gathering by the same collector.

</div>

Nanakorn 7031 (1996)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:55:33 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Forest Herbarium (BKF), SN 262497 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Nanakorn 7031 herbarium specimen, Mae Sa Mai (1996)
|accession_id = Nanakorn 7031 (1996)
|image = Nanakorn 7031 specimen SN262497.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with a pale Cannabis sativa stem and flowering side shoots, a paper packet and a printed Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden label.
|image_caption = Nanakorn 7031, held by the Forest Herbarium (BKF) as barcode SN 262497 (fair use)
|show_map = yes


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Chiang Mai Province
|admin_2 = Mae Rim District
|locality = Mae Sa Mai
|coordinates = 18.87, 98.85
|elevation =
|local_name = Kancha


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1996-08-07
|collector = W. Nanakorn


|specimen_repository = Forest Herbarium (BKF)
|catalogue_number = SN 262497
|occurrence_id = https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=262497&typedb=optmain
|collector_number = Nanakorn, W. et al. 7031
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Nanakorn 7031''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected at Mae Sa Mai village in [[Mae Rim District]], [[Chiang Mai Province]], [[Northern Thailand|northern Thailand]], on 7 August 1996 by [[W. Nanakorn]] and colleagues. The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds the sheet as accession BKF 233906, barcode [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=262497&typedb=optmain SN 262497].<ref name="BKF">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 262497 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=262497&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> It carries the label of the Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden Herbarium, number 7031.

== Collection and locality ==

The printed ''Flora of Thailand'' label of the ''Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden Herbarium (QBG)'' gives the QBG number 7031, the locality as ''Maesa Mai village, Mae Rim District, Chiang Mai Province'' and the date as ''7/8/1996''. It leaves the altitude and the coordinate blank.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 262497 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/262497_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The Forest Herbarium's catalogue reads the date as 7 August 1996.<ref name="BKF"/>

== Recorded local name and use ==

The label gives the local name as ''Kancha'' and the note as ''Shrub 2–4 m high. Flower white. Cultivated for narcotic use.''<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

The label names the family ''Cannabaceae'' and the plant ''Cannabis sativa'' L. It gives the collector as ''W. Nanakorn et al.''<ref name="Sheet"/> A tag tied to the stem reads ''W. Nanakron et al 7031''.<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogue records the plant as ''Cannabis sativa'' L. and the collector as ''Nanakhon, W.''<ref name="BKF"/> [[Nanakorn 8642 (1999)|Nanakorn 8642]] is a later cannabis gathering by the same collector.

</div>

Maxwell 88-1359 (1988)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:55:24 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: California Academy of Sciences, CAS 1781017 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Maxwell 88-1359 herbarium gathering, Doi Suthep (1988)
|accession_id = Maxwell 88-1359 (1988)
|image = Maxwell 88-1359 specimen CAS1781017.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with a whole fruiting Cannabis sativa plant, its root system spread across the lower sheet, and a typed label.
|image_caption = Maxwell 88-1359, held by the California Academy of Sciences as catalogue 1781017 (CC0)
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Chiang Mai Province
|admin_2 = Hang Dong District
|locality = Sisangwan Valley, Doi Suthep
|coordinates =
|elevation = 850
|local_name = gun cha


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1988-11-26
|collector = J.F. Maxwell


|specimen_repository = California Academy of Sciences
|catalogue_number = CAS 1781017
|occurrence_id = https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/6408925513
|collector_number = Maxwell, J.F. 88-1359
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Maxwell 88-1359''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected in the Sisangwan Valley on the south-west side of [[Doi Suthep]], [[Hang Dong District]], [[Chiang Mai Province]], [[Northern Thailand|northern Thailand]], on 26 November 1988 by [[J.F. Maxwell]]. The [[California Academy of Sciences]] holds a sheet as catalogue 1781017, published by [[GBIF]] as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/6408925513 preserved specimen occurrence 6408925513].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 6408925513: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/6408925513 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The California Botanic Garden holds a duplicate as [https://cch2.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1027721 catalogue RSA0126608].<ref name="RSA">{{cite web |title=RSA0126608: Cannabis sativa L. |website=CCH2 Portal |publisher=Consortium of California Herbaria |url=https://cch2.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1027721 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The typed label is headed ''Flora of Thailand'' and ''Herbarium, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University''. It is stamped ''Cultivated & introduced''.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet CAS 1781017: Cannabis sativa L. |website=CAS Botany collection images |publisher=California Academy of Sciences |url=https://ibss-images.calacademy.org/static/botany/originals/03/77/03776c9c-7e44-4e36-9524-01055df95e69.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> It gives the province as ''Chiang Mai'', the district as ''Hang Dong'', the location as ''Doi Sutep, SW. side, Sisangwan Valley'', the elevation as ''850 m'' and the date as ''26 November 1988''.<ref name="Sheet"/> The Academy's catalogue gives the district as ''Kong Dong''.<ref name="GBIF"/>

== Recorded local name and use ==

The label gives the common name as ''gun cha''. Its notes end ''native to central Asia; cultivated for smoking the leaves, narcotic''.<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Cultivation observation ==

The label gives the habitat as ''open field in the primary evergreen forest, granite bedrock''.<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

The notes describe an ''erect, branching herb up to 2 m tall'', with ''branchlets and petioles dull purplish, older branches more greenish'', ''bracts and achenes green'' and ''leaflets dark green above, light green underneath''.<ref name="Sheet"/> The Academy's sheet holds a whole fruiting plant with its root. The label names the family ''Cannabinaceae'' and the plant ''Cannabis sativa L.'' It records three duplicates.<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogues record the plant as ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="GBIF"/><ref name="RSA"/>

The California Botanic Garden's catalogue notes ''Population dynamics in Cannabaceae; Leaf tissue removed for DNA; Christopher J. Grassa (ECON) - 01/18/2018'' for its sheet.<ref name="RSA"/> [[Maxwell 97-797 (1997)|Maxwell 97-797]] is a later cannabis gathering by the same collector.

</div>

Phengklai T-49897 (1984)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:55:15 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Forest Herbarium (BKF), SN 116705 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Phengklai T-49897 herbarium specimen, Doi Inthanon (1984)
|accession_id = Phengklai T-49897 (1984)
|image = Phengklai T-49897 specimen SN116705.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with a small whole Cannabis sativa plant and its root, and a printed Kyoto University expedition label.
|image_caption = Phengklai T-49897, held by the Forest Herbarium (BKF) as barcode SN 116705 (fair use)
|show_map = yes


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Chiang Mai Province
|admin_2 = Chom Thong District
|locality = Siriphum Waterfall, Doi Inthanon National Park
|coordinates = 18.55, 98.51
|elevation = 1800


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1984-12-09
|collector = Chamlong Phengklai


|specimen_repository = Forest Herbarium (BKF)
|catalogue_number = SN 116705
|occurrence_id = https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=116705&typedb=optmain
|collector_number = Phengklai, C. T-49897
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Phengklai T-49897''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected around Siriphum Waterfall in [[Doi Inthanon National Park]], [[Chiang Mai Province]], [[Northern Thailand|northern Thailand]], on 9 December 1984 by [[Chamlong Phengklai]]. The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds the sheet as accession BKF 120550, barcode [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=116705&typedb=optmain SN 116705].<ref name="BKF">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 116705 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=116705&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The sheet carries the printed label ''Flora of Thailand, Kyoto University Botanical Expedition to Thailand, 1984–5, in co-operation with the Royal Forest Department, Bangkok'', numbered 93.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 116705 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/116705_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> It gives the locality as ''NORTHERN Chiang Mai'' (เชียงใหม่), ''Doi Inthanon'' (ดอยอินทนนท์) ''National Park''. It gives the habitat as ''around Siriphum waterfall in hill evergreen forest, alt 1800 m.'' It gives the date as ''December 9, 1984'' and the collector as ''Chamlong Phengklai'', under the number ''T-49897''.<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogue gives the locality as ''around Siriphum Waterfall''.<ref name="BKF"/>

== Cultivation observation ==

A handwritten note on the label reads ''Exotic herb in Maeo plantation. Fls. greenish yellow.''<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

The label names the plant ''Canabis sativa'' in the family ''Canabidaceae''.<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogue records it as ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="BKF"/> No determiner is named. The sheet holds a small whole plant with its root.<ref name="Sheet"/>

</div>

Bjørnland 356 (1978)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:55:06 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Forest Herbarium (BKF), SN 009246 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Bjørnland 356 herbarium specimen, Ban Pong Noi (1978)
|accession_id = Bjørnland 356 (1978)
|image = Bjørnland 356 specimen SN009246.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with a Cannabis sativa specimen, a handwritten field slip and two typed ethnobotanical labels.
|image_caption = Bjørnland 356, held by the Forest Herbarium (BKF) as barcode SN 009246 (fair use)
|show_map = yes


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Chiang Mai Province
|admin_2 = Mueang Chiang Mai District
|locality = Ban Pong Noi
|coordinates = 18.77, 98.94
|elevation = 350
|local_name = kanchaa


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1978-09-21
|collector =


|specimen_repository = Forest Herbarium (BKF)
|catalogue_number = SN 009246
|occurrence_id = https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009246&typedb=optmain
|collector_number = Bjørnland & Schumacher 356
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Bjørnland 356''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected at Ban Pong Noi in [[Mueang Chiang Mai District]], [[Chiang Mai Province]], [[Northern Thailand|northern Thailand]], on 21 September 1978. It was collected by Bjørnland and Schumacher and recorded on a form headed ''Herbalism in Northern Thailand''. The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds the sheet as accession BKF 77235, barcode [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009246&typedb=optmain SN 009246].<ref name="BKF">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 009246 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009246&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The sheet carries a printed form headed ''Herbalism in Northern Thailand (Brun/Bjørnland/Schumacher 1978/79)''. It gives the locality as ''Cangwat Chiang Mai; Amphoe Muang, Ban Pong Noi'' at ''350 m'', the date as ''21/9 1978'' and the collection number as 356, collected by ''Bjørnland/Schumacher''.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 009246 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/009246_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> Two handwritten slips repeat the number and the date.<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Recorded local name and use ==

The form gives the vernacular name as ''kanchaa''. Under ''Medical use (as part of mixed drug)'' it records ''stimulant''; under the parts of the plant used, ''leaves''; and under preparation and administration, ''dried, smoked as inhalant''. It names the informant as ''Pradit''.<ref name="Sheet"/>

One slip adds ''for Smoking, both male and female''. The other gives the use as ''Smoked'' and the part of the plant as ''whole plant, both ♂ & ♀''. Both refer to ''15/8-list: 467''.<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogue's note reads ''Medical use for stimulant; used dried leaves to smoked as inhalant.''<ref name="BKF"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

The form gives the identity as ''Cannabis sativa L.'' in the family ''Cannabinaceae'' and leaves the determiner blank.<ref name="Sheet"/> Its line ''Voucher specimen for chemical analyses: YES/NO'' is not marked either way.<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogue records the plant as ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="BKF"/>

</div>

Boulanger 1520 (1977)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:54:57 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Meise Botanic Garden, BR0000023200081 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Boulanger 1520 herbarium specimen, Mae Sa (1977)
|accession_id = Boulanger 1520 (1977)
|image = Boulanger 1520 specimen BR0000023200081.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with two leafy Cannabis sativa shoots and a handwritten French label.
|image_caption = Boulanger 1520, held by Meise Botanic Garden as catalogue BR0000023200081 (CC BY 4.0)
|show_map = yes


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Chiang Mai Province
|admin_2 = Mae Rim District
|locality = Pan Lung, Mae Sa Watershed
|coordinates = 18.90, 98.80
|elevation = 1000


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1977-11-29
|collector = J.-P. Boulanger


|specimen_repository = Meise Botanic Garden
|catalogue_number = BR0000023200081
|occurrence_id = https://www.botanicalcollections.be/specimen/BR0000023200081
|collector_number = Boulanger, J.-P. 1520
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Boulanger 1520''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected at Pan Lung in the Mae Sa watershed, [[Chiang Mai Province]], [[Northern Thailand|northern Thailand]], on 29 November 1977 by [[J.-P. Boulanger]]. [[Meise Botanic Garden]] holds the sheet as [https://www.botanicalcollections.be/specimen/BR0000023200081 catalogue BR0000023200081].<ref name="BR">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., specimen BR0000023200081 |website=Botanical Collections |publisher=Meise Botanic Garden |url=https://www.botanicalcollections.be/specimen/BR0000023200081 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> [[GBIF]] publishes it as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2243251105 preserved specimen occurrence 2243251105].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 2243251105: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2243251105 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The handwritten French label gives the locality as ''Mae Sa'' followed by a word partly hidden by a leaf, then ''Pan Lung'', with the coordinates ''long. 98°48′; lat 18°54′'' and the country ''Thaïlande''. It gives the date as ''29/11/1977'', the altitude as ''1000 m'' and the habitat as ''Hill Evergreen Forest''.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet BR0000023200081: Cannabis sativa L. |website=Meise IIIF image service |publisher=Meise Botanic Garden |url=https://iiif-manifest.oxalis.br.fgov.be/specimen/BR0000023200081/manifest |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The catalogue gives the locality as ''Mae Sa Walushed (Pan Lung)''.<ref name="BR"/>

== Cultivation observation ==

The label's observations read ''Plante cultivée au milieu des plants de riz des collines. Plante non en fleurs lorsque cueillie.'' (a plant cultivated among hill rice, not in flower when picked).<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

A determination slip names the plant ''Cannabidaceae'', ''Cannabis sativa L.''<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogue records it as ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="BR"/> The label leaves the family and name lines blank.<ref name="Sheet"/>

A slip on the sheet reads ''Population dynamics in Cannabaceae'', ''Leaf tissue removed for DNA'', ''Christopher J. Grassa (ECON) - 2018/07/05'', ''Harvard University Herbaria''.<ref name="Sheet"/> The sheet is stamped ''ACC. 1978''.<ref name="Sheet"/> [[Boulanger 1262 (1977)|Boulanger 1262]] is an earlier gathering by the same collector in the same watershed.

</div>

Boulanger 1262 (1977)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:54:48 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Meise Botanic Garden, BR0000023200074 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Boulanger 1262 herbarium specimen, Mae Sa (1977)
|accession_id = Boulanger 1262 (1977)
|image = Boulanger 1262 specimen BR0000023200074.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with a leafy Cannabis sativa stem of long, narrow leaflets and a handwritten French label.
|image_caption = Boulanger 1262, held by Meise Botanic Garden as catalogue BR0000023200074 (CC BY 4.0)
|show_map = yes


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Chiang Mai Province
|admin_2 = Mae Rim District
|locality = Mae Hat, Mae Sa Watershed
|coordinates = 18.88, 98.88
|elevation = 600


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1977-07-21
|collector = J.-P. Boulanger


|specimen_repository = Meise Botanic Garden
|catalogue_number = BR0000023200074
|occurrence_id = https://www.botanicalcollections.be/specimen/BR0000023200074
|collector_number = Boulanger, J.-P. 1262
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Boulanger 1262''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected at Mae Hat in the Mae Sa watershed, [[Chiang Mai Province]], [[Northern Thailand|northern Thailand]], on 21 July 1977 by [[J.-P. Boulanger]]. [[Meise Botanic Garden]] holds the sheet as [https://www.botanicalcollections.be/specimen/BR0000023200074 catalogue BR0000023200074].<ref name="BR">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., specimen BR0000023200074 |website=Botanical Collections |publisher=Meise Botanic Garden |url=https://www.botanicalcollections.be/specimen/BR0000023200074 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> [[GBIF]] publishes it as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2243250820 preserved specimen occurrence 2243250820].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 2243250820: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2243250820 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The handwritten French label gives the locality as ''Mae Sa Watershed'', ''Mae-Hat'', with the coordinates ''Long. 98°53′; lat 18°53′'' and the country ''Thaïlande''. It gives the date as ''21-7-1977'' and the altitude as ''600 m''. It leaves the habitat blank.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet BR0000023200074: Cannabis sativa L. |website=Meise IIIF image service |publisher=Meise Botanic Garden |url=https://iiif-manifest.oxalis.br.fgov.be/specimen/BR0000023200074/manifest |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Cultivation observation ==

The label's observations read ''Plante cultivée. Les feuilles seulement ont été collectées. Les fleurs sont petites et blanches.'' (a cultivated plant, of which only the leaves were collected, with small white flowers).<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

The label places the plant in the family ''Moraceae''. Its name line gives a local name that begins ''kanscha'', whose last letter is not clearly legible, then ''Chanvre'' and ''Cannabis sativa (var. indica)'', with a question mark written beneath ''sativa''.<ref name="Sheet"/> A later slip names the family ''Cannabidac.''<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogue records the plant as ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="BR"/>

A slip on the sheet reads ''Population dynamics in Cannabaceae'', ''Leaf tissue removed for DNA'', ''Christopher J. Grassa (ECON) - 2018/07/05'', ''Harvard University Herbaria''.<ref name="Sheet"/> The sheet is stamped ''ACC. 1978''.<ref name="Sheet"/> [[Boulanger 1520 (1977)|Boulanger 1520]] is a later gathering by the same collector in the same watershed.

</div>

S.P. 15 (1968)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:54:36 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Forest Herbarium (BKF), SN 009256 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = S.P. 15 herbarium specimen, Thailand (1968)
|accession_id = S.P. 15 (1968)
|image = S.P. 15 specimen SN009256.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with slender Cannabis sativa stems and a water-stained printed label whose ink has run.
|image_caption = S.P. 15, held by the Forest Herbarium (BKF) as barcode SN 009256 (fair use)
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|locality =
|coordinates =
|elevation =


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1968-10-02
|collector =


|specimen_repository = Forest Herbarium (BKF)
|catalogue_number = SN 009256
|occurrence_id = https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009256&typedb=optmain
|collector_number = S.P. et al. 15
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''S.P. 15''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected in [[Thailand]] on 2 October 1968 by collectors recorded only by their initials. The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds the sheet as accession BKF 51913, barcode [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009256&typedb=optmain SN 009256].<ref name="BKF">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 009256 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009256&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The sheet carries the Forest Herbarium's printed form, filled in by hand in an ink that has since run. It gives the date as ''Oct. 2, 1968.'' and the number as 15. It names the collectors as ''S.P., N.S.'' and a third name that is not legible.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 009256 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/009256_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The locality line holds two words that are not legible. A packet on the sheet is marked ''S.P, N.S. no 15''.<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogue records no locality.<ref name="BKF"/>

== Field observations ==

The label describes the plant as a ''Herb, common in group in open space'' with white flowers.<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogue gives the habitat as ''Common in group, in open spaces''.<ref name="BKF"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

The label has no line for the plant's name. The catalogue records it as ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="BKF"/>

</div>

Praphat 729 (1968)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:54:27 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Forest Herbarium (BKF), SN 009258 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Praphat 729 herbarium specimen, Wang Nam Khiao (1968)
|accession_id = Praphat 729 (1968)
|image = Praphat 729 specimen SN009258.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with branching Cannabis sativa stems, a few narrow leaves and a Flora of Thailand label.
|image_caption = Praphat 729, held by the Forest Herbarium (BKF) as barcode SN 009258 (fair use)
|show_map = yes


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Nakhon Ratchasima Province
|admin_2 = Wang Nam Khiao District
|locality = Wang Nam Khiao
|coordinates = 14.42, 101.86
|elevation =


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1968-07-29
|collector = D. Praphat


|specimen_repository = Forest Herbarium (BKF)
|catalogue_number = SN 009258
|occurrence_id = https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009258&typedb=optmain
|collector_number = Praphat, D. 729
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Praphat 729''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected at Wang Nam Khiao in [[Nakhon Ratchasima Province]], [[Northeastern Thailand|north-eastern Thailand]], on 29 July 1968 by [[D. Praphat]]. The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds the sheet as accession BKF 83605, barcode [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009258&typedb=optmain SN 009258].<ref name="BKF">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 009258 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009258&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The Forest Herbarium's ''Flora of Thailand'' label gives the locality as ''E: Nakhon Ratchasima, Pak Thong Chai, Wang Nam Kiao.'' and the date as ''29 July 1968''. It leaves the altitude blank.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 009258 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/009258_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Cultivation observation ==

The label describes the plant as a ''Cultivated herb, Common and scattered on hillside. Flowers white, Fruits green.''<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogue gives the habitat as ''Common and scattered on hillside''.<ref name="BKF"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

The label and the catalogue name the plant ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="Sheet"/><ref name="BKF"/> No determiner is named. [[Phengnaren 483 (1968)|Phengnaren 483]] was collected at the same place six weeks earlier.

</div>

Phengnaren 483 (1968)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:54:17 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Forest Herbarium (BKF), SN 009259 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Phengnaren 483 herbarium specimen, Wang Nam Khiao (1968)
|accession_id = Phengnaren 483 (1968)
|image = Phengnaren 483 specimen SN009259.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with a leafy Cannabis sativa branch of narrow leaflets and a typed Flora of Thailand label.
|image_caption = Phengnaren 483, held by the Forest Herbarium (BKF) as barcode SN 009259 (fair use)
|show_map = yes


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Nakhon Ratchasima Province
|admin_2 = Wang Nam Khiao District
|locality = Wang Nam Khiao
|coordinates = 14.42, 101.86
|elevation = 370


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1968-06-16
|collector = S. Phengnaren


|specimen_repository = Forest Herbarium (BKF)
|catalogue_number = SN 009259
|occurrence_id = https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009259&typedb=optmain
|collector_number = Phengnaren, S. 483
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.
|identified_by = S. Phengnaren


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Phengnaren 483''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected at Wang Nam Khiao in [[Nakhon Ratchasima Province]], [[Northeastern Thailand|north-eastern Thailand]], on 16 June 1968 by [[S. Phengnaren]]. The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds the sheet as accession BKF 36337, barcode [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009259&typedb=optmain SN 009259].<ref name="BKF">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 009259 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009259&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The [[Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle]] in Paris holds a duplicate as catalogue P06884307, published by [[GBIF]] as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731731222 preserved specimen occurrence 731731222].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 731731222: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731731222 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The typed ''Flora of Thailand'' label of the Forest Herbarium gives the locality as ''Eastern: Nakhon Ratchasima, Pak Thong Chai, Wang Nam Khieo.'', the altitude as ''370 m'' and the date as ''June 16, 1968''.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 009259 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/009259_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The Paris duplicate is catalogued with the same locality, altitude and date.<ref name="GBIF"/> The Forest Herbarium's catalogue gives the date as 16 July 1968.<ref name="BKF"/>

== Field observations ==

The label describes the plant as a ''Shrub 1 m tall, flowers yellowish.''<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

The label spells the name ''Canabis sativa Linn.'' and names ''S. Phengnaren'' as both collector and determiner, under the number 483.<ref name="Sheet"/> Its margin carries the pencilled letters ''L, K, P''.<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogue records the plant as ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="BKF"/> [[Praphat 729 (1968)|Praphat 729]] was collected at the same place six weeks later.

</div>

Shimizu T-11518 (1967)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:54:07 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, L.1592635 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Shimizu T-11518 herbarium gathering, Phu Miang (1967)
|accession_id = Shimizu T-11518 (1967)
|image = Shimizu T-11518 specimen L1592635.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with a tall Cannabis stem, broad leaves and a flowering spike, and a green printed expedition label.
|image_caption = Shimizu T-11518, the sheet held by the Naturalis Biodiversity Center as catalogue L.1592635 (CC0)
|show_map = yes


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Phitsanulok Province
|admin_2 = Chat Trakan District
|locality = Phu Rom Rot, Phu Miang
|coordinates = 17.62, 100.79
|elevation = 1200


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1967-10-03
|collector = T. Shimizu


|specimen_repository = Naturalis Biodiversity Center
|catalogue_number = L.1592635
|occurrence_id = https://bioportal.naturalis.nl/specimen/L.1592635
|collector_number = Shimizu, T. et al. T-11518
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Shimizu T-11518''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected on Phu Rom Rot, a peak of [[Phu Miang]] in [[Phitsanulok Province]], [[Thailand]], on 3 October 1967. [[T. Shimizu]] collected it with five colleagues on the Kyoto University Botanical Expedition to Thailand. The [[Naturalis Biodiversity Center]] holds a sheet as [https://bioportal.naturalis.nl/specimen/L.1592635 catalogue L.1592635]<ref name="Bioportal">{{cite web |title=Specimen L.1592635 |website=Naturalis Bioportal |publisher=Naturalis Biodiversity Center |url=https://bioportal.naturalis.nl/specimen/L.1592635 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>, published by [[GBIF]] as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2513887934 preserved specimen occurrence 2513887934].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 2513887934: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2513887934 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds a second sheet as accession BKF 61684, barcode [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009250&typedb=optmain SN 009250].<ref name="BKF">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sp., barcode 009250 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009250&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

Both sheets carry the printed label ''Flora of Thailand, Kyoto University Botanical Expedition to Thailand, 1967, in co-operation with the Royal Forest Department, Bangkok''.<ref name="LeidenSheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet L.1592635 |website=Naturalis media library |publisher=Naturalis Biodiversity Center |url=https://medialib.naturalis.nl/file/id/L.1592635/format/large |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 009250 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/009250_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> It gives the locality as ''Phitsanulok: Phu Rom Rot, one of the peaks of Phu Miang, 1200–1600 m alt.'' and the date as ''October 3, 1967''. It names the collectors as ''T. Shimizu, K. Iwatsuki, N. Fukuoka, M. Hutoh, D. Chaiglom & A. Nalampoon'' under the number ''T 11518''.<ref name="LeidenSheet"/>

== Field observations ==

The label describes the plant as a ''Herb 2 m tall'', growing ''In grassy place by road in open place''.<ref name="LeidenSheet"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

The printed label names the plant ''Cannabis sp.''<ref name="Sheet"/> The Forest Herbarium catalogues its sheet under that name.<ref name="BKF"/> On the Leiden sheet ''sp.'' is struck through and ''sativa'' written in.<ref name="LeidenSheet"/> Naturalis catalogues the plant as ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="Bioportal"/> The Forest Herbarium sheet is annotated ''Cannabidaceae''.<ref name="Sheet"/>

</div>

Bunchuai 30 (1966)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:42 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, L.1592636 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Bunchuai 30 herbarium gathering, Phu Luang (1966)
|accession_id = Bunchuai 30 (1966)
|image = Bunchuai 30 specimen L1592636.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with several slender, leafy Cannabis sativa stems and a typed Flora of Thailand label.
|image_caption = Bunchuai 30, the sheet held by the Naturalis Biodiversity Center as catalogue L.1592636 (CC0)
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Loei Province
|admin_2 = Phu Luang District
|locality = Phu Luang
|coordinates =
|elevation =


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1966-09-05
|collector = K. Bunchuai


|specimen_repository = Naturalis Biodiversity Center
|catalogue_number = L.1592636
|occurrence_id = https://bioportal.naturalis.nl/specimen/L.1592636
|collector_number = Bunchuai, K. 30
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.
|identified_by = T. Smitinand


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Bunchuai 30''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected on [[Phu Luang]] in [[Loei Province]], [[Northeastern Thailand|north-eastern Thailand]], on 5 September 1966 by [[K. Bunchuai]]. The [[Naturalis Biodiversity Center]] holds a sheet as [https://bioportal.naturalis.nl/specimen/L.1592636 catalogue L.1592636]<ref name="Bioportal">{{cite web |title=Specimen L.1592636 |website=Naturalis Bioportal |publisher=Naturalis Biodiversity Center |url=https://bioportal.naturalis.nl/specimen/L.1592636 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>, published by [[GBIF]] as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2513887884 preserved specimen occurrence 2513887884].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 2513887884: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2513887884 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds the gathering on two further sheets under accession BKF 47681, barcodes [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009254&typedb=optmain SN 009254] and [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009257&typedb=optmain SN 009257].<ref name="BKF254">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 009254 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009254&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="BKF257">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 009257 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009257&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

All three sheets carry the typed ''Flora of Thailand'' label of the Forest Herbarium. It gives the accession number ''47681'', the locality as ''NE: Loei, Phu Luang'' and the date as ''Sept.5,1966''. It leaves the altitude blank.<ref name="LeidenSheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet L.1592636 |website=Naturalis media library |publisher=Naturalis Biodiversity Center |url=https://medialib.naturalis.nl/file/id/L.1592636/format/large |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="Sheet254">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 009254 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/009254_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="Sheet257">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 009257 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/009257_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> SN 009257 also carries a packet marked ''K. Bunchuai; 30''.<ref name="Sheet257"/>

== Cultivation observation ==

The label describes the plant as a ''Herb, common in plantation. Flowers white.''<ref name="LeidenSheet"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

The label names the plant ''Cannabis sativa LINN.'' and gives the collector as ''K. Bunchuai'' with the number 30. It names the determiner as ''T. Smitinand''.<ref name="LeidenSheet"/> The Leiden sheet adds ''A!'' beside the number.<ref name="LeidenSheet"/> The margin of each label carries the pencilled letters ''L K P C E AAH''.<ref name="LeidenSheet"/><ref name="Sheet254"/><ref name="Sheet257"/> The catalogues record the plant as ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="Bioportal"/><ref name="BKF254"/>

</div>

Bunchuai 1208 (1962)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:33 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Forest Herbarium (BKF), SN 009249 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Bunchuai 1208 herbarium specimen, Doi Chiang Dao (1962)
|accession_id = Bunchuai 1208 (1962)
|image = Bunchuai 1208 specimen SN009249.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with a leafy Cannabis sativa stem, a collector's packet and a typed Flora of Thailand label.
|image_caption = Bunchuai 1208, held by the Forest Herbarium (BKF) as barcode SN 009249 (fair use)
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Chiang Mai Province
|admin_2 = Chiang Dao District
|locality = Doi Chiang Dao
|coordinates =
|elevation =


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1962-11-18
|collector = K. Bunchuai


|specimen_repository = Forest Herbarium (BKF)
|catalogue_number = SN 009249
|occurrence_id = https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009249&typedb=optmain
|collector_number = Bunchuai, K. 1208
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Bunchuai 1208''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected on [[Doi Chiang Dao]] in [[Chiang Mai Province]], [[Northern Thailand|northern Thailand]], on 18 November 1962 by [[K. Bunchuai]]. The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds the sheet as accession BKF 57755, barcode [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009249&typedb=optmain SN 009249].<ref name="BKF">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 009249 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009249&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The typed ''Flora of Thailand'' label of the Forest Herbarium gives the locality as ''N., Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao'' and the date as ''Nov.18,62''. It leaves the altitude blank.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 009249 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/009249_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The catalogue gives the major area as Chiang Mai.<ref name="BKF"/> A packet on the sheet is marked ''K. Bunchuai; 1208''.<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Cultivation observation ==

The label describes the plant as a ''Herb, common in plantation, frts. black.''<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

The label spells the name ''Canabis sativa Linn.''<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogue records the plant as ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="BKF"/> No determiner is named. [[Bunchuai 30 (1966)|Bunchuai 30]] is a later cannabis gathering by the same collector, made on Phu Luang in Loei in 1966.

</div>

Surapat 316 (1959)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:24 GMT

Eloise Zomia: Infobox image: the Indiana University Herbarium photograph of IND-0061126, under fair use

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Surapat 316 herbarium specimen, Bangkok (1959)
|accession_id = Surapat 316 (1959)
|image = Surapat 316 specimen IND0061126.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with two leafy, flowering Cannabis sativa shoots and a typed Herbarium of Indiana University label.
|image_caption = Surapat 316, held by the Indiana University Herbarium (IND) as IND-0061126 (fair use)
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Bangkok
|locality =
|coordinates =
|elevation =


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1959-05-04
|collector = Pranee Surapat


|specimen_repository = Indiana University Herbarium (IND)
|catalogue_number = IND-0061126
|occurrence_id = https://midwestherbaria.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=11658279
|collector_number = Surapat, P. 316
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Surapat 316''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]], on 4 May 1959 by [[Pranee Surapat]]. The [[Indiana University Herbarium (IND)|herbarium of Indiana University]] holds the sheet as [https://midwestherbaria.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=11658279 catalogue IND-0061126], with the university number 102477.<ref name="IND">{{cite web |title=IND-0061126: Cannabis sativa L. |website=Consortium of Midwest Herbaria |publisher=Indiana University Herbarium |url=https://midwestherbaria.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=11658279 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> [[GBIF]] publishes it as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/5070635362 preserved specimen occurrence 5070635362].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 5070635362: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/5070635362 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The typed label of the ''Herbarium of Indiana University'' reads ''Bangkok, Thailand.'' and gives the collector, number and date as ''Pranee Surapat 316'' and ''May 4, 1959''.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet IND-0061126 |website=Indiana University Herbarium images |publisher=The Trustees of Indiana University |url=http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/herbarium/full/IND-0061126 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> It gives no altitude and no habitat.

== Specimen and identification ==

The label names the plant ''Cannabis sativa'' L. and adds the common names ''Hemp, Marijuana''.<ref name="Sheet"/> The sheet carries two leafy, flowering shoots. The female sign is written above the label. ''Moraceae'' is pencilled beside it.<ref name="Sheet"/>

</div>

Suvarnakoses 1437 (1958)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Forest Herbarium (BKF), SN 009253 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Suvarnakoses 1437 herbarium specimen, Loei (1958)
|accession_id = Suvarnakoses 1437 (1958)
|image = Suvarnakoses 1437 specimen SN009253.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with a dense, flowering Cannabis sativa branch strapped to the sheet, and a Flora of Thailand label.
|image_caption = Suvarnakoses 1437, held by the Forest Herbarium (BKF) as barcode SN 009253 (fair use)
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Loei Province
|locality = Si Than forest
|coordinates =
|elevation =
|local_name = Kan cha


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1958-03-18
|collector = P. Suvarnakoses


|specimen_repository = Forest Herbarium (BKF)
|catalogue_number = SN 009253
|occurrence_id = https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009253&typedb=optmain
|collector_number = Suvarnakoses, P. 1437
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Suvarnakoses 1437''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected in the Si Than forest in [[Loei Province]], [[Northeastern Thailand|north-eastern Thailand]], on 18 March 1958 by [[P. Suvarnakoses]]. The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds the sheet as accession BKF 16860, barcode [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009253&typedb=optmain SN 009253].<ref name="BKF">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 009253 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009253&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The Forest Herbarium's ''Flora of Thailand'' label gives the locality as ''NE: Loei, Si Than forest.'' and the date as ''18 March 1958''. It leaves the altitude blank.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 009253 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/009253_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> An older printed Thai form mounted beside it has faded past reading.<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Recorded local name ==

The label gives the local name as ''Kan cha''.<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Cultivation observation ==

The label describes the plant as a ''Cultivated herb, uncommon on lowland'', with ''Leaves serrate at margin'' and ''Flowers white''.<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogue gives the habitat as ''Uncommon on lowland''.<ref name="BKF"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

The label and the catalogue name the plant ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="Sheet"/><ref name="BKF"/> No determiner is named. [[Suvarnakoses 213 (1951)|Suvarnakoses 213]] is an earlier cannabis gathering by the same collector, made at Khiri Wong in 1951.

</div>

Suvarnakoses 213 (1951)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:02 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Forest Herbarium (BKF), SN 009261 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Suvarnakoses 213 herbarium specimen, Khiri Wong (1951)
|accession_id = Suvarnakoses 213 (1951)
|image = Suvarnakoses 213 specimen SN009261.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with a slender, narrow-leaved Cannabis sativa plant in fruit, an older Thai label and a Flora of Thailand label.
|image_caption = Suvarnakoses 213, held by the Forest Herbarium (BKF) as barcode SN 009261 (fair use)
|show_map = yes


|classification = Other


|growing_area = Kiriwong


|country = Thailand
|province = Nakhon Si Thammarat Province
|admin_2 = Lan Saka District
|locality = Khiri Wong
|coordinates = 8.43, 99.78
|elevation = 400
|local_name = Kan cha (กัญชา)


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1951-12-16
|collector = P. Suvarnakoses


|specimen_repository = Forest Herbarium (BKF)
|catalogue_number = SN 009261
|occurrence_id = https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009261&typedb=optmain
|collector_number = Suvarnakoses, P. 213
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Suvarnakoses 213''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected at [[Kiriwong|Khiri Wong]] in [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Province]], [[Southern Thailand|southern Thailand]], on 16 December 1951 by [[P. Suvarnakoses]]. The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds the sheet as accession BKF 7428, barcode [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009261&typedb=optmain SN 009261].<ref name="BKF">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 009261 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009261&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The sheet carries two labels. The older, headed พฤกษชาติของประเทศไทย, gives the locality as ทับช้าง คีรีวง, the collector's number as 213 and the local name as กัญชา.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 009261 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/009261_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The Forest Herbarium's later ''Flora of Thailand'' label gives the locality as ''P: Nakhon Srithamarat, Tab Chang, Khiri Wong'', the altitude as ''400 m.'' and the date as ''16 Dec. 1951''.<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogue gives the locality as ''Thap Chang, Khiri Wong''.<ref name="BKF"/>

== Recorded local name and use ==

The later label gives the local name as ''Kan cha'' and records the plant as ''Used for smoking''.<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Cultivation observation ==

The label describes the plant as ''Scattered in open area, uncommon, crop in garden''.<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

The note begins ''Herb, 30 cm. tall'' and describes the leaves as ''narrow, serrate margin, light green above, whitish underneath'' and the fruits as ''green, deltoid''.<ref name="Sheet"/> The label and the catalogue name the plant ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="BKF"/> No determiner is named.

[[ZOM-THA-SOU-0420253001]] is a seed accession collected at Kiriwong in April 2025.

</div>

Nakkan 213 (1948)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:52:53 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Forest Herbarium (BKF), SN 009255 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Nakkan 213 herbarium specimen, Phu Kradueng (1948)
|accession_id = Nakkan 213 (1948)
|image = Nakkan 213 specimen SN009255.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with a leafy, flowering Cannabis sativa shoot, an older Thai label partly under the plant, and a Flora of Thailand label.
|image_caption = Nakkan 213, held by the Forest Herbarium (BKF) as barcode SN 009255 (fair use)
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Loei Province
|admin_2 = Phu Kradueng District
|locality = Phu Kradueng
|coordinates =
|elevation =
|local_name = Po kan cha


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1948-04-21
|collector = D. Nakkan


|specimen_repository = Forest Herbarium (BKF)
|catalogue_number = SN 009255
|occurrence_id = https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009255&typedb=optmain
|collector_number = Nakkan, D. 213
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Nakkan 213''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected on [[Phu Kradueng]] in [[Loei Province]], [[Northeastern Thailand|north-eastern Thailand]], on 21 April 1948 by [[D. Nakkan]]. The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds the sheet as accession BKF 3625, barcode [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009255&typedb=optmain SN 009255].<ref name="BKF">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 009255 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009255&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The Forest Herbarium's ''Flora of Thailand'' label gives the locality as ''NE: Loei, Wang Saphung, Phu Kradueng.'' and the date as ''21 April 1948''. It leaves the altitude blank.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 009255 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/009255_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The catalogue gives the locality as Loei and Wang Saphung.<ref name="BKF"/> An older Thai label, headed พฤกษชาติของประเทศไทย, lies mostly under the plant; its number line is hidden by a leaf.<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Recorded local name and field observations ==

The label gives the local name as ''Po kan cha'' and describes the plant as a ''Shrub, common in primary forest. Flowers white.''<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

The older label names the plant ''Cannabis sativa Linn.''<ref name="Sheet"/> The Forest Herbarium label and the catalogue give ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="BKF"/> No determiner is named.

</div>

Nuphakdi 14 (1945)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:52:41 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Forest Herbarium (BKF), SN 009260 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Nuphakdi 14 herbarium specimen, Saraburi (1945)
|accession_id = Nuphakdi 14 (1945)
|image = Nuphakdi 14 specimen SN009260.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with a branched, flowering Cannabis sativa stem held by paper strips, and a Flora of Siam label handwritten in Thai.
|image_caption = Nuphakdi 14, held by the Forest Herbarium (BKF) as barcode SN 009260 (fair use)
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Saraburi Province
|admin_2 = Mueang Saraburi District
|locality = Khung I Suea
|coordinates =
|elevation =
|local_name = กัญชา


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1945-08-18
|collector = C. Nuphakdi


|specimen_repository = Forest Herbarium (BKF)
|catalogue_number = SN 009260
|occurrence_id = https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009260&typedb=optmain
|collector_number = Nuphakdi, C. 14
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Nuphakdi 14''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected at Khung I Suea in [[Mueang Saraburi District]], [[Saraburi Province]], [[Thailand]], on 18 August 1945. The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds the sheet as accession BKF 8262, barcode [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009260&typedb=optmain SN 009260].<ref name="BKF">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 009260 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009260&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The printed ''Flora of Siam'' label of the ''Royal Forest Department'' is filled in by hand in Thai. It gives the locality as คุ้งอีเสือ อ.เมือง จ.สระบุรี, Khung I Suea in the Mueang district of Saraburi. It gives the date as 18 ส.ค. 88.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 009260 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/009260_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The catalogue reads the date as 18 August 1945 and gives the collector as ''Nuphakdi, C.''<ref name="BKF"/> The label carries the collector's number 14 and a signature in Thai.<ref name="Sheet"/> No altitude is recorded.

== Recorded local name ==

The label gives the local name as กัญชา. Its note reads ใบเขียว ดอกขาว, green leaves and white flowers.<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

The label carries the determination ''Cannabis sativa Linn.'', initialled and dated ''20.IX.58''.<ref name="Sheet"/> The same initials and date appear on a sheet of [[Suvannasuddhi 457 (1940)|Suvannasuddhi 457]]. The catalogue records the plant as ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="BKF"/>

</div>

Suvannasuddhi 457 (1940)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:52:33 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Forest Herbarium (BKF), SN 009251 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Suvannasuddhi 457 herbarium gathering, Phrae (1940)
|accession_id = Suvannasuddhi 457 (1940)
|image = Suvannasuddhi 457 specimen SN009252.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with a leafy Cannabis sativa stem ending in a flowering spike, and a printed Flora of Siam label filled in by hand in Thai.
|image_caption = Suvannasuddhi 457, held by the Forest Herbarium (BKF) as barcode SN 009252 (fair use)
|show_map = yes


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Phrae Province
|admin_2 = Mueang Phrae District
|locality = Forestry School, Phrae
|coordinates = 18.14, 100.14
|elevation =
|local_name = ป่านแม้ว


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1940-08-01
|collector = S. Suvannasuddhi


|specimen_repository = Forest Herbarium (BKF)
|catalogue_number = SN 009251; SN 009252; SN 232958; SN 232959; SN 232960
|occurrence_id = https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009251&typedb=optmain
|collector_number = Suvannasuddhi, S. 457
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Suvannasuddhi 457''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected at the Forestry School in [[Phrae]], [[Northern Thailand|northern Thailand]], on 1 August 1940. The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds the gathering on five sheets, barcodes [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009251&typedb=optmain SN 009251], SN 009252, SN 232958, SN 232959 and SN 232960. Its catalogue files all five under accession BKF 97905 and gives the collector as ''Suvannasuddhi, S.''<ref name="BKF251">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 009251 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009251&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="BKF252">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 009252 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009252&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="BKF958">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 232958 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=232958&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="BKF959">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 232959 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=232959&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="BKF960">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 232960 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=232960&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

Each sheet carries a printed ''Flora of Siam'' label of the ''Royal Forest Department'', filled in by hand in Thai. The labels give the locality as โรงเรียนวนศาสตร์ แพร่ or โรงเรียนวนศาสตร์ จังหวัดแพร่. They give the collector's number as ๔๕๗, that is 457.<ref name="Sheet251">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 009251 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/009251_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="Sheet252">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 009252 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/009252_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The date is written ๑/๘/๘๓. The catalogue reads it as 1 August 1940.<ref name="BKF251"/> No altitude is recorded. The labels are signed by the collector สมคิด.<ref name="Sheet251"/>

== Recorded local name ==

All five labels give the local name as ป่านแม้ว.<ref name="Sheet251"/><ref name="Sheet252"/><ref name="Sheet958">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 232958 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/232958_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="Sheet959">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 232959 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/232959_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="Sheet960">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 232960 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/232960_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Specimen and identification ==

The labels describe the plants as ''Shrub'' and ''dioecious''. Three give the height as สูงประมาณ ๖-๘ ฟุต, about 6 to 8 feet.<ref name="Sheet251"/><ref name="Sheet252"/><ref name="Sheet959"/> SN 232958 and SN 232960 give it as ๗-๘ ฟุต, 7 to 8 feet. Both add the phrase ปลูกขึ้นเอง.<ref name="Sheet958"/><ref name="Sheet960"/> SN 232958 carries a packet marked ''Staminate flowers.'' and dated ''1-8-83''.<ref name="Sheet958"/>

The labels name the plant ''Cannabis sativa'', L. or Linn. SN 009252 carries a later determination, ''Cannabis sativa Linn.'', initialled and dated ''20.IX.58''.<ref name="Sheet252"/> The catalogue records all five sheets as ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="BKF251"/>

</div>

Garrett 852 (1933)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:52:23 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Forest Herbarium (BKF), SN 009248 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Garrett 852 herbarium specimen, Doi Langka (1933)
|accession_id = Garrett 852 (1933)
|image = Garrett 852 specimen SN009248.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with a tall, flowering Cannabis sativa stem marked male, and a printed Siam Forest Service label.
|image_caption = Garrett 852, held by the Forest Herbarium (BKF) as barcode SN 009248 (fair use)
|show_map = yes


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Lampang Province
|admin_2 = Mueang Pan District
|locality = Doi Langka
|coordinates = 18.97, 99.42
|elevation = 1100
|local_name = Pān (ป่าน)


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1933-12-02
|collector = H. B. G. Garrett


|specimen_repository = Forest Herbarium (BKF)
|catalogue_number = SN 009248
|occurrence_id = https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009248&typedb=optmain
|collector_number = Garrett, H.B.G. 852
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Garrett 852''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected on [[Doi Langka]] in [[Northern Thailand|northern Thailand]] on 2 December 1933 by [[H. B. G. Garrett]]. The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds the sheet as accession BKF 4603, barcode [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009248&typedb=optmain SN 009248].<ref name="BKF">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 009248 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009248&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The printed label of the ''Siam Forest Service'' gives the locality as ''Doi Langka'' and ''Mê Soi'' (in Thai, ดอยลังกา and แม่สอย). It gives the altitude as ''Aneroid c 1100 metres''.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 009248 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/009248_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> It carries Garrett's number 852 and the date ''2 Dec 1933''. A string tag on the stem repeats ''852 2/12 1933''.<ref name="Sheet"/> The Forest Herbarium's catalogue gives the major area as Chiang Rai.<ref name="BKF"/>

== Recorded local name and use ==

The label gives the local name as ''Pān'', with the Thai ป่าน. It describes the plants as ''Shrubs about 10 ft'' and records them as ''Cultivated by Mêo people for weaving''.<ref name="Sheet"/> Writing in 1987, David Filbeck noted that the people called Meo had come to be called [[Hmong people|Hmong]], the name they use for themselves.<ref name="Filbeck">{{cite journal |last=Filbeck |first=David |year=1987 |title=New Ethnic Names for the Tin of Nan Province |journal=Journal of the Siam Society |volume=75 |page=129 |url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1987/03/JSS_075_0h_Filbeck_NewEthnicNamesForTinOfNan.pdf |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Specimen and identification ==

The label names the plant ''Cannabis sativa'', Linn.<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogue records it as ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="BKF"/> The sheet carries a tall flowering stem and is marked with the male sign. Its colour entry reads ''Fl.: pale green''.<ref name="Sheet"/> [[Garrett 851 (1933)|Garrett 851]], collected at the same place on the same day, is marked with the female sign.

</div>

Garrett 851 (1933)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:52:14 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New herbarium accession: Forest Herbarium (BKF), SN 009247 (Thai herbarium batch)

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Garrett 851 herbarium specimen, Doi Langka (1933)
|accession_id = Garrett 851 (1933)
|image = Garrett 851 specimen L1592634.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with a leafy Cannabis sativa branch bearing a dense cluster of fruits, and a small printed Kew herbarium label.
|image_caption = Garrett 851, the duplicate held by the Naturalis Biodiversity Center as catalogue L.1592634 (CC0)
|show_map = yes


|classification = Other


|country = Thailand
|province = Lampang Province
|admin_2 = Mueang Pan District
|locality = Doi Langka
|coordinates = 18.97, 99.42
|elevation = 1100
|local_name = Pān (ป่าน)


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1933-12-02
|collector = H. B. G. Garrett


|specimen_repository = Forest Herbarium (BKF)
|catalogue_number = SN 009247
|occurrence_id = https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009247&typedb=optmain
|collector_number = Garrett, H.B.G. 851
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Garrett 851''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected on [[Doi Langka]] in [[Northern Thailand|northern Thailand]] on 2 December 1933 by [[H. B. G. Garrett]]. The [[Forest Herbarium (BKF)]] in [[Bangkok]] holds the sheet as accession BKF 4602, barcode [https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009247&typedb=optmain SN 009247].<ref name="BKF">{{cite web |title=Cannabis sativa L., barcode 009247 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/collections/collectionsdetails.html?rfdno=009247&typedb=optmain |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> A duplicate of the gathering, received from the Kew herbarium, is held by the [[Naturalis Biodiversity Center]] as [https://bioportal.naturalis.nl/specimen/L.1592634 catalogue L.1592634]<ref name="Bioportal">{{cite web |title=Specimen L.1592634 |website=Naturalis Bioportal |publisher=Naturalis Biodiversity Center |url=https://bioportal.naturalis.nl/specimen/L.1592634 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> and published by [[GBIF]] as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2513888669 preserved specimen occurrence 2513888669].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 2513888669: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2513888669 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The printed label of the ''Siam Forest Service'' gives the locality as ''Doi Langkā'' and ''Mê Soi'' (in Thai, ดอยลังกา and แม่สอย). It gives the altitude as ''Aneroid c 1100 metres''.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet SN 009247 |website=Forest Herbarium collections |publisher=Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation |url=https://botany.dnp.go.th/image/Specimens/Cannabaceae/009247_1.jpg |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> It carries Garrett's number 851 and the date ''2 Dec 1933''. A string tag on the stem repeats ''851 2/12 1933''.<ref name="Sheet"/> The Forest Herbarium's catalogue gives the major area as Chiang Rai.<ref name="BKF"/>

== Recorded local name and use ==

The label gives the local name as ''Pān'', with the Thai ป่าน. It describes the plants as ''Shrubs about 10 ft'' and records them as ''Cultivated by Mêo people for weaving''.<ref name="Sheet"/> Writing in 1987, David Filbeck noted that the people called Meo had come to be called [[Hmong people|Hmong]], the name they use for themselves.<ref name="Filbeck">{{cite journal |last=Filbeck |first=David |year=1987 |title=New Ethnic Names for the Tin of Nan Province |journal=Journal of the Siam Society |volume=75 |page=129 |url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1987/03/JSS_075_0h_Filbeck_NewEthnicNamesForTinOfNan.pdf |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Specimen and identification ==

The label names the plant ''Cannabis sativa'', Linn.<ref name="Sheet"/> The catalogue records it as ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="BKF"/> The sheet carries a leafy branch with a dense cluster of fruits and is marked with the female sign. Its colour entry reads ''Green''.<ref name="Sheet"/> [[Garrett 852 (1933)|Garrett 852]], collected at the same place on the same day, is marked with the male sign.

The Leiden duplicate carries the label ''Ex Herb. Hort. Bot. Reg. Kew.'' and the entry ''Siam 851'', ''Cannabis sativa L.'', ''2.12.33'', ''H.B. Garrett''.<ref name="LeidenSheet">{{cite web |title=Digitised sheet L.1592634 |website=Naturalis media library |publisher=Naturalis Biodiversity Center |url=https://medialib.naturalis.nl/file/id/L.1592634/format/large |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

</div>

Berar Province

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:38:42 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New page: Berar, the Hyderabad Assigned Districts, and its hemp-drug administration (IHDC vols. I, III and VII; the 1895 Resolution; Imperial Gazetteer of India, Berar, 1909)

{{Short description|Province under British administration, assigned by Hyderabad State in 1853}}
{{Infobox Admin Subdivision
|name = Berar
|historical = yes
|subdivision_type = Province
|formation_date = 1853
|formation_note = assigned to British administration by treaty with the Nizam of Hyderabad
}}
'''Berar''', called in its excise papers the '''Hyderabad Assigned Districts''',<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Administration">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. III: Appendices, Miscellaneous |location=Simla |publisher=Government Central Printing Office |chapter=Memorandum on hemp drugs in Berar |pages=111–113 |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0003 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> was a province formed from territory of [[Hyderabad State]] that its ruler, the Nizam, assigned to the [[East India Company]] under a treaty of 1853.<ref name="IGIBerar1909-assignment">{{cite book |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Berar |location=Calcutta |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |year=1909 |page=14 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.146800 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The Resident at Hyderabad governed it until October 1903, when its administration passed to the Chief Commissioner of the [[Central Provinces (British India)|Central Provinces]].<ref name="IGIBerar1909-lease">{{cite book |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Berar |location=Calcutta |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |year=1909 |page=16 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.146800 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="IGIBerar1909-administration">{{cite book |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Berar |location=Calcutta |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |year=1909 |page=43 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.146800 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> In the 1890s Berar was one of five provinces in which ''[[ganja]]'' was cultivated.<ref name="GoIRes1895-prohibition">{{cite report |author=Government of India |publisher=Finance and Commerce Department, Separate Revenue (Excise) |title=Resolution No. 1369 Ex. [on the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission] |date=21 March 1895 |location=Calcutta |at=VI. Question of prohibition, paras. 33–37, pp. 11–12 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74915572 |via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref> The crop was small and grown in three districts, [[Akola District|Akola]], [[Buldhana District|Buldhana]] and [[Amravati District|Amravati]]. The province also imported ganja from [[Khandwa]] in the Central Provinces.<ref name="IHDC1894-I-ch15-Berar">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. I: Report |location=Simla |publisher=Government Central Printing Office |at=ch. XV, "Existing systems described", para. 630, p. 307 |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0001 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The provincial gazetteer of 1909 records that the cultivation of the hemp plant in Berar "has hitherto been prohibited" and that licensed vendors drew their supplies from the Government warehouse at Khandwa.<ref name="IGIBerar1909-hempdrugs">{{cite book |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Berar |location=Calcutta |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |year=1909 |page=54 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.146800 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

== Status and administration ==
Under the treaty of 1853 the British Government undertook to maintain the Hyderabad Contingent. To pay for the force and "in satisfaction of the other claims", districts yielding a gross revenue of 50 lakhs of rupees were assigned to the Company.<ref name="IGIBerar1909-assignment"/> The gazetteer of 1909 notes that the districts so assigned "coincide in extent neither with the Berār of the Nizāms nor with the imperial ''Sūbah''".<ref name="IGIBerar1909-assignment"/> From 1853 until 1903 the province was administered by the Resident at Hyderabad, "who exercised, in respect of the province, the powers of a Chief Commissioner".<ref name="IGIBerar1909-administration"/>

The [[Indian Hemp Drugs Commission]] reported in 1894 that "Berar is not British territory, and the rules constitute a special local law issued by the Governor-General in Council in virtue of specially acquired jurisdiction". It traced the province's Abkari rules to a letter of the Government of India in the Financial Department, No. 3541, dated 10 October 1873.<ref name="IHDC1894-I-ch15-Berar"/>

In 1902 a fresh agreement with the Nizam reaffirmed "His Highness's rights over Berār" and leased the province to the Government of India in perpetuity at an annual rental of 25 lakhs of rupees. In October 1903 Berar was transferred to the administration of the Chief Commissioner of the Central Provinces.<ref name="IGIBerar1909-lease"/>

Until 1905 the province was divided into six districts ("Amraotī, Ellichpur, Wūn, Akola, Buldāna, and Bāsim"), each under a Deputy Commissioner. They were then rearranged into four.<ref name="IGIBerar1909-administration"/> An unsigned memorandum on hemp drugs in Berar, printed in the commission's third volume, gave the population at the last census as 2,897,040 and the area as "over 17,000 square miles".<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Administration"/>

== Cannabis in Berar ==
=== History ===
The cultivation of ganja and ''[[bhang]]'' in Berar was not restricted until 1875. Rules issued by a notification dated 5 August 1874 came into force on 1 April 1875 and prohibited cultivation except under a licence from the Deputy Commissioner. The licence was "written on a stamp paper of Rs. 8 (to be supplied by the cultivator) without reference to the area cultivated". Village officers had to report unlicensed cultivation at once. Deputy Commissioners could destroy unlicensed crops and plants of spontaneous growth. An unlicensed grower was liable to a fine of up to 100 rupees for each offence, half of which was paid to the informer as a reward.<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Administration"/>

In 1884 the fee was raised "from Rs. 8 per license to Rs. 10 per acre or part of an acre cultivated". Vendors of ganja and bhang were at the same time required to keep accounts of their receipts and disbursements. By the memorandum's account, "from the year 1885-86 the cultivation has gone down immensely".<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Administration"/> The Government of India's [[Government of India Resolution No. 1369 Ex. (1895)|resolution on the commission's report]] gives the same dates and fees in its paragraph on Bombay, which takes in Sind and Berar.<ref name="GoIRes1895-cultivation">{{cite report |author=Government of India |publisher=Finance and Commerce Department, Separate Revenue (Excise) |title=Resolution No. 1369 Ex. [on the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission] |date=21 March 1895 |location=Calcutta |at=I. Cultivation, paras. 3–14, pp. 2–5 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74915572 |via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref>

Hemp drugs were sold under a single farm with [[opium]]. The Deputy Commissioners auctioned the monopoly of vend each year and worked the farm through their tahsildars, with no separate excise officers. Because the two drugs were sold together, the value of the hemp drugs could not be stated separately.<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Administration"/> The memorandum reports a decision to separate the two from 1 April 1894.<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Administration"/> The gazetteer of 1909 likewise notes that "until 1893–4 the right to sell hemp drugs was included in the opium licences".<ref name="IGIBerar1909-hempdrugs"/>

The commission found that in Berar "the foundation has already been laid for the introduction of a system of control in respect of ganja similar to that advocated by the Commission", noting that cultivation was already restricted and an acreage duty imposed. It saw "some advantage in assimilating the system to that which exists in the Central Provinces". It also doubted that the taxation needed to restrict consumption could be reached "otherwise than by a direct duty".<ref name="IHDC1894-I-ch16-Berar">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. I: Report |location=Simla |publisher=Government Central Printing Office |at=ch. XVI, "Provincial systems examined", para. 672, p. 328 |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0001 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Among its concluding suggestions it proposed that the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] system of ganja administration be "generally followed" in the Central Provinces, [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] and Berar. After proposing licensed cultivation in limited areas and a fixed duty on ganja for Madras and Bombay, it added "that similar measures should be introduced into Berar".<ref name="IHDC1894-I-ch18">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. I: Report |location=Simla |publisher=Government Central Printing Office |at=ch. XVIII, "Summary", paras. 740–742, pp. 359–361 |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0001 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

The Government of India's resolution of 21 March 1895 approved the commission's suggestions generally and ordered that "In Berar, Ajmere, Coorg, and Quetta-Peshin the system should be assimilated to that in force in other provinces."<ref name="GoIRes1895-control">{{cite report |author=Government of India |publisher=Finance and Commerce Department, Separate Revenue (Excise) |title=Resolution No. 1369 Ex. [on the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission] |date=21 March 1895 |location=Calcutta |at=VIII. Control and taxation, paras. 46–67, pp. 14–22 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74915572 |via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref>

The gazetteer of 1909 records that "the cultivation of the hemp plant in Berār has hitherto been prohibited". Ganja and bhang were imported by licensed vendors "from the Government warehouse at Khandwā under conditions similar to those which govern the importation of opium". Figures for the revenue from hemp drugs alone were not available for years before 1894–95. That revenue averaged Rs 23,500 over the six years ending 1899–1900 and was Rs 51,000 in 1903–04.<ref name="IGIBerar1909-hempdrugs"/>

=== Cultivation ===
The memorandum states that [[Cannabis sativa|hemp]] "is cultivated in only three districts": Akola, Buldhana and Amravati. It places the crop in a small tract of Akola and Buldhana districts near the town of [[Khamgaon]] and in some villages of Morsi taluk.<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Cultivation">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. III: Appendices, Miscellaneous |location=Simla |publisher=Government Central Printing Office |chapter=Memorandum on hemp drugs in Berar |pages=106–107 |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0003 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The commission gives the same three districts and 85 acres under the crop in 1892–93.<ref name="IHDC1894-I-ch15-Berar"/> The resolution called the cultivation "insignificant" and noted "a tendency for the cultivation to increase, owing to the fact that the present production is not sufficient for the home market".<ref name="GoIRes1895-cultivation"/>

The resolution's table of cultivated area, taken from the commission's report, gives Berar 58 acres of ganja as an average of five years.<ref name="GoIRes1895-cultivation"/> The memorandum put the average "of the past seven years" at "about 55 acres per year in the whole province".<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Administration"/> Its statistical statement records more than 241 acres under the crop in 1879–80.<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-StatementC">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. III: Appendices, Miscellaneous |location=Simla |publisher=Government Central Printing Office |chapter=Memorandum on hemp drugs in Berar |at=Statement C, p. 114 |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0003 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

The Deputy Commissioner of Akola, quoted in the memorandum, described how the crop was grown. Growers needed garden land, since "ordinary black soil is apparently too stiff". The soil was ploughed twice and given as much manure as the cultivator could afford. Sowing took place at the beginning of the rains, at the same time as cotton, with a ''tiphan'' or plough drill. The ganja seed was mixed with seed of ''ambadi'' (''Hibiscus cannabinus''), whose seedlings were pulled up a fortnight after they came up; the reason, he wrote, appeared to be "to save seed and preserve a sufficient space between the ganja plants". When the plants were about a foot and a half high the male plants, which he called ''bhangia'', were removed. The crop was cut in November, when the plants were 5 feet high. They were pressed with the foot to flatten the heads, made up into sheaves and stacked in a shed under pressure. The leaves that fell when the plants were tied into bundles were collected as bhang.<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Cultivation"/>

The commission's summary adds that cultivation in Berar did "not differ materially from that of Khandwa, whence the seed seems to be imported". It describes the mixed sowing with ''Hibiscus'' as a practice the commission had "not heard of elsewhere" and calls the male plants ''bhangra''.<ref name="IHDC1894-I-ch5-Berar">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. I: Report |location=Simla |publisher=Government Central Printing Office |at=ch. V, "Methods of cultivation and matters connected therewith", para. 207, pp. 79–80 |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0001 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

The Deputy Commissioner of Akola reported that the wild plant was "not indigenous in Berar", though plants came up near the huts of ''gosains'' and other regular consumers and could be used for ganja if tended.<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Cultivation"/> The rules obliged village officers to destroy any plants of spontaneous growth. The memorandum concluded that "wild plants are an impossibility in Berar".<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Cultivation"/> The commission agreed that spontaneous growth appeared "to be successfully kept under", noting that "only one witness out of 38 can be found to say that it exists, and it may be doubted if he refers to the same plant".<ref name="IHDC1894-I-ch3-Berar">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. I: Report |location=Simla |publisher=Government Central Printing Office |at=ch. III, "The existence, prevalence, and character of the spontaneous growth", para. 69, p. 30 |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0001 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

Surgeon-Major R. B. Roe, the Civil Surgeon at Amravati, gave the commission a different account: "Indian hemp is not cultivated in Berar, but the definitions and names given apply to the imported drug."<ref name="IHDC1894-VII-Roe">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. VII: Evidence of Witnesses from Bombay, Sind, Berar, Ajmere, Coorg, Baluchistan, and Burma |location=Calcutta |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |chapter=Evidence of Surgeon-Major R. B. Roe, Civil Surgeon, Amraoti |page=335 |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0007 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

=== Preparations and consumption ===
The memorandum names ganja and bhang as "the only forms of the drug that are used by the people". Other preparations known in Berar were ''majum'', ''gulkand'' and ''yakuti''.<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Consumption">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. III: Appendices, Miscellaneous |location=Simla |publisher=Government Central Printing Office |chapter=Memorandum on hemp drugs in Berar |pages=107–109 |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0003 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ''[[Charas]]'' was not used. The memorandum explains that it "is not at all available and is not imported, being considered very costly".<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Consumption"/> Only one kind of ganja was made in the province, "the flat ganja".<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Administration"/>

To smoke ganja, the smoker placed a head of the plant on his left palm with a little water and pressed it with his right thumb, a process repeated, according to the Deputy Commissioner of Akola, "121 times over". The moisture was then squeezed out through a piece of cloth and a little tobacco was added "to enhance its effects" before the mixture was smoked in a ''[[Chilam|chillum]]''.<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Consumption"/>

Bhang was drunk "as a cooling drink in the hot weather" and was also known as ''thandai''. The flowers and leaves that dropped when the plants were tied into sheaves were cleaned, boiled, washed and dried. They were then pounded with spices and rose-buds and mixed with cold water or milk and sugar before being filtered.<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Consumption"/>

''Majum'' was made by boiling a sheaf of ganja, washing it and boiling it again with ghee, then adding spices and sugar; it was "of a green colour". The memorandum names a majum-seller at Ballapur "whose preparation is celebrated in the province", known in many places as "Deolal" after the shop's original owner. ''Gulkand'' was the same essence mixed with sugar and rose flowers.<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Consumption"/>

The memorandum describes ganja as smoked "chiefly by Kahars, Hamals, Kolees, Tellees, Gossaees, Bairagis, Mahomedans" and others. It states that ganja smoking "is considered to be a social stigma by people of good society". Bhang was drunk "chiefly by Pardeshis from Hindustan and Marwaris" and was "not considered to be so bad as ganja"; the memorandum adds that "respectable people sometimes drink it without hesitation".<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Consumption"/>

=== Religious and cultural use ===
The memorandum found "no customs similar to those in Bengal prevailing in Berar". The use of hemp formed part of no social or religious ceremony except at Mahashivratri, when the devotees of [[Shiva]] "bathe the idol of Shiva by the preparation of bhang". The drug was "not considered to be an essential material of worship", though "the god is supposed to be very fond of it".<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Consumption"/>

The commission's summary of the Berar evidence reports the use of both ganja and bhang "at the Shivratri and Holi festivals and at social gatherings". It states that "the hemp plant itself is not worshipped". According to one witness, when a consumer died the plant was kept near his corpse during the funeral ceremony.<ref name="IHDC1894-I-ch9-Berar">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. I: Report |location=Simla |publisher=Government Central Printing Office |at=ch. IX, "Social and religious customs", para. 445, p. 165 |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0001 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

== Trade and commerce ==
According to the memorandum, local production was "not sufficient for the wants of the province". Ganja came from Khandwa "in the Central Provinces, sometimes from Khandesh in the Bombay Presidency". No duty was levied on these imports.<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Administration"/> The memorandum estimated imports at about 800 maunds a year and local production at about 500 maunds, some 1,300 maunds in all. Its estimate of local production assumed 10 maunds an acre from the 55-acre average.<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Administration"/> The commission gives the same annual consumption of about 1,300 maunds.<ref name="IHDC1894-I-ch15-Berar"/> No ganja or bhang was exported from Berar.<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Administration"/>

The opium and drug farmers were the only importers of ganja and bhang and needed a pass from the Deputy Commissioner. Hemp drugs had been sold wherever an opium shop was permitted. For the following year the Deputy Commissioners fixed 229 hemp-drug shops, "one shop to every 74 square miles of country". The average retail price in Amravati district was between Rs 2 and Rs 2-4 a seer.<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Administration"/>

No excise duty was levied on hemp drugs in Berar. The only revenue came from the price of the combined opium and drug farm and from the cultivation licence fee. Licences to import were granted free.<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Administration"/>

=== Legal status ===
Under the Abkari rules the Deputy Commissioner of each district was the controlling authority. The tahsildars carried on the administration with the help of the village officers.<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Administration"/> Retail vendors kept books of their sales and could not allow the drug to be smoked on their premises. The maximum for a retail sale was 20 tolas (a quarter of a seer) of ganja or bhang and 5 tolas of charas. No limit was set on possession and no minimum price was fixed.<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Administration"/> The memorandum reported that "the smuggling of ganja has seldom been detected" and that "there is no illicit cultivation of ganja; the inspection of crops raised is too close to admit of this".<ref name="IHDC1894-III-Berar-Administration"/>

== See also ==
* [[Bengal Presidency cannabis trade]]
* [[Cannabis in West Bengal]]
* [[Ganja Mahal]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Cannabis and Colonialism]]

RSC-LAO-BOK-0120210001

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 01:26:43 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New accession: the earlier Bokeo that RSC's Bokeo #2 listing refers to, the ex-stock lot RSC gave away on both of its shops on 8 April 2021; sourced statements only, reasoning on Talk

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Bokeo General Population 2021
|accession_id = RSC-LAO-BOK-0120210001
|image =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|show_map = yes


|classification = Landrace
|accession_type = General population
|selection_type =
|sexual_characteristics =
|pollination_type =
|chemotype =
|primary_purpose = Recreation


|minimum_flowering_time =
|maximum_flowering_time =
|minimum_height =
|maximum_height =
|photoperiod_response = Short-day


|growth_pattern =
|branching =
|leaf_shape =
|leaflet_count =
|leaf_color =
|stem_color =
|stigma_color =
|serration =
|flower_structure =


|processing_method = Ganja
|processing_notes =
|aroma =
|effects =
|terpene_profile =


|gene_pool =
|regional_complex =
|growing_region =
|growing_area =
|appellation =
|field =


|country = Laos
|province = Bokeo Province
|admin_2 =
|admin_2_label =
|admin_3 =
|admin_3_label =
|admin_4 =
|admin_4_label =
|locality =
|coordinates = 20.31, 100.66
|elevation =
|aspect =


|local_name =
|pronunciation =
|vernacular_translation =
|synonyms =


|collection_method = Seeds
|sourcing_type =
|autochtonous = Yes
|collection_date =
|sample_harvest_date =
|collector =
|farmer_name =
|expedition_id =


|conservation_priority = High
|cultivation_status = Unknown
|cultivation_system_type = Unknown
|cultivation_scale =
|legal_enforcement_threats =
|eradication_date =
|population_estimate =
|male_female_ratio =
|population_hermaphroditism =
|culling =
|perceived_introgression_level = Minimal


|seed_sourcing =
|planting_method =
|cycle_1_earliest_planting =
|cycle_1_latest_planting =
|cycle_1_harvest_start =
|cycle_1_harvest_end =
|cycle_2_earliest_planting =
|cycle_2_latest_planting =
|cycle_2_harvest_start =
|cycle_2_harvest_end =
|observed_soil_type =
|soil_ph =


|seed_storage_location =
|seed_quantity =
|seed_weight =
|seed_viability =


|mother_plant_id =
|father_plant_id =
|related_accession = RSC-LAO-BOK-0120220001
|same_population_accessions =
}}

'''Bokeo General Population 2021''' is a [[Landrace Cannabis|landrace cannabis]] [[All accessions|accession]] from northern [[Laos]] which [[The Real Seed Company]] (RSC) gave away as ''Bokeo'' seed in 2021.<ref name="rsc-2021">{{cite web |title=New Freebies: 12 Rasoli + 12 ex-stock Bokeo seeds |website=The Real Seed Company |date=8 April 2021 |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/2021/04/new-freebies-12-rasoli-12-ex-stock-bokeo-seeds/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> RSC describes it as a [[Ganja|ganja]] domesticate from the Mekong region of northern Laos.<ref name="rsc-2021" /> RSC's listing for [[RSC-LAO-BOK-0120220001|Bokeo #2]], a line it sourced in 2022, describes that line as a distinct type from its earlier ''Bokeo'' offering, hence the number in its name.<ref name="rsc-bokeo2">{{cite web |title=Bokeo #2 |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/bokeo-landrace-cannabis-strain-seeds/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Geography ==

RSC's announcement of April 2021 places the line in the Mekong region of northern Laos.<ref name="rsc-2021" /> The announcement of the same day on Kwik Seeds, the shop RSC calls its other site,<ref name="rsc-hemp">{{cite web |title=Hemp & Multipurpose |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product-category/hemp-multipurpose-cultivars-landraces/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> says north Laos.<ref name="kwik-2021">{{cite web |title=New Freebies: 12 Rasoli & 12 ex-stock Bokeo seeds |website=Kwik Seeds |date=8 April 2021 |url=https://kwikseeds.com/2021/04/new-freebies-12-rasoli-12-ex-stock-bokeo-seeds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219054512/https://kwikseeds.com/2021/04/new-freebies-12-rasoli-12-ex-stock-bokeo-seeds/ |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> RSC's listing for ''Bokeo #2'' glosses the name as the Bokeo region of northwest Laos, immediately east of the [[Mekong]].<ref name="rsc-bokeo2" />

Neither announcement names a district, village or farmer, and neither gives a latitude.

== Collection Details ==

RSC gave the line away on 8 April 2021 as ex-stock freebie seed, twelve seeds with any order. It reported the seed at about 40 per cent viability, and its Kwik Seeds announcement of the same day gave the same figure.<ref name="rsc-2021" /><ref name="kwik-2021" />

Neither announcement dates or places the collection, names a collector, or gives a sourcing line of the kind RSC's catalogue listings carry.<ref name="rsc-2021" /><ref name="kwik-2021" />

== Botanical Characteristics ==

RSC reported in April 2021 that the seed was producing healthy plants with a delicate structure and heavily serrated leaflets; its Kwik Seeds announcement of the same day described vigorous plants with a delicate structure and sharply serrated leaflets.<ref name="rsc-2021" /><ref name="kwik-2021" /> Neither announcement gives a height, a flowering time, an aroma or an effect, and neither describes the resin or the smoke.

== Smoke Reports ==

{{Accession smoke reports}}

== See Also ==
* [[Landrace Cannabis]]
* [[The Real Seed Company]]
* [[RSC-LAO-BOK-0120220001|Bokeo #2 General Population 2022]]
* [[Northern Laos]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

Browse by country/Algeria

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 01:12:50 GMT

Eloise Zomia: Browse subpage for Algeria, needed by the first accessions filed under that country

Simonneau s.n., Igli (1960)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 01:12:42 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New accession: MNHN P06879997, the irrigation scheme at Igli, 29 October 1960

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Simonneau herbarium specimen, Igli (1960)
|accession_id = Simonneau s.n., Igli (1960)
|image =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Algeria
|province = Béni Abbès Province
|admin_2 =
|locality = Igli
|coordinates =
|elevation =
|local_name =


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1960-10-29
|collector = P. Simonneau


|specimen_repository = Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
|catalogue_number = P06879997
|occurrence_id = https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06879997
|collector_number = Simonneau, P. s.n.
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.
|identified_by =


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Simonneau s.n., Igli''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' credited to P. Simonneau and dated 29 October 1960. Its locality reads ''Périmètre d'irrigations d'Igli (Sahara oranais)'', which places the plant inside an irrigation scheme at [[Igli]] on the Oued Saoura, in south-western [[Algeria]]. The [[Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle]] in Paris holds the sheet as [https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06879997 catalogue P06879997].<ref name="MNHN">{{cite web |title=Specimen P06879997: Cannabis sativa L. |website=MNHN collections |publisher=Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle |url=https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06879997 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> [[GBIF]] publishes it as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731718198 occurrence 731718198].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 731718198: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731718198 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The locality is transcribed as ''Périmètre d'irrigations d'Igli (Sahara oranais)'' and the date as a full day, 29 October 1960.<ref name="MNHN"/><ref name="GBIF"/> No habitat, altitude or collection number is carried. A ''périmètre d'irrigation'' is a defined irrigated area, so the wording places the plant on watered ground without saying whether it was sown there.

''Sahara oranais'' was the French administrative name for the Saharan territory governed from [[Oran]]. Igli lies on the Oued Saoura and is now in [[Béni Abbès Province]].<ref name="OSM">{{cite web |title=Igli, Algeria |website=Nominatim |publisher=OpenStreetMap Foundation |url=https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Igli%2C+Algeria&format=jsonv2&addressdetails=1 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Specimen and identification ==

The catalogue records the preparation as a herbarium sheet and the name as ''Cannabis sativa'' L., with no determiner named.<ref name="MNHN"/><ref name="GBIF"/> One image of the sheet is published with the occurrence, under a Creative Commons Attribution licence.<ref name="GBIF"/>
</div>

Pasquier s.n., Maison-Carrée (1942)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 01:12:30 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New accession: MNHN P06780079, raised under glass at Maison-Carrée from Saharan seed, 13 June 1942

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Pasquier herbarium specimen, El Harrach (1942)
|accession_id = Pasquier s.n., Maison-Carrée (1942)
|image =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Algeria
|province = Algiers Province
|admin_2 =
|locality = El Harrach
|coordinates =
|elevation =
|local_name =


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1942-06-13
|collector = R. Pasquier


|specimen_repository = Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
|catalogue_number = P06780079
|occurrence_id = https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06780079
|collector_number = Pasquier, R. s.n.
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.
|identified_by =


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Pasquier s.n., Maison-Carrée''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' credited to R. Pasquier and dated 13 June 1942. Its locality reads ''Institut Agricole de Maison-Carrée près d'Alger, de graines de Sahara'' and its event note reads ''Cultivé en serre ombragée'', so the plant was raised under shaded glass at the agricultural institute at Maison-Carrée, now [[El Harrach]] near [[Algiers]], from seed brought out of the Sahara. The [[Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle]] in Paris holds the sheet as [https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06780079 catalogue P06780079].<ref name="MNHN">{{cite web |title=Specimen P06780079: Cannabis sativa L. |website=MNHN collections |publisher=Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle |url=https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06780079 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> [[GBIF]] publishes it as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731718383 occurrence 731718383].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 731718383: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731718383 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The locality is transcribed as ''Institut Agricole de Maison-Carrée près d'Alger, de graines de Sahara'' and the event note as ''Cultivé en serre ombragée''.<ref name="MNHN"/><ref name="GBIF"/> The date is carried as a full day, 13 June 1942. No altitude or collection number is carried.

Two statements sit in that locality. The growing place is the institute at Maison-Carrée, a town at the mouth of the Oued El Harrach now within [[Algiers]] and known as [[El Harrach]], in [[Algiers Province]].<ref name="OSM">{{cite web |title=El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria |website=Nominatim |publisher=OpenStreetMap Foundation |url=https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=El+Harrach%2C+Algiers%2C+Algeria&format=jsonv2&addressdetails=1 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The seed source is the Sahara, named as a region and not as a place. The plant on the sheet therefore stands for Saharan material grown on the coast, not for a Saharan stand.

Because the plant was raised under glass and not gathered where it grew, the geography in the infobox is the growing site. The seed's Saharan origin is recorded here and on the accession's talk page and not in a location field.

== Specimen and identification ==

The catalogue records the preparation as a herbarium sheet and the name as ''Cannabis sativa'' L., with no determiner named.<ref name="MNHN"/><ref name="GBIF"/> One image of the sheet is published with the occurrence, under a Creative Commons Attribution licence.<ref name="GBIF"/>

Three other sheets in the Algerian series state cultivation on the label: [[Durando s.n., Sig (1850)]], [[Barat s.n., Sig (1850)]] and [[Anon. s.n., Guémar (1858)]]. This one states it under glass, which makes it an experimental growing and not a field crop.
</div>

Chevalier 42218 (1931)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 01:12:19 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New accession: MNHN P00957683, Chevalier no. 42218 at Adrar, 31 December 1931

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Chevalier herbarium specimen, Adrar (1931)
|accession_id = Chevalier 42218 (1931)
|image =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Algeria
|province = Adrar Province
|admin_2 =
|locality = Adrar
|coordinates =
|elevation =
|local_name =


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1931-12-31
|collector = A. Chevalier


|specimen_repository = Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
|catalogue_number = P00957683
|occurrence_id = https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p00957683
|collector_number = Chevalier, A. 42218
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.
|identified_by = A. Chevalier


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Chevalier 42218''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected by [[Auguste Chevalier]] at [[Adrar]], in the Touat of south-western [[Algeria]] and dated 31 December 1931. The [[Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle]] in Paris holds the sheet as [https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p00957683 catalogue P00957683].<ref name="MNHN">{{cite web |title=Specimen P00957683: Cannabis sativa L. |website=MNHN collections |publisher=Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle |url=https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p00957683 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> [[GBIF]] publishes it as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1987025402 occurrence 1987025402].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 1987025402: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1987025402 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The catalogue gives the locality as the single word ''Adrar'', the field number as 42218 and the date as 31 December 1931.<ref name="MNHN"/><ref name="GBIF"/> No habitat, altitude or cultivation note is carried.

Adrar is the largest settlement of the Touat oasis group, in the Algerian Sahara.<ref name="Adrar">{{cite web |title=Adrar |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Adrar-oasis-Algeria |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> It lies in [[Adrar Province]].<ref name="OSM">{{cite web |title=Adrar, Algeria |website=Nominatim |publisher=OpenStreetMap Foundation |url=https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Adrar%2C+Algeria&format=jsonv2&addressdetails=1 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

[[Auguste Chevalier]] lived from 1873 to 1956, so a gathering of 1931 falls inside his working life.<ref name="IPNI">{{cite web |title=Chevalier, Auguste Jean Baptiste (1873-1956) |website=International Plant Names Index |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria and Australian National Botanic Gardens |url=https://www.ipni.org/a/1584-1 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> He is also named as the determiner of the sheet.<ref name="MNHN"/><ref name="GBIF"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

The catalogue records the preparation as a herbarium sheet and the name as ''Cannabis sativa'' L.<ref name="MNHN"/><ref name="GBIF"/> One image of the sheet is published with the occurrence, credited to Fabrice Clermont and issued under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence, which is a narrower licence than the rest of the Algerian series carries.<ref name="GBIF"/>
</div>

Faurel s.n., Maison-Carrée (1930)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 01:12:07 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New accession: MNHN P06879996, Faurel by the dunes at Maison-Carrée, 16 April 1930

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Faurel herbarium specimen, El Harrach (1930)
|accession_id = Faurel s.n., Maison-Carrée (1930)
|image =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Algeria
|province = Algiers Province
|admin_2 =
|locality = El Harrach
|coordinates =
|elevation =
|local_name =


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1930-04-16
|collector = L. Faurel


|specimen_repository = Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
|catalogue_number = P06879996
|occurrence_id = https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06879996
|collector_number = Faurel, L. s.n.
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.
|identified_by =


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Faurel s.n., Maison-Carrée''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' credited to [[Louis Faurel]] and dated 16 April 1930. Its locality reads ''Près des dunes de Maison-Carrée, environs d'Alger'' and its event note reads ''Terres incultes'', so the sheet places the plant on uncultivated ground by the dunes at Maison-Carrée, now [[El Harrach]] on the eastern edge of [[Algiers]], in [[Algeria]]. The [[Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle]] in Paris holds the sheet as [https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06879996 catalogue P06879996].<ref name="MNHN">{{cite web |title=Specimen P06879996: Cannabis sativa L. |website=MNHN collections |publisher=Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle |url=https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06879996 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> [[GBIF]] publishes it as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731718197 occurrence 731718197].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 731718197: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731718197 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The locality is transcribed as ''Près des dunes de Maison-Carrée, environs d'Alger'' and the event note as ''Terres incultes''.<ref name="MNHN"/><ref name="GBIF"/> The date is carried as a full day, 16 April 1930. No altitude or collection number is carried.

Maison-Carrée is [[El Harrach]], a town at the mouth of the Oued El Harrach that is now a district of Algiers, in [[Algiers Province]].<ref name="OSM">{{cite web |title=El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria |website=Nominatim |publisher=OpenStreetMap Foundation |url=https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=El+Harrach%2C+Algiers%2C+Algeria&format=jsonv2&addressdetails=1 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> A sheet from the agricultural institute in the same town twelve years later, [[Pasquier s.n., Maison-Carrée (1942)]], records the opposite condition: a plant raised under glass from Saharan seed.<ref name="Pasquier">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 731718383: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731718383 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

[[Louis Faurel]] lived from 1907 to 1973 and worked on the Algerian flora, so a gathering of 1930 falls inside his working life, in his early twenties.<ref name="IPNI">{{cite web |title=Faurel, Louis (1907-1973) |website=International Plant Names Index |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria and Australian National Botanic Gardens |url=https://www.ipni.org/a/2647-1 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Specimen and identification ==

The catalogue records the preparation as a herbarium sheet and the name as ''Cannabis sativa'' L., with no determiner named.<ref name="MNHN"/><ref name="GBIF"/> A leaf sample was taken from the sheet in March 2021 for C. J. Grassa at Harvard University, under request 156515, the same sampling that reached [[Steinheil s.n., Bône (1834)]].<ref name="GBIF"/> One image of the sheet is published with the occurrence, under a Creative Commons Attribution licence.<ref name="GBIF"/>
</div>

Brichi s.n., Alger (1909)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 01:11:55 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New accession: BRNU 301895, Mustapha Brichi at Algiers, 29 May 1909, filed as var. kif

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Brichi herbarium specimen, Algiers (1909)
|accession_id = Brichi s.n., Alger (1909)
|image =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Algeria
|province = Algiers Province
|admin_2 =
|locality = Algiers
|coordinates =
|elevation =
|local_name =


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1909-05-29
|collector = M. Brichi


|specimen_repository = Masaryk University Herbarium
|catalogue_number = BRNU 301895
|occurrence_id = https://brnu.jacq.org/BRNU301895
|collector_number = Brichi, M. s.n.
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa var. kif A.DC.
|identified_by = M. Brichi


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Brichi s.n., Alger''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected by Mustapha Brichi on 29 May 1909 at [[Algiers]], in [[Algeria]]. It is filed under the name ''Cannabis sativa'' L. var. ''kif'' A.DC., which sets it apart from the rest of the Algerian series and its label records the plant on uncultivated ground. The [[Masaryk University Herbarium]] at Brno holds the sheet as [https://brnu.jacq.org/BRNU301895 catalogue BRNU 301895].<ref name="BRNU">{{cite web |title=BRNU301895: Cannabis sativa L. var. kif A.DC. |website=JACQ Virtual Herbaria |publisher=Masaryk University |url=https://brnu.jacq.org/BRNU301895 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> [[GBIF]] publishes it as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/6176582350 occurrence 6176582350].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 6176582350: Cannabis sativa var. kif A.DC. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/6176582350 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The catalogue gives the label as ''Alger, lieux incultes'', the date as 29 May 1909 and the collection number as ''s.n.''<ref name="BRNU"/> Its annotations read ''Herbaier de l'Afrique du nord; duplicatum ex Herbario Universitatis Icosiensis'', which places the sheet as a duplicate from the herbarium of the University of Algiers.<ref name="BRNU"/> No habitat or altitude is carried beyond the ''lieux incultes'' of the label.

Algiers lies in [[Algiers Province]].<ref name="OSM">{{cite web |title=Algiers, Algeria |website=Nominatim |publisher=OpenStreetMap Foundation |url=https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Algiers%2C+Algeria&format=jsonv2&addressdetails=1 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The publisher supplies a georeference of 36.76306 north, 3.05056 east with a stated uncertainty of two kilometres.<ref name="BRNU"/><ref name="GBIF"/> The georeference is not asserted in this accession, because it locates the town and not the stand.

== Specimen and identification ==

The sheet is recorded as a herbarium sheet and was determined by Mustapha Brichi, who also collected it.<ref name="BRNU"/> The identification history reads ''orig.: Cannabis sativa var. kif'' and the catalogue carries ''Cannabis sativa'' L. as the current name alongside the name the sheet is stored under.<ref name="BRNU"/> No image of the sheet is published by either the herbarium or GBIF.

''Cannabis sativa'' var. ''kif'' was erected by [[Alphonse de Candolle]] in 1869 for the plant ''cultivated in Algeria under the name Kif or Tekrouri'', on the account [[Isidore Dukerley]] had given the [[Société botanique de France]] three years earlier.<ref name="Prodromus">{{cite book |last=Candolle |first=Alphonse de |title=Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis |volume=16, part 1 |year=1869 |publisher=Victor Masson et fils |location=Paris |pages=31 |language=la |url=https://archive.org/details/prodromussystem21candgoog}}</ref><ref name="Dukerley1866">{{cite journal |last=Dukerley |first=Isidore |title=Note sur les différences que présente avec le chanvre ordinaire la variété de cette espèce connue en Algérie sous les noms de Kif et de Tekrouri |journal=Bulletin de la Société botanique de France |volume=13 |year=1866 |pages=401–405 |url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002239975 |language=fr}}</ref> A sheet by Dukerley himself is [[Dukerley s.n., Bône (s.d.)]].
</div>

Dukerley s.n., Bône (s.d.)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 01:11:45 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New accession: Meise BR0000023200425, Dr Dukerley in Algeria, label undated

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Dukerley herbarium specimen, Annaba (undated)
|accession_id = Dukerley s.n., Bône (s.d.)
|image = Dukerley specimen BR0000023200425.jpg
|image_alt = Digitised herbarium sheet with a female Cannabis shoot in fruit, a bare stem, a stem with its root, a handwritten label and a printed Bullemont collection label.
|image_caption = The Dukerley sheet, held by Meise Botanic Garden as catalogue BR0000023200425 (CC BY 4.0)
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Algeria
|province = Annaba Province
|admin_2 =
|locality = Annaba
|coordinates =
|elevation =
|local_name =


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date =
|collector = Dukerley


|specimen_repository = Meise Botanic Garden
|catalogue_number = BR0000023200425
|occurrence_id = https://www.botanicalcollections.be/specimen/BR0000023200425
|collector_number = Dukerley s.n.
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.
|identified_by =


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Dukerley s.n., Bône''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' collected in [[Algeria]] by a Dr Dukerley. Its label states cultivation and leaves the year unfinished, so no collection date is asserted. [[Meise Botanic Garden]] holds the sheet as [https://www.botanicalcollections.be/specimen/BR0000023200425 catalogue BR0000023200425].<ref name="Meise">{{cite web |title=Specimen BR0000023200425: Cannabis sativa L. |website=Botanical Collections |publisher=Meise Botanic Garden |url=https://www.botanicalcollections.be/specimen/BR0000023200425 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> [[GBIF]] publishes it as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2243247911 occurrence 2243247911].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 2243247911: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2243247911 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The handwritten label at the foot of the sheet is in one hand in brown ink. It reads ''Cannabis sativa L.'', then ''cult. Bon'' followed by a long horizontal stroke, then ''Algérie.'' at the right and below that ''coll. D{{sup|r}} Dukerley,'' at the left against ''18'' and a full stop at the right.<ref name="Sheet">{{cite web |title=Specimen BR0000023200425: Cannabis sativa L., IIIF manifest |website=Meise Botanic Garden IIIF service |publisher=Agentschap Plantentuin Meise |url=https://iiif-manifest.oxalis.br.fgov.be/specimen/BR0000023200425/manifest |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The century is written and the year is not, so the sheet dates from the nineteenth century and no closer.<ref name="Sheet"/>

The abbreviation ''cult.'' states cultivation. The place is written ''Bon'' and then broken off. Isidore Dukerley's own published work places his cannabis observations at Bône, now [[Annaba]]: a note he sent to the [[Société botanique de France]] in 1866 opens with an expert examination he had conducted at Bône at the end of July 1865.<ref name="Dukerley1866">{{cite journal |last=Dukerley |first=Isidore |title=Note sur les différences que présente avec le chanvre ordinaire la variété de cette espèce connue en Algérie sous les noms de Kif et de Tekrouri |journal=Bulletin de la Société botanique de France |volume=13 |year=1866 |pages=401–405 |url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002239975 |language=fr}}</ref>

The catalogue carries none of this. Its locality is recorded as ''S.L.'', for ''sine loco'', its date as ''S.D.'', for ''sine dato'' and its collector as ''Dukerley E.''<ref name="Meise"/><ref name="GBIF"/> The country is coded as Algeria.<ref name="Meise"/>

== Custody ==

A slip at the head of the sheet reads ''Herbier L. de Bullemont''.<ref name="Sheet"/> A printed curatorial label records the Bullemont collection and names ''Dukerley'' and ''G.L. Durando'' among the botanists whose material reached it; [[Durando s.n., Sig (1850)]] is a sheet by the second of them.<ref name="Sheet"/> The same label states that the collection was transferred from Leuven to Meise in 1999. A violet stamp beneath it reads ''Universitas Lovaniensis, Herbarium Instituti Carnoy''.<ref name="Sheet"/>

== Specimen and identification ==

Three pieces are mounted: a leafy shoot with a dense terminal head, a bare slender stem and a stem with its root attached.<ref name="Sheet"/> The head is pistillate. Its bracts are packed in tight clusters, several hold rounded pale achenes and dried stigmas curl out between them.<ref name="Sheet"/> The leaflets are narrow and sharply serrate.

The catalogue records the name as ''Cannabis sativa'' L. and the preparation as a herbarium sheet.<ref name="Meise"/> A printed label at the lower left reads ''Population dynamics in Cannabaceae, Leaf tissue removed for DNA, Christopher J. Grassa (ECON) - 2018/07/02, Harvard University Herbaria''.<ref name="Sheet"/>

== The kif variety ==

Dukerley's 1866 note described the cannabis grown in Algeria under the names ''kif'' and ''[[tekrouri]]'' and set out how its seed and its pistillate plants differ from ordinary hemp. He leaned towards treating it as a form of the same species and not a separate one.<ref name="Dukerley1866"/> Three years later [[Alphonse de Candolle]] took up that account in the ''[[Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis|Prodromus]]'', where the variety ''kif'' is defined as the plant ''cultivated in Algeria under the name Kif or Tekrouri'' and the reader is referred to Dukerley for the full description.<ref name="Prodromus">{{cite book |last=Candolle |first=Alphonse de |title=Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis |volume=16, part 1 |year=1869 |publisher=Victor Masson et fils |location=Paris |pages=31 |language=la |url=https://archive.org/details/prodromussystem21candgoog}}</ref> That name, ''Cannabis sativa'' var. ''kif'' A.DC., is the one under which [[Brichi s.n., Alger (1909)]] is filed at Brno.<ref name="BRNU">{{cite web |title=BRNU301895: Cannabis sativa L. var. kif A.DC. |website=JACQ Virtual Herbaria |publisher=Masaryk University |url=https://brnu.jacq.org/BRNU301895 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>
</div>

Anon. s.n., Guémar (1858)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 01:11:34 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New accession: MNHN P06886058, cultivated in the oasis of Guémar in the Souf, 17 April 1858

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Herbarium specimen from the oasis of Guémar (1858)
|accession_id = Anon. s.n., Guémar (1858)
|image =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Algeria
|province = El Oued Province
|admin_2 =
|locality = Guémar
|coordinates =
|elevation =
|local_name =


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1858-04-17
|collector =


|specimen_repository = Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
|catalogue_number = P06886058
|occurrence_id = https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06886058
|collector_number =
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.
|identified_by =


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Anon. s.n., Guémar''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' dated 17 April 1858, whose locality reads ''Cultivé dans l'oasis de Guémar (Souf)''. The wording places the plant under cultivation in the oasis of [[Guémar]], in the [[Souf]] of south-eastern [[Algeria]]. No collector is named: the catalogue carries the abbreviation ''s.c.'', for ''sine collectore''. The [[Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle]] in Paris holds the sheet as [https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06886058 catalogue P06886058].<ref name="MNHN">{{cite web |title=Specimen P06886058: Cannabis sativa L. |website=MNHN collections |publisher=Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle |url=https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06886058 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> [[GBIF]] publishes it as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731738679 occurrence 731738679].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 731738679: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731738679 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The locality is transcribed as ''Cultivé dans l'oasis de Guémar (Souf)'' and the date is carried as a full day, 17 April 1858.<ref name="MNHN"/><ref name="GBIF"/> No habitat, altitude or collection number is carried and no collector is named on either the catalogue or the occurrence.

Guémar is a town of the Souf, the belt of oasis settlements around [[El Oued]] in the north-eastern Algerian Sahara. It lies in [[El Oued Province]].<ref name="OSM">{{cite web |title=Guémar, El Oued, Algeria |website=Nominatim |publisher=OpenStreetMap Foundation |url=https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Guemar%2C+El+Oued%2C+Algeria&format=jsonv2&addressdetails=1 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

Cultivation stated on a label carries further than a bare occurrence, because it places the plant in a grower's hands and not merely in a landscape. Three other sheets in this Algerian series use the same verb: [[Durando s.n., Sig (1850)]], [[Barat s.n., Sig (1850)]] and [[Pasquier s.n., Maison-Carrée (1942)]].

== Specimen and identification ==

The catalogue records the preparation as a herbarium sheet and the name as ''Cannabis sativa'' L., with no determiner named.<ref name="MNHN"/><ref name="GBIF"/> One image of the sheet is published with the occurrence, under a Creative Commons Attribution licence.<ref name="GBIF"/>
</div>

Barat s.n., Sig (1850)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 01:11:26 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New accession: MNHN P06780078, cultivated at the Union du Sig near Oran, 1850

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Barat herbarium specimen, Sig (1850)
|accession_id = Barat s.n., Sig (1850)
|image =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Algeria
|province = Mascara Province
|admin_2 =
|locality = Sig
|coordinates =
|elevation =
|local_name =


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1850
|collector = Barat


|specimen_repository = Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
|catalogue_number = P06780078
|occurrence_id = https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06780078
|collector_number = Barat s.n.
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.
|identified_by =


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Barat s.n., Sig''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' credited to a collector named Barat and dated 1850. Its locality reads ''Cultivé à l'Union du Sig près Oran'' and its event note reads ''Originaire de l'Orient'', so the sheet records both cultivation at [[Sig]] in western [[Algeria]] and a claim about where the stock came from. The [[Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle]] in Paris holds the sheet as [https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06780078 catalogue P06780078].<ref name="MNHN">{{cite web |title=Specimen P06780078: Cannabis sativa L. |website=MNHN collections |publisher=Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle |url=https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06780078 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> [[GBIF]] publishes it as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731738640 occurrence 731738640].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 731738640: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731738640 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The locality is transcribed as ''Cultivé à l'Union du Sig près Oran'' and the event note as ''Originaire de l'Orient''.<ref name="MNHN"/><ref name="GBIF"/> The first states cultivation; the second states that the plant came from the East, without naming a place, a supplier or a date of introduction.

The date is held as a span from 1 January to 31 December 1850, the form this catalogue uses where only a year is known.<ref name="GBIF"/> No habitat, altitude or collection number is carried.

Sig lies in [[Mascara Province]], east of [[Oran]].<ref name="OSM">{{cite web |title=Sig, Mascara, Algeria |website=Nominatim |publisher=OpenStreetMap Foundation |url=https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Sig%2C+Mascara%2C+Algeria&format=jsonv2&addressdetails=1 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> A second sheet of the same year and the same establishment, [[Durando s.n., Sig (1850)]], gives its locality as ''Cultivé à l'Union agricole du Sig'' and is dated between 21 June and 22 September.<ref name="Durando">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 731718630: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731718630 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Specimen and identification ==

The catalogue records the preparation as a herbarium sheet and the name as ''Cannabis sativa'' L., with no determiner named.<ref name="MNHN"/><ref name="GBIF"/> One image of the sheet is published with the occurrence, under a Creative Commons Attribution licence.<ref name="GBIF"/>
</div>

Durando s.n., Sig (1850)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 01:11:18 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New accession: MNHN P06886052, cultivated at the Union agricole du Sig, 1850

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Durando herbarium specimen, Sig (1850)
|accession_id = Durando s.n., Sig (1850)
|image =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Algeria
|province = Mascara Province
|admin_2 =
|locality = Sig
|coordinates =
|elevation =
|local_name =


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1850
|collector = Durando


|specimen_repository = Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
|catalogue_number = P06886052
|occurrence_id = https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06886052
|collector_number = Durando s.n.
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.
|identified_by =


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Durando s.n., Sig''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' credited to [[Gaetano Durando]] and gathered in 1850. Its locality reads ''Cultivé à l'Union agricole du Sig'', which places the plant under cultivation at [[Sig]] in western [[Algeria]]. The [[Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle]] in Paris holds the sheet as [https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06886052 catalogue P06886052].<ref name="MNHN">{{cite web |title=Specimen P06886052: Cannabis sativa L. |website=MNHN collections |publisher=Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle |url=https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06886052 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> [[GBIF]] publishes it as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731718630 occurrence 731718630].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 731718630: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731718630 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The locality is transcribed as ''Cultivé à l'Union agricole du Sig''.<ref name="MNHN"/><ref name="GBIF"/> The wording states cultivation and not mere presence. No habitat, altitude or collection number is carried.

The date is a span running from 21 June to 22 September 1850, so the gathering is placed inside a season and not on a day.<ref name="GBIF"/> The infobox stores the year.

Sig lies in [[Mascara Province]], east of [[Oran]].<ref name="OSM">{{cite web |title=Sig, Mascara, Algeria |website=Nominatim |publisher=OpenStreetMap Foundation |url=https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Sig%2C+Mascara%2C+Algeria&format=jsonv2&addressdetails=1 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> A second sheet of the same year, [[Barat s.n., Sig (1850)]], gives its locality as ''Cultivé à l'Union du Sig près Oran''.<ref name="Barat">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 731738640: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731738640 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

[[Gaetano Durando]] lived from 1811 to 1892, so a gathering of 1850 falls inside his working life.<ref name="IPNI">{{cite web |title=Durando, Gaetano Leone (1811-1892) |website=International Plant Names Index |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria and Australian National Botanic Gardens |url=https://www.ipni.org/a/2403-1 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The curatorial label of the Bullemont herbarium, which holds [[Dukerley s.n., Bône (s.d.)|the Dukerley sheet]] in this batch, names ''G.L. Durando'' among the botanists whose material reached that collection.<ref name="Bullemont">{{cite web |title=Specimen BR0000023200425: Cannabis sativa L., IIIF manifest |website=Meise Botanic Garden IIIF service |publisher=Agentschap Plantentuin Meise |url=https://iiif-manifest.oxalis.br.fgov.be/specimen/BR0000023200425/manifest |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Specimen and identification ==

The catalogue records the preparation as a herbarium sheet and the name as ''Cannabis sativa'' L., with no determiner named.<ref name="MNHN"/><ref name="GBIF"/> One image of the sheet is published with the occurrence, under a Creative Commons Attribution licence.<ref name="GBIF"/>
</div>

Steinheil s.n., Bône (1834)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 01:11:09 GMT

Eloise Zomia: New accession: MNHN P06886057, Steinheil at Bône, 1834

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Steinheil herbarium specimen, Annaba (1834)
|accession_id = Steinheil s.n., Bône (1834)
|image =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|show_map = no


|classification = Other


|country = Algeria
|province = Annaba Province
|admin_2 =
|locality = Annaba
|coordinates =
|elevation =
|local_name =


|collection_method = Herbarium specimen
|sourcing_type = Historical
|collection_date = 1834
|collector = A. de Steinheil


|specimen_repository = Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
|catalogue_number = P06886057
|occurrence_id = https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06886057
|collector_number = Steinheil, A. de s.n.
|scientific_name = Cannabis sativa L.
|identified_by =


|conservation_priority =
}}

<div class="plainlinks">
'''Steinheil s.n., Bône''' is a herbarium [[All accessions|accession]] of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' credited to [[Adolphe Steinheil]] and dated 1834. Its locality is given as ''Bone'', the French colonial name for present-day [[Annaba]] in north-eastern [[Algeria]]. The [[Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle]] in Paris holds the sheet as [https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06886057 catalogue P06886057].<ref name="MNHN">{{cite web |title=Specimen P06886057: Cannabis sativa L. |website=MNHN collections |publisher=Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle |url=https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p06886057 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> [[GBIF]] publishes it as [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731718635 occurrence 731718635].<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Occurrence 731718635: Cannabis sativa L. |website=GBIF |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/731718635 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection and locality ==

The catalogue gives the locality as the single word ''Bone'' and carries no habitat, no altitude, no collection number and no month.<ref name="MNHN"/><ref name="GBIF"/> The date is held as a span from 1 January to 31 December 1834, the form this catalogue uses where only a year is known.<ref name="GBIF"/>

Bône was the French name for the port, which France took in 1832 and which is now called [[Annaba]].<ref name="Annaba">{{cite web |title=Annaba |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Annaba |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> Annaba lies in [[Annaba Province]].<ref name="OSM">{{cite web |title=Annaba, Algeria |website=Nominatim |publisher=OpenStreetMap Foundation |url=https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Annaba%2C+Algeria&format=jsonv2&addressdetails=1 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

[[Adolphe Steinheil]] lived from 1810 to 1839, so a gathering of 1834 falls inside his working life.<ref name="IPNI">{{cite web |title=Steinheil, Adolph(e) (1810-1839) |website=International Plant Names Index |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria and Australian National Botanic Gardens |url=https://www.ipni.org/a/10083-1 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Specimen and identification ==

The catalogue records the preparation as a herbarium sheet and the name as ''Cannabis sativa'' L., with no infraspecific rank and no determiner named.<ref name="MNHN"/><ref name="GBIF"/> A leaf sample was taken from the sheet in March 2021 for C. J. Grassa at Harvard University, under request 156515.<ref name="GBIF"/>

Three images of the sheet are published with the occurrence: one under a Creative Commons Attribution licence and two, credited to Corinne Sarthou and Germinal Rouhan, under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence.<ref name="GBIF"/>
</div>

Smuggling opium and charas in the stomachs of camels (1941)

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 00:29:27 GMT

Eloise Zomia:

{{Infobox Historical Source
|title_original = Smuggling opium and charas in the stomachs of camels
|title_english =
|image = Smuggling Opium in Camels.png
|image_caption = Page one of the notice
|author = E. S. Farbrother
|author_dates =
|editor =
|language = English
|composed = Received for publication 25 January 1941
|period = 20th century sources
|regional_cat = Egypt
|published = June 1941
|publisher = Manager of Publications, Delhi, for the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research
|place = Delhi
|volumes =
|pages_total = 2
|cannabis_volume = ''Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry'' vol. XI, part II
|cannabis_pages = pp. 105–106 (the whole article)
|cannabis_chapter =
|cannabis_plates = none
|growing_regions =
|varieties =
|preparations = ''[[hashish]]'' and ''[[charas]]'', named as the same resin product under Egyptian and Indian usage; opium as the co-trafficked drug
|uses_documented = None; the article documents trafficking and its detection, not consumption
|taxonomic_significance =
|digital_facsimile = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.267588
|original_held_at = National Library of Scotland, India Papers (item 75257130); Digital Library of India scan on the Internet Archive
|translation =
}}

'''Smuggling opium and charas in the stomachs of camels''' is a two-page notice by '''E. S. Farbrother''', Director of Veterinary Services, Bombay, published in June 1941 in the ''Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry''.<ref name="Farbrother1941">{{cite journal |last=Farbrother |first=E. S. |year=1941 |title=Smuggling opium and charas in the stomachs of camels |journal=Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=105–106 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.267588 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> It describes a case of October 1939 in which [[hashish]] and opium were carried into [[Egypt]] inside live camels driven across Sinai for the meat markets of the Nile valley. Its detail is anatomical as well as procedural: the notice sets out how the containers were made to stay in the rumen and what carrying them did to the animal.

The notice stands at three removes from the events it reports. Farbrother wrote from an extract published in the Excise Supplement of the ''Bombay Police Gazette'' of 1 August 1940. That extract reproduced part of the Annual Report for 1939 of the Central Narcotics Intelligence Bureau at [[Cairo]].<ref name="Farbrother1941"/> As an enforcement document passed between two colonial administrations, it is evidence of how the Egyptian and Indian drug bureaucracies described interdiction to each other as much as a record of the smuggling itself. Its praise of the Sinai police is quoted from the bureau's report and belongs to that register.

A terminology note: the article uses the Indian term ''charas'' in its title and the Egyptian term ''hashish'' in its account of the seizure, for the same resin product.

== The article and its sources ==

Farbrother was Director of Veterinary Services in Bombay. He submitted the notice for publication on 25 January 1941.<ref name="Farbrother1941"/> It appeared among the original articles of volume XI, part II of the journal, which the Manager of Publications issued at Delhi for the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research.<ref name="Farbrother1941"/>

The account is not Farbrother's own. He reprints and comments on the extract carried by the Excise Supplement of the ''Bombay Police Gazette'' of 1 August 1940, which came in turn from the Cairo bureau's annual report for 1939. Neither of those documents is reproduced in full here, so this article rests on the notice alone.<ref name="Farbrother1941"/>

== The 1939 case ==

Between 30,000 and 35,000 camels were driven into Egypt each year from the east for the meat markets of the Nile valley. In October 1939 information reached Rafa that narcotics were to be run through Sinai inside camels driven ostensibly for those markets. It was passed to El Arish and Kantara, where men driving camels across Sinai were arrested.<ref name="Farbrother1941"/>

Nine camels were put under suspicion at Kantara and three more were held at El Arish. One ground for suspicion was commercial: the owners refused ten Egyptian pounds for an animal the report valued at three.<ref name="Farbrother1941"/>

One camel held at El Arish was slaughtered. In its rumen were 27 containers with conical ends, each 15 cm long and 4 cm across. The remaining animals were then slaughtered as well. From 18 camels the authorities recovered 17.770 kilos of hashish and 62.593 kilos of opium, which the report valued at about 2,200 Egyptian pounds.<ref name="Farbrother1941"/>

== Method of concealment ==

The report described the method closely. Each container weighed about 250 g. They were weighted inside with lead so that a ruminating camel could not bring them back up. They were also made too large to pass out of the rumen into the other stomachs. They lodged in the water sacks at the sides of the rumen. Zinc was used in place of tin. The containers were soldered shut so that neither the heat nor the acids of the stomach reached the drugs. They were forced down the throat in the manner of a ball given to a horse.<ref name="Farbrother1941"/>

The report held that the rumen has little of the digestive function of the other stomachs, so the containers might lie there for weeks without upsetting the animal. It expected a camel loaded in this way to lose condition and die in the end. The run from Khan Younis to the country west of Kantara took six or seven days.<ref name="Farbrother1941"/>

== Detection and the response ==

Identifying the loaded animals was difficult because so many camels were arriving at Kantara from the east at that time.<ref name="Farbrother1941"/> The nine camels released at Kantara were rounded up again. Every one was found to be carrying narcotics in containers of the same kind.<ref name="Farbrother1941"/>

The numbers passing the quarantine stations were too large for informers to remain the main method of detection. The report stated that steps were being taken to equip each station with X-ray or similar apparatus and to submit a proportion of the camels to it as a routine measure.<ref name="Farbrother1941"/> Farbrother closed on the point that interested him as a veterinary officer, calling the case an example of the use of science in the perpetration of crime as well as in its detection.<ref name="Farbrother1941"/>

== The document as evidence ==

The notice reports a single case at second hand. Every figure in it is the Cairo bureau's. It carries no evidence about cultivation, preparation or consumption. It names no variety. What it documents is a trafficking route into Egypt from the east, the quantities seized on one occasion, a concealment method described closely enough to be tested against veterinary anatomy and the screening technology an enforcement agency proposed in 1939.<ref name="Farbrother1941"/>

The Egyptian end of that route belongs to a wider history of hashish prohibition and smuggling, which the [[Egypt]] article summarises.

== See also ==

* [[Egypt]]
* [[hashish]]
* [[charas]]

== References ==

<references />

<div style="display:none;">
[[Has region documented::Egypt]]
[[Has preparation documented::Hashish]]
[[Has preparation documented::Charas]]
[[Has source type::Scientific journal article]]
</div>

Hem Chunder Kerr

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 00:24:15 GMT

Eloise Zomia: Create: Hem Chunder Kerr, Bengal officer who reported on jute (1874) and ganja (1877); drafted and audited in authored/tasks/Hem_Chunder_Kerr_2026-09-17

{{Short description|Officer of the Government of Bengal who reported on jute in 1874 and on ganja in 1877}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Hem Chunder Kerr
|occupation = Officer in the service of the Government of Bengal
|employer = Government of Bengal
|known_for = ''[[Report on the Cultivation of, and Trade in, Ganjá in Bengal (1877)|Report on the Cultivation of, and Trade in, Gánjá in Bengal]]'' (1877)
}}
'''Hem Chunder Kerr''' was an Indian officer in the service of the Government of Bengal who compiled two official enquiries into Bengal commodity crops: a report on [[wikipedia:Jute|jute]], published in 1874, and the ''[[Report on the Cultivation of, and Trade in, Ganjá in Bengal (1877)|Report on the Cultivation of, and Trade in, Gánjá in Bengal]]'', which he submitted to the [[Board of Revenue]] on 2 April 1877.<ref name="Kerr1874-Jute">{{cite book |last=Kerr |first=Hem Chunder |year=1874 |title=Report on the Cultivation of, and Trade in, Jute in Bengal, and on Indian Fibres available for the Manufacture of Paper |location=Calcutta |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.44485 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="Kerr1877">{{cite book |last=Kerr |first=Hem Chunder |year=1877 |title=Report on the Cultivation of, and Trade in, Gánjá in Bengal |location=Calcutta |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |url=https://tufs.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/11042 |doi=10.15026/10837 |via=Tokyo University of Foreign Studies Library}} Read in the reprint in ''East India (Consumption of Ganja)'' (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1893), pp. 94–154; paragraph numbers are Kerr's.</ref><ref name="Prain1893">{{cite book |last=Prain |first=D. |year=1893 |title=Report on the Cultivation and Use of Gánjá |location=Calcutta |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74913508 |via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref>

The ganja report was the first detailed official account of [[ganja]] cultivation in the [[Ganja Mahal]] of [[Naogaon]], and it remained the standard description for the rest of the century. The [[wikipedia:House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] ordered it reprinted in 1893, and the [[Indian Hemp Drugs Commission]], reporting the following year, called it the basis of the information furnished by most of its witnesses.<ref name="IHDC1894-I-ch5-Bengal">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. I: Report |location=Simla |publisher=Government Central Printing Office |at=ch. V, "Methods of cultivation and matters connected therewith", paras. 155–164, pp. 60–63 |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0001 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Kerr himself gave written evidence to the Commission in 1893–94, by which time he had retired from the grade of Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector and was serving as Sub-Registrar of [[Sealdah]].<ref name="IHDC1894-IV-Kerr">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. IV: Evidence of Witnesses from Bengal and Assam |location=Calcutta |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |chapter=Evidence of Babu Hem Chunder Kerr, Kayasth, Retired Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Sub-Registrar of Sealdah |at=witness no. 80, pp. 218–220 |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0004 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

== Career ==

Official papers of the 1870s give his name as Baboo Hem Chunder Kerr, with the honorific then used for Bengali gentlemen in government service.<ref name="Kerr1874-Jute"/> A Government of Bengal resolution of 5 February 1873 records his substantive appointment as Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector.<ref name="Kerr1874-Jute"/> In October 1876 he was serving at [[Alipore]], from which he was released to take up the ganja enquiry.<ref name="Kerr1877"/>{{Rp|para. 2}} By the time the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission took his evidence in 1893–94 he had retired from that grade and held the post of Sub-Registrar of Sealdah; the Commission's heading also records his caste as Kayasth.<ref name="IHDC1894-IV-Kerr"/>

== The jute enquiry ==

The Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, observing that his administration lacked industrial statistics, called in a resolution of 4 February 1873 for an account of how jute was grown and traded. A resolution of the following day referred the enquiry to a commission of two: Hamilton Anstruther, a Calcutta merchant, and Kerr, who was to draw a deputation allowance of Rs. 150 a month in addition to his substantive salary.<ref name="Kerr1874-Jute"/> The two had already begun work on 30 January under demi-official instructions passed through the Lieutenant-Governor's private secretary, before the resolution reached them, and they left the presidency on 16 April 1873 to tour the jute districts.<ref name="Kerr1874-Jute"/>

Anstruther died in September 1873, of an illness Kerr attributed to his exertions on the commission, and left no notes or memoranda of his observations. Kerr completed the enquiry and wrote the report alone, asking the government's indulgence for whatever his colleague's assistance might have supplied.<ref name="Kerr1874-Jute"/> The report covered Bengal, Behar, Orissa and Assam, and he submitted it to the Secretary to the Government of Bengal in the Statistical Department on 18 December 1873.<ref name="Kerr1874-Jute"/> The Agricultural Department recorded the Lieutenant-Governor's opinion of it in a resolution of March 1874, describing it as minute and exhaustive and thanking Kerr for the care and ability it showed.<ref name="Kerr1874-Jute"/>

The jute report also carries Kerr's first published account of hemp. Among the fibre plants it surveys, paragraphs 29 to 37 set out the plant's Sanskrit and vernacular names, its notice by Herodotus and its earliest Indian mention in the ''Atharva Veda'' and in ''[[wikipedia:Sushruta Samhita|Susruta]]'', and the five products then taken from it: the leaves sold as ''siddhi'' or ''[[bhang]]'', the florets and seeds sold as ''ganja'', the resin called ''[[charas]]'', the fibre of the bark, and the stem burnt as fuel.<ref name="Kerr1874-Jute"/>{{Rp|paras. 29–37, pp. 8–10}} He noted there that the plant was no longer grown for fibre on the plains of India, its fibre cultivation being confined to the Himalayan valleys.<ref name="Kerr1874-Jute"/>{{Rp|para. 35}} He referred his reader back to these paragraphs in the ganja report of 1877.<ref name="Kerr1877"/>{{Rp|para. 7}}

== The ganja enquiry ==

Kerr was placed on special duty under the orders of the Government of Bengal to enquire into and report on the cultivation of, and trade in, ganja in the province.<ref name="IHDC1894-IV-Kerr"/> He was relieved of his duties at Alipore on 18 October 1876 and spent the following three weeks reading the records held in the Board of Revenue's office, leaving on 10 November for Naogaon in [[Rajshahi]], which he reached on 17 November.<ref name="Kerr1877"/>{{Rp|para. 2}}

Making Naogaon his headquarters, he visited the ganja villages, examined a large number of fields and collected information from cultivators, from the agents of the wholesale ''golahdars'', from brokers and from ''farias''. He observed how the land was irrigated and manured, how the drug was stored in the producing tract and how it was examined, weighed, packed and sealed in the supervisor's office.<ref name="Kerr1877"/>{{Rp|para. 2}} While his clerk and two extra ''ameens'' measured the hemp fields, he travelled west in January 1877 to [[Burdwan]], [[Birbhum]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Monghyr]], [[Patna]] and [[Arrah]], inspecting the ganja warehouses and noting how the trade was carried on there, with particular attention to export from the Behar districts to Benares, Allahabad, Mirzapore and other places.<ref name="Kerr1877"/>{{Rp|para. 3}} The clerk and surveyor was Sib Chunder Soor, who told the Commission seventeen years later that he had attended Kerr at the several inquiries and experiments made for the report, and who by then was first assistant supervisor of ganja cultivation at Naogaon.<ref name="IHDC1894-IV-Soor">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. IV: Evidence of Witnesses from Bengal and Assam |location=Calcutta |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |chapter=Evidence of Babu Sib Chunder Soor, Satgope, 1st Assistant Supervisor of Ganja Cultivation, Naogaon, Rajshahi |at=witness no. 84, pp. 230–235 |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0004 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> He returned to Naogaon on 28 January for five weeks to observe the reaping, storage and manufacture, then came back to [[Calcutta]] on 4 March after a tour of three months and twenty-four days, and closed the enquiry among the Calcutta golahdars and with the Collector of Calcutta.<ref name="Kerr1877"/>{{Rp|paras. 4–6}}

The finished report was submitted to the Secretary to the Board of Revenue, Lower Provinces, on 2 April 1877.<ref name="Prain1893"/> It was printed at the Bengal Secretariat Press in Calcutta in the same year, its title page describing the author as "Deputy Collector, on special duty".<ref name="Kerr1877"/> Its numbered paragraphs run from the names and botany of the plant through the cultivation and manufacturing cycle of the Ganja Mahal to the duty on the drug, and an appendix tabulates the growers, area and outturn of the tract from 1854 to 1876.<ref name="Kerr1877"/>

== Reception ==

[[George Watt]] drew on the report for the hemp article in ''[[A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India]]'', describing it as a valuable treatise that dealt both with the cultivation of the plant and with the preparation of the narcotic, and abstracting its account of Bengal cultivation.<ref name="Commons1893">{{cite book |title=East India (Consumption of Ganja): Return to an Address of the Honourable the House of Commons, Dated 21 February 1893 |publisher=House of Commons |location=London |year=1893 |chapter=Article on Cannabis sativa |pages=155–174}}</ref> When [[David Prain]] was deputed in 1893 to carry the enquiry further, he drew his own report up, as far as was possible, in the form of a supplement to Kerr's, abstaining from repeating what the 1877 report already contained.<ref name="Prain1893"/> He corrected Kerr where his own examination differed: against Kerr's account of the barren ''khásiá'' plants as hermaphrodites in the ordinary rather than the botanical sense, Prain held that they flower more copiously than any other plants in the field and are in reality females incapable of setting seed.<ref name="Prain1893"/>

The House of Commons, in answer to an address of 21 February 1893, ordered the report printed on 3 March 1893. It appeared as item (4) of ''East India (Consumption of Ganja)'' at pp. 94–154, alongside Watt's hemp article.<ref name="Commons1893-Kerr">{{cite book |title=East India (Consumption of Ganja): Return to an Address of the Honourable the House of Commons, Dated 21 February 1893 |publisher=House of Commons |location=London |year=1893 |chapter=Report on Cultivation of, and Trade in Ganja in Bengal by Mr. Hem Chunder Kerr |pages=94–154}}</ref> Reporting in 1894 on the cultivation of the Ganja Mahal, the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission observed that "Babu Hem Chunder Kerr's report is the basis of the information furnished by most witnesses".<ref name="IHDC1894-I-ch5-Bengal"/>

== Evidence to the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission ==

Kerr appears in volume IV of the Commission's evidence as witness 80, under a heading that gives him as "Babu Hem Chunder Kerr, Kayasth, Retired Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector, Sub-Registrar of Sealdah".<ref name="IHDC1894-IV-Kerr"/> He answered in writing rather than in person: the volume's index marks witnesses examined orally with an asterisk, and his entry carries none.<ref name="IHDC1894-IV">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. IV: Evidence of Witnesses from Bengal and Assam |location=Calcutta |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0004 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

His answers open by recalling the 1876–77 special duty and the report it produced, and they send the Commission back to that report for the details of cultivation and manufacture rather than restating them.<ref name="IHDC1894-IV-Kerr"/> On questions of policy he told the Commission that the duty on ganja had been raised too high, and that smuggling grew as the duty rose; that private storage should be prohibited and public warehousing established after manufacture; and that too frequent and injudicious interference with the cultivators had grown up, which risked driving them out of the crop, since "there are other crops, such as sugarcane, jute, tobacco, &c., which are not less profitable than ganja cultivation".<ref name="IHDC1894-IV-Kerr"/> He also reported that consumption of the hemp preparations was in his view declining, and the cultivation with it, while noting that the official area figures rested on estimate rather than measurement.<ref name="IHDC1894-IV-Kerr"/>

== See also ==

* [[Ganja Mahal]]
* [[Indian Hemp Drugs Commission]]
* [[Poddar]]
* [[Report on the Cultivation of, and Trade in, Ganjá in Bengal (1877)]]

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:People]]

RSC-LAO-BOL-0120220001

Eloise Zomia — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 00:19:00 GMT

Eloise Zomia: Photograph conflict documented, not harmonised (Éloïse, 18 September 2026): RSC's two captions for one photograph stated and flagged; the 2019 Highland Lao accession added to See Also

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Highland Lao #4 General Population 2022
|accession_id = RSC-LAO-BOL-0120220001
|image = RSC Highland Lao 4 1.jpg
|image_alt = Tall green cannabis plants filling the frame around a graduated surveying staff held by a person standing behind them
|image_caption = Photograph RSC gives as Highland Lao #4, grown outdoors at 40° N and photographed in mid-July
|show_map = yes


|classification = Landrace
|accession_type = General population
|selection_type =
|sexual_characteristics =
|pollination_type =
|chemotype =
|primary_purpose = Recreation


|minimum_flowering_time =
|maximum_flowering_time =
|minimum_height = 2
|maximum_height = 4
|photoperiod_response = Short-day


|growth_pattern = Christmas tree
|branching =
|leaf_shape =
|leaflet_count =
|leaf_color =
|stem_color =
|stigma_color =
|serration =
|flower_structure =


|processing_method = Ganja
|processing_notes = Seedless or lightly seeded buds
|aroma = Intense, rich
|effects = Euphoric, luminous
|terpene_profile =


|gene_pool =
|regional_complex =
|growing_region =
|growing_area =
|appellation =
|field =


|country = Laos
|province = Bolikhamsai Province
|admin_2 =
|admin_2_label =
|admin_3 =
|admin_3_label =
|admin_4 =
|admin_4_label =
|locality =
|coordinates = 18.58, 104.15
|elevation =
|aspect =


|local_name =
|pronunciation =
|vernacular_translation =
|synonyms =


|collection_method = Seeds
|sourcing_type = Point of Origin
|autochtonous = Yes
|collection_date = 2022
|sample_harvest_date =
|collector = Angus
|farmer_name =
|expedition_id =


|conservation_priority =
|cultivation_status = Unknown
|cultivation_system_type = Unknown
|cultivation_scale =
|legal_enforcement_threats =
|eradication_date =
|population_estimate =
|male_female_ratio =
|population_hermaphroditism =
|culling =
|perceived_introgression_level = Minimal


|seed_sourcing =
|planting_method =
|cycle_1_earliest_planting =
|cycle_1_latest_planting =
|cycle_1_harvest_start =
|cycle_1_harvest_end =
|cycle_2_earliest_planting =
|cycle_2_latest_planting =
|cycle_2_harvest_start =
|cycle_2_harvest_end =
|observed_soil_type =
|soil_ph =


|seed_storage_location = The Real Seed Company
|seed_quantity =
|seed_weight =
|seed_viability =


|parent_accession =
|mother_plant_id =
|father_plant_id =
|related_accession =
|same_population_accessions =
}}

'''Highland Lao #4 General Population 2022''' is a [[Landrace Cannabis|landrace cannabis]] [[All accessions|accession]] from [[Bolikhamsai Province]], [[Laos]], which [[The Real Seed Company]] (RSC) sold as ''Highland Lao #4'' from May 2022.<ref name="rsc-arrival">{{cite web |title=Three 'Thai Stick' Accessions from Laos |website=The Real Seed Company |date=22 May 2022 |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/2022/05/three-thai-stick-accessions-from-laos/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="rsc-2022">{{cite web |title=Highland Lao #4 |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703142140/https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds-2/ |archive-date=3 July 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> RSC classified it as a Lao-Thai [[Ganja|ganja]] landrace and wrote that the number four marked "a distinct accession from a new source".<ref name="rsc-2022" /> It is no longer in RSC's catalogue: the web address that carried it now carries a later collection, ''Highland Lao #6''.<ref name="rsc-2026">{{cite web |title=Highland Lao #6 |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds-2/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Geography ==

RSC placed the accession in the jungles and highlands of Bolikhamsai, which it calls a crucial centre of production of "Thai" ganja, and gave a latitude of about 18° N.<ref name="rsc-2022" /> Neither RSC nor the Kwik Seeds listing of the same line, on the shop RSC calls its other site,<ref name="rsc-hemp">{{cite web |title=Hemp & Multipurpose |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product-category/hemp-multipurpose-cultivars-landraces/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> names a district or a village.<ref name="rsc-2022" /><ref name="kwik-2022">{{cite web |title=Highland Lao #4 |website=Kwik Seeds |url=https://kwikseeds.com/product/thai-stick-lao-ganja-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629012854/https://kwikseeds.com/product/thai-stick-lao-ganja-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-date=29 June 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== History ==

According to RSC, ganja is a traditional household plant in this region of Laos, particularly among lowland rice-farming communities of ethnic [[Tai peoples|Tai]] such as the [[Lao people|Lao]].<ref name="rsc-2022" /> RSC reports that commercial cultivation expanded with Western demand for [[Thai stick|Thai Stick]] in the late 1960s, and that it grew rapidly through the 1980s after US-driven crackdowns across the [[Mekong]] in northern [[Northeastern Thailand|Isan]].<ref name="rsc-2022" /> Kwik Seeds gives the same account but places that growth in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="kwik-2022" />

== Collection Details ==

The listings gave the sourcing as The Real Seed Company, Laos, Southeast Asia, 2022.<ref name="rsc-2022" /><ref name="kwik-2022" /> RSC announced the seed on 22 May 2022 as one of three new arrivals from the ganja heartlands of the Mekong, with ''[[RSC-LAO-BOK-0120220001|Bokeo #2]]'' and ''[[RSC-LAO-VIE-0120220001|Central Lao]]'', all germination tested at close to 100 per cent.<ref name="rsc-arrival" /> Kwik Seeds carried the same announcement and priced the seed from five seeds for 14 US dollars.<ref name="kwik-arrival">{{cite web |title=Three 'Thai Stick' Strains |website=Kwik Seeds |date=May 2022 |url=https://kwikseeds.com/2022/05/three-thai-stick-strains/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818095222/https://kwikseeds.com/2022/05/three-thai-stick-strains/ |archive-date=18 August 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

RSC called the seed a new accession, and stated that the number four indicated a distinct accession from a new source; Kwik Seeds described it as a new accession from farmers.<ref name="rsc-2022" /><ref name="kwik-2022" /> Neither shop names the farmers.<ref name="rsc-2022" /><ref name="kwik-2022" /> RSC wrote that concern for the security of farmers and their families, together with Covid restrictions, had made travelling to the farms to sample the harvests unrealistic, and that it does not give high levels of detail in its descriptions because the quality and character of ganja varies with where and how a crop is grown.<ref name="rsc-2022" />

== Cultivation Details ==

RSC gave the purpose as ganja, which it glosses as seedless or lightly seeded buds. It gave the regional growing period as six months from seed to harvest, noting that ganja is grown as a six-month crop across the tropics, and listed greenhouse or outdoor growing.<ref name="rsc-2022" />

== Botanical Characteristics ==

RSC gave a height of 2 to 4 metres and a Sativa-type architecture.<ref name="rsc-2022" /> Both shops classified the line as ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' subsp. ''indica'' var. ''indica'' throughout the period in which they offered it.<ref name="rsc-2022" /><ref name="kwik-2024">{{cite web |title=Highland Lao #4 |website=Kwik Seeds |url=https://kwikseeds.com/product/thai-stick-lao-ganja-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205105436/https://kwikseeds.com/product/thai-stick-lao-ganja-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-date=5 December 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> RSC's genetics line read "Traditional Lao – Thai Ganja Domesticate" in the versions to March 2023 and "Lao – Thai Cannabis Landrace" from October 2023; Kwik Seeds keeps the earlier wording.<ref name="rsc-2022" /><ref name="rsc-2023">{{cite web |title=Highland Lao #4 |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001182606/https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds-2/ |archive-date=1 October 2023 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="kwik-2024" />

RSC has published photographs of the accession grown outside Laos. Its listing for ''Highland Lao #7'' carried a photograph from June 2025, which RSC captions as this accession growing outdoors at 40° N in mid-July; Kwik Seeds still carries it.<ref name="rsc-7-2025">{{cite web |title=Highland Lao #7 |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-7/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612145756/https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-7/ |archive-date=12 June 2025 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="kwik-7">{{cite web |title=Highland Lao #7 |website=Kwik Seeds |url=https://kwikseeds.com/product/highland-lao-7/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> In July 2026 RSC published further photographs, which it describes as one of its Bolikhamsai accessions, Highland Lao #4, grown outdoors in California.<ref name="rsc-freebies">{{cite web |title=New freebies: Turkish Hemp (12s) + Highland Lao #6 (5s) |website=The Real Seed Company |date=7 July 2026 |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/2026/07/new-freebies-turkish-hemp-12s-highland-lao-6-5s/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> RSC's listing for ''Highland Lao #7'' now gives one of these photographs as Highland Lao #7.<ref name="rsc-7-2026">{{cite web |title=Highland Lao #7 |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-7/ |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>{{disputed|reason=RSC gives this photograph as Highland Lao #7 on its Highland Lao #7 listing, and as Highland Lao #4 in its post of 7 July 2026|raised_by=Eloise Zomia|date=2026-09-18}} Neither shop describes the plants of this accession as they grow in Bolikhamsai.

== Aroma ==

RSC describes intense, rich aromas.<ref name="rsc-2022" />

== Effects ==

RSC describes a euphoric, luminous high.<ref name="rsc-2022" /> Both shops give the same wording for the whole period in which they offered the accession.<ref name="rsc-2024">{{cite web |title=Highland Lao #4 |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714204620/https://therealseedcompany.com/product/highland-lao-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds-2/ |archive-date=14 July 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="kwik-2024" />

== Smoke Reports ==

{{Accession smoke reports}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="traditional" perrow="3" heights="220px" widths="260px">
File:RSC Highland Lao 4 2.jpg|alt=Close view of mottled brown and grey cannabis seeds filling the frame|Seed photograph on both shops' Highland Lao #4 listings, July 2022 to May 2024
File:RSC Highland Lao 4 3.jpg|alt=Dried purple-brown cannabis buds spread across a black tray|Dried buds RSC published in July 2026 as this accession grown outdoors in California
File:RSC Highland Lao 4 4.jpg|alt=Dried purple-tinged cannabis buds packed into a metal tray|A second of RSC's July 2026 photographs of the same grow-out
File:RSC Highland Lao 7 1.jpg|alt=Close view of a purple, resin-covered cannabis flower|Flowers RSC published on 7 July 2026 as Highland Lao #4, grown outdoors in California; its Highland Lao #7 listing now gives the same photograph as #7{{disputed|reason=RSC gives this photograph as Highland Lao #7 on its Highland Lao #7 listing, and as Highland Lao #4 in its post of 7 July 2026|raised_by=Eloise Zomia|date=2026-09-18}}
</gallery>

== See Also ==
* [[Landrace Cannabis]]
* [[The Real Seed Company]]
* [[RSC-LAO-BOL-0120190001|Highland Lao General Population 2019]]
* [[RSC-LAO-BOL-0120230001|Highland Lao #5 General Population 2023]]
* [[RSC-LAO-BOL-0120240001|Highland Lao #6 General Population 2024]]
* [[RSC-LAO-BOL-0120250001|Highland Lao #7 General Population 2025]]
* [[RSC-LAO-BOK-0120220001|Bokeo #2 General Population 2022]]
* [[RSC-LAO-VIE-0120220001|Central Lao General Population 2022]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

David Prain

Eloise Zomia — Thu, 17 Sep 2026 23:28:29 GMT

Eloise Zomia:

{{Short description|Scottish botanist and Indian Medical Service officer (1857–1944)}}
{{Infobox person
|name = David Prain
|image = davidprain.jpeg
|image_caption = By http://shibpurinternational.com/sublink/images/Botanical%20Garden/David%20Prain.jpg
|birth_date = 11 July 1857
|birth_place = [[wikipedia:Fettercairn|Fettercairn]], Kincardineshire, Scotland
|death_date = 16 March 1944
|death_place = [[wikipedia:Whyteleafe|Whyteleafe]], Surrey, England
|nationality = British
|occupation = Botanist and medical officer
|institutions = [[wikipedia:Indian Medical Service|Indian Medical Service]]; [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden|Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta]]; [[Botanical Survey of India]]; [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]
|known_for = ''[[Report on the Cultivation and Use of Gánjá (1893)|Report on the Cultivation and Use of Gánjá]]''
|author_abbreviation = Prain
}}
'''David Prain''' (11 July 1857 – 16 March 1944) was a Scottish botanist and medical officer of the [[wikipedia:Indian Medical Service|Indian Medical Service]]. He was curator of the herbarium at the [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden|Royal Botanic Garden]] at Sibpur near [[Calcutta]] from 1887 and succeeded to the superintendency of that garden and to the directorship of the [[Botanical Survey of India]] in 1898. From the end of 1905 until 1922 he was director of the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]].<ref name="Burkill1959">{{cite book |last=Burkill |first=I. H. |year=1959 |chapter=Prain, Sir David (1857–1944) |editor1-last=Wickham Legg |editor1-first=L. G. |editor2-last=Williams |editor2-first=E. T. |title=The Dictionary of National Biography 1941–1950 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=695–696 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati19411950lees |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

In 1893 the Board of Revenue of the [[Bengal Presidency|Lower Provinces]] of Bengal deputed him for three months to report on [[ganja]]. The resulting ''[[Report on the Cultivation and Use of Gánjá (1893)|Report on the Cultivation and Use of Gánjá]]'' set out the botany of the plant, the formation of its resin and the working of the licensed cultivation in Bengal. It concluded that the use of ganja was "widespread and innocuous" and that the harm from its abuse had been "greatly exaggerated".<ref name="Prain1893">{{cite book |last=Prain |first=D. |year=1893 |title=Report on the Cultivation and Use of Gánjá |location=Calcutta |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74913508 |via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref>{{Rp|75}} The [[Indian Hemp Drugs Commission]] of 1893–94 took its definitions of ganja, ''[[charas]]'' and ''[[bhang]]'' from that report, used his outline of the Bengal cultivation and examined him as a witness.<ref name="IHDC1894-I-ch5-Products">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. I: Report |location=Simla |publisher=Government Central Printing Office |at=ch. V, "Methods of cultivation and matters connected therewith", paras. 151–154, pp. 59–60 |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0001 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>{{Rp|59}} He returned to the plant in 1904 in a memoir on the flowers of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'', in which he identified the feature by which the Bengal cultivators' male-plant expert, the ''[[poddar]]'', told the sexes apart.<ref name="Prain1904">{{cite book |last=Prain |first=D. |year=1904 |title=On the Morphology, Teratology and Diclinism of the Flowers of Cannabis |series=Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Departments of the Government of India, New Series |volume=12 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |url=https://archive.org/details/b24758395_0012 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>{{Rp|4}}

== Early life and training ==

Prain was born at Fettercairn in Kincardineshire on 11 July 1857, the elder child of David Prain, a native of [[wikipedia:Inchture|Inchture]] near Dundee, by his wife Mary, daughter of George Thomson, a farmer and miller of the Vale of [[wikipedia:Alford, Aberdeenshire|Alford]] in Aberdeenshire. He was taught at the Fettercairn parish school until he was 15 and then for a year at [[wikipedia:Aberdeen Grammar School|Aberdeen Grammar School]]. A bursary took him to the [[wikipedia:University of Aberdeen|University of Aberdeen]], where he added to his means by teaching in the vacations and graduated MA in 1878 with honours in natural science, botany being his strongest subject.<ref name="Burkill1959"/>

Two years of teaching at [[wikipedia:Ramsgate|Ramsgate]] College allowed him to return to Aberdeen in 1880 to study medicine. He qualified MB and CM in 1883 with the highest honours and became a licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in the same year.<ref name="Burkill1959"/><ref name="Waterston2006">{{cite book |last1=Waterston |first1=C. D. |last2=Shearer |first2=A. Macmillan |year=2006 |title=Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002: Biographical Index, Part Two (K–Z) |location=Edinburgh |publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh |page=747 |isbn=0-902198-84-X |url=https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/RSE-Fellows-BiographicalIndex-2.pdf}}</ref>

== Indian Medical Service and the Calcutta garden ==

Prain entered the Indian Medical Service at the head of the list.<ref name="Burkill1959"/> C. E. Buckland's ''Dictionary of Indian Biography'' dates his entry to 1884.<ref name="Buckland1906-Prain">{{cite book |last=Buckland |first=C. E. |year=1906 |chapter=Prain, David |title=Dictionary of Indian Biography |location=London |publisher=Swan Sonnenschein |pages=341–342 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft/page/n356/mode/1up |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Prain himself told the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission in 1894 that he had been in the service since October 1884.<ref name="IHDC1894-IV-Prain">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. IV: Evidence of Witnesses from Bengal and Assam |location=Calcutta |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |chapter=Evidence of Surgeon-Captain D. Prain, Curator of the Herbarium, and Librarian, Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta |at=witness no. 113, pp. 303–307 |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0004 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>{{Rp|305}} Army duties in India were interrupted in 1885 by a few months at the Royal Botanic Garden, where he acted as curator of the herbarium under [[George King]]. He was recalled to that post in 1887. Within a year King went on leave and Prain acted for him as superintendent of the garden, government quinologist and professor of botany at the [[wikipedia:Medical College, Kolkata|Medical College]] in Calcutta. He held the three posts temporarily again in 1891–92 and succeeded to them when King retired in 1898, together with the directorship of the Botanical Survey of India. The chair of botany he had held from 1895.<ref name="Burkill1959"/><ref name="Buckland1906-Prain"/>

He was at once made a trustee of the [[wikipedia:Indian Museum|Indian Museum]], placed on the committee of management of the zoological garden at Alipur and on the board of visitors of the engineering college at Shibpur. The viceroy nominated him a fellow of the University of Calcutta. He carried the [[wikipedia:Cinchona|cinchona]] department through a general depression in the trade. Over his Calcutta years he kept up a large output of botanical publication, including a flora of Bengal, ''Bengal Plants'' (1903). He also collected in [[wikipedia:Tibet|Tibet]] at the time of the [[wikipedia:British expedition to Tibet|Younghusband expedition]]. Burkill wrote of him that "he preferred to study plants which in one way or another serve man".<ref name="Burkill1959"/> He had been elected a fellow of the [[wikipedia:Royal Society of Edinburgh|Royal Society of Edinburgh]] on 6 February 1888.<ref name="Waterston2006"/>

Prain was promoted major in 1896.<ref name="Burkill1959"/> His promotion to lieutenant-colonel was dated 1 October 1904.<ref name="Gazette1905-LtCol">{{cite news |title=Indian Medical Service: Bengal Establishment, Majors to be Lieutenant-Colonels |newspaper=The London Gazette |issue=27751 |date=6 January 1905 |page=152 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27751/page/152}}</ref>

== The ganja report of 1893 ==

The Board of Revenue of the Lower Provinces instructed Prain on 18 February 1893 to report on the cultivation and use of ganja. He went on deputation on 18 March, had the period extended by a month beyond the two originally allowed and returned to duty on 17 June. He signed the covering letter at Sibpur on 21 June 1893 as Surgeon-Captain D. Prain, curator of the herbarium.<ref name="Prain1893"/>{{Rp|covering letter}} The Board set him five points: the waste under the existing system of manufacture, how the active principle of the drug could best be obtained, the best means of preserving ganja, the effect on it of being kept under existing conditions and the effect of ganja as an article of excise. He wrote the report as a supplement to [[Report on the Cultivation of, and Trade in, Ganjá in Bengal (1877)|the report of 1877]] by [[Hem Chunder Kerr]] and did not repeat what that report already held.<ref name="Prain1893"/>{{Rp|covering letter}}

Its opening chapter denied any botanical basis for separating Indian hemp from the fibre plant. Prain wrote that there were "no botanical characters to separate them" and that they did "not differ as regards the structure of stem, leaves, flowers, or fruit". Hemp "as a fibre-yielding plant in no way differs from hemp as a narcotic-producing one".<ref name="Prain1893"/>{{Rp|1}} He explained the resin as a reserve substance that the plant lays down when it has nearly finished growing and then draws on to ripen its seed. Where seed is set the resin is absorbed; where the plant is prevented from setting seed it stays on the surface of the flower heads as a sticky exudation. In the Himalaya, Tibet and Turkestan the substance is superfluous to the plant's own needs and appears early as a glandular exudation, so that resin can be gathered there without preventing seed.<ref name="Prain1893"/>{{Rp|1–2}}

On that basis the second chapter defined the three products. ''Siddhi'', bhang, ''subji'' or ''patti'' were the dry leaves of either sex, cultivated or not; charas was the resin collected separately; and ganja was "the dried flowering-tops of cultivated female hemp plants which have become coated with resin in consequence of having been unable to set seeds freely".<ref name="Prain1893"/>{{Rp|3–4}} He also corrected Kerr on the ''khásiá'' plants of the Bengal fields, which Kerr had called hermaphrodite. Prain found that they flowered more freely than any other plants in the field and were barren females: in some hundreds examined the ovules looked perfect, no seed formed and no resin was deposited. He allowed that the want of function might be "only due to the unnatural conditions, resulting from high cultivation". In the same paragraph he cited Kerr approvingly, that the plants are "more bushy and look more healthy than the others". He followed Kerr too on their fate at harvest, left standing in the field or cut for fuel.<ref name="Prain1893"/>{{Rp|2, 5, 13}}

Prain did not see the poddars at work. These men, he wrote, "profess ability to recognise the sexes long before the plants are mature" and go round a field "three or perhaps four times during a season". He added: "How these men distinguish the plants I cannot say; I have not yet had opportunities of seeing them at work. The remarkable thing is that the work is well done."<ref name="Prain1893"/>{{Rp|4}} He tested the result instead. A field of about a [[wikipedia:Bigha|bigha]] had passed out of its owner's care early in the season and so had missed the last two rounds. It should have carried nearly 2,500 plants and must still have carried 1,800 to 2,000. It held no male plant at all, only one abnormal female with some male flowers on it. On another occasion he searched 20 fields without finding a single such plant.<ref name="Prain1893"/>{{Rp|4}}

The second part of the report turned to history and origin. Prain placed the plant's home outside India: it was "a native of Southern [[wikipedia:Siberia|Siberia]], being indigenous in the Kirghiz steppes" and truly wild from there eastward, while elsewhere it grew only as an escape from cultivation. The earliest Indian notice he found was in the Atharva Veda, under a name he read as belonging to the plant's fibre use, which he took to indicate that the fibre had come east before the drug.<ref name="Prain1893"/>{{Rp|38–41}}

He closed by dismissing as "chimerical" the opinion, sometimes seriously expressed, that the plant could be extirpated.<ref name="Prain1893"/>{{Rp|74}} Ganja, he wrote, might be used or abused like any other stimulant or sedative narcotic: "the use here is widespread and innocuous; the abuse, though dangerous, is very limited; the harm that results from its abuse has been not only greatly exaggerated, but much misunderstood". Writers who had described its effects appeared to him to have met only cases of abuse and to have taken them for the ordinary result.<ref name="Prain1893"/>{{Rp|75}} As an administrative document of its period the report also sorts consumers by rank and character. It explains the disrepute of hemp in Bengali society by what Prain called an initial contempt for the class that cultivates and prepares the fibre.<ref name="Prain1893"/>{{Rp|75–76}}

== Evidence to the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission ==

The Indian Hemp Drugs Commission examined Prain as its witness number 113, describing him as curator of the herbarium and librarian of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. He opened his written answers by saying that he had not been specially interested in hemp before the deputation and had possessed until then only "a fairly complete knowledge of the botanical and a general average acquaintance with the physiological and therapeutic characters of the plant and its products".<ref name="IHDC1894-IV-Prain"/>{{Rp|303}}

Prain marked the standing of his own answers as he gave them. Where one rested on enquiry rather than observation he said so and ruled it out: his information on excessive consumption "partakes of the nature of hearsay evidence, and is not admissible" and answers drawn from Bengali friends were "inadmissible as evidence".<ref name="IHDC1894-IV-Prain"/>{{Rp|303–304}} Asked whether the inquiry had changed his views, he answered:
{{Quote|1=I commenced my enquiry into the use of the plant with a preconceived idea, derived from copious assertion, that ganja was a pernicious drug, and that charas and bhang were harmless. I have found that charas and ganja are the same thing in reality, used in the same way, and that, therefore, general opinion was absolutely unreliable. I have been unable to find a single instance during three months' enquiry of any evil effects arising from the use of any of the three products of hemp.<ref name="IHDC1894-IV-Prain"/>{{Rp|304}}}}

On insanity he reported no case in his own practice or experience in which any hemp preparation had produced it, while pointing out that his medical work in India had been "entirely with a military, and never with a civil population".<ref name="IHDC1894-IV-Prain"/>{{Rp|304}} In cases with a ganja history that had been put to him he had never been able to establish whether ganja or bhang was at issue. Too little weight, he thought, had been given to the use of the drug by people whose minds were already troubled or deficient.<ref name="IHDC1894-IV-Prain"/>{{Rp|304}}

His oral evidence records the experiments behind the report. He had taken bhang himself, "about a tola and half of dry leaves" in an emulsion made as Kerr described but without the spices, found the tendency to laugh not marked and was "rather disappointed with the result". He had conducted the experiments on monkeys and cats. Those on monkeys he thought unsatisfactory, because of the difficulty of giving them a dose. He had tried ganja in a ''[[Chilam|chillum]]'' and taken the three whiffs that he identified as the regulation dose, but could not inhale, so that there were no effects; he never inhaled ganja by smoking at all.<ref name="IHDC1894-IV-Prain"/>{{Rp|305}} He was "extremely disappointed" that the chemical part of the report had been "only partial and inconclusive". He put in a letter of 18 November 1893 from Professor Dunstane, secretary of the [[wikipedia:Royal Society|Royal Society]]'s pharmacological committee, who offered to isolate the active constituent in about two years if the Government of India would meet the cost "by a grant of £500". Prain recommended that the chemical inquiry be completed, calling it important both practically and scientifically.<ref name="IHDC1894-IV-Prain"/>{{Rp|305–306}} A further report of 27 April 1894, appended to his evidence, gave the first results of the storage trials: ganja stored in gunny and straw was in perfect order, while samples sealed in tin had fermented. As a commercial article the tinned cakes were "valueless".<ref name="IHDC1894-IV-Prain"/>{{Rp|306–307}}

== The commission's use of his work ==

The commission put Prain's definitions of the three products at the head of the list of questions it sent out, noting that they were borrowed from him. It added that the word "cultivated" often had to be read out of the definition of ganja.<ref name="IHDC1894-I-ch5-Products"/>{{Rp|59}} Its account of cultivation in Bengal follows Kerr for the detail and Prain for the outline.<ref name="IHDC1894-I-ch5-Bengal">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. I: Report |location=Simla |publisher=Government Central Printing Office |at=ch. V, "Methods of cultivation and matters connected therewith", paras. 155–164, pp. 60–63 |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0001 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>{{Rp|60}}

The commission's discussion of whether hemp is indigenous to India opens on Prain's report. He was "clearly of opinion that the hemp plant is not indigenous to India, but that 'having reached India as a fibre-yielding species, the plant developed the narcotic property for which it is now chiefly celebrated there'". [[George Watt]], in his article on hemp, was "not quite so decided as the above authority" in excluding the whole of India from the area of indigenous growth. The commission quoted Prain on the absence of botanical characters separating the Indian plant and called these "the most recent scientific views, and coming from Indian botanists they carry special authority".<ref name="IHDC1894-I-ch2-Watt">{{cite book |author=Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |year=1894 |title=Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–94. Vol. I: Report |location=Simla |publisher=Government Central Printing Office |at=ch. II, "Important points connected with the natural history of the hemp plant (''Cannabis sativa'')", paras. 19–22, pp. 15–17 |url=https://archive.org/details/b32222920_0001 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>{{Rp|15–16}}

It corrected his description of the plant on two points. He had not noticed that the stem varies in colour, a difference to which the replies from Nepal and Mysore attached stronger narcotic properties. He had also written that the male plant carries no trace of even a rudimentary female flower, whereas at [[Khandwa]] the commission found plants with the general appearance of males that carried a few female flowers or seeds.<ref name="IHDC1894-I-ch2-Watt"/>{{Rp|16–17}}

== The flowers of ''Cannabis'' ==

[[File:Cannabis-male-plant-Prain-1904-plate-I.jpg|thumb|right|280px|alt=A botanical plate of a male hemp plant, with a long flowering branch, a short leafy branch and enlarged line drawings of flowers, stamens and anthers.|Plate I of Prain's memoir of 1904, drawn from a male plant. Figure 2, at the foot of the plate, shows solitary female flowers in place of the lowest clusters of male flowers.]]

Prain published ''On the Morphology, Teratology and Diclinism of the Flowers of Cannabis'' in 1904, as a major in the Indian Medical Service, in the government's series of scientific memoirs. He wrote that the subject of ''Cannabis'' had interested him since the deputation of 1893 and had occupied him at intervals since.<ref name="Prain1904"/>{{Rp|2}}

The memoir takes up a problem the standard treatments had left open. Organographic and histological study had cleared up most of the difficulties in the flower, but the morphological nature of the pistil and the ovule had defeated it. The most recent authors had rejected every theory advanced and declared the question insoluble. Prain proposed to approach it instead through teratology, by a systematic examination of the malformations that occur in the plant.<ref name="Prain1904"/>{{Rp|1}} Many of those malformations he had noted in 1893. His drawings of them were shown to the [[wikipedia:Linnean Society of London|Linnean Society of London]] on 15 November 1894. He declined an invitation to publish a paper because his deductions "did not then appear altogether conclusive". He afterwards revisited the Bengal cultivation tract and grew plants experimentally at the garden at Shibpur, which let him test and confirm most of the observations of 1893.<ref name="Prain1904"/>{{Rp|2}}

One of the return visits answered the question the 1893 report had left standing. Kerr had written that the poddars were guided by certain "filaments or stipules". In 1893 the season was too far advanced for Prain to see what was meant, the males having already been taken out. The hemp districts were therefore revisited "a few years later, at the proper season". The filaments proved to be "the often abortive, solitary female flowers" that so frequently, in the Indian male hemp plant, take the place that should be occupied by the lowest pairs of male flower clusters.<ref name="Prain1904"/>{{Rp|4}}

Prain called the poddar's method empirical. In his account the cultivators named the plants by their usefulness rather than their sex, calling the resin-yielding plant ''mardá'' or male, the pollen-bearing plant ''mádi'' or female and the barren female ''khásiá'', a word he glossed as eunuch, capon or gelding. They knew that pollen-bearing plants affected the crop and removed them, but of "the precise significance of what is done, neither the cultivators nor the ''poddars'' are aware".<ref name="Prain1904"/>{{Rp|4, 15}}

== Kew ==

Prain was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1905 and appointed director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew at the end of that year, in succession to [[wikipedia:William Turner Thiselton-Dyer|William Thiselton-Dyer]].<ref name="Burkill1959"/> The Kew staff met him in the Curator's Office Yard on a chilly December morning in 1905, shortly before the handover, when a group photograph was taken.<ref name="KewGuild1944">{{cite journal |author=A. D. C. |year=1944 |title=Sir David Prain, Kt., C.M.G., F.R.S. |journal=Journal of the Kew Guild |pages=345–346 |url=http://journal.kewguild.org.uk/v6s51p340-All.pdf}} The 1944 issue was published in 1945.</ref> He retired from the Indian Medical Service on 31 July 1906.<ref name="Gazette1906-Retirement">{{cite news |title=Indian Medical Service: retirement |newspaper=The London Gazette |issue=27942 |date=21 August 1906 |page=5733 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27942/page/5733}}</ref> Earlier that summer he had been appointed a Companion of the [[wikipedia:Order of the Indian Empire|Order of the Indian Empire]], the notice naming the three Indian offices he had held: director of the Botanical Survey of India, superintendent of the royal botanical gardens and government quinologist, Calcutta.<ref name="Gazette1906-CIE">{{cite news |title=India Office, 29th June, 1906: Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire |newspaper=The London Gazette |issue=27926 |date=29 June 1906 |page=4462 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27926/supplement/4462}}</ref>

He was appointed a Companion of the [[wikipedia:Order of St Michael and St George|Order of St Michael and St George]] on 1 January 1912 and knighted at Buckingham Palace on 1 July of the same year.<ref name="Gazette1912-CMG">{{cite news |title=Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George: to be Ordinary Members of the Third Class, or Companions |newspaper=The London Gazette |issue=28567 |date=1 January 1912 |page=2 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28567/supplement/2}}</ref><ref name="Gazette1912-Knighthood">{{cite news |title=Whitehall, July 10, 1912: conferment of the honour of Knighthood |newspaper=The London Gazette |issue=28626 |date=12 July 1912 |page=5081 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28626/supplement/5081}}</ref> He edited the ''[[wikipedia:Curtis's Botanical Magazine|Botanical Magazine]]'' from 1907 to 1920 and kept up his own taxonomic work in the hours after the official day. The war of 1914–18 took those hours from him. The demands were less the loss of staff, severe though that was, than the calls on him to direct the government's botanical problems "to proper places and proficient minds". He was a member or chairman of many committees. Burkill wrote that by 1919 he held most of the trusted positions.<ref name="Burkill1959"/> The Kew Guild remembered his insistence on accuracy and an undated memorandum handed back with "Not quite finished, is it?", along with his persistent and finally successful effort to raise the herbarium scientific staff's salaries to the level of those at the Natural History Museum.<ref name="KewGuild1944"/>

== Later life ==

Prain retired from Kew in 1922, shortly before his 65th birthday.<ref name="Burkill1959"/><ref name="KewGuild1944"/> He was president of the Linnean Society from 1916 to 1919, treasurer of the Royal Society from 1919 to 1929, a trustee of the [[wikipedia:British Museum|British Museum]] from 1924 to 1936 and president of the Imperial Botanical Conference in 1924. He chaired the council of the John Innes Horticultural Institution from 1909. The Linnean Society gave him its Linnean medal and the [[wikipedia:Royal Horticultural Society|Royal Horticultural Society]], of which he was a vice-president from 1919, its Victoria Medal of Honour. Aberdeen conferred an honorary LL.D. on him in 1900 and St Andrews in 1911.<ref name="Burkill1959"/><ref name="Waterston2006"/>

He married in 1887 Margaret Caird, daughter of the Rev. William Thomson, minister of Belhelvie. Their son was killed in the war of 1914–18 and Lady Prain died in 1942. Deafness in his later years made committee work difficult, though he kept his memory and his other faculties. He died on 16 March 1944.<ref name="Burkill1959"/><ref name="KewGuild1944"/>

The International Plant Names Index gives his standard botanical author abbreviation as Prain.<ref name="IPNI-Prain">{{cite web |title=Prain, David (1857–1944) |website=International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/a/7925-1 |access-date=17 September 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[George Watt]]
* [[Hem Chunder Kerr]]
* [[Indian Hemp Drugs Commission]]
* [[Poddar]]
* [[Report on the Cultivation and Use of Gánjá (1893)]]

== References ==

<references />

The Real Seed Company

Eloise Zomia — Thu, 17 Sep 2026 22:26:40 GMT

Eloise Zomia:

{{Infobox Organization
|name = The Real Seed Company
|logo = the-real-seed-co-671255973.png
|type = Seed company
|website = https://therealseedcompany.com
|website_label = therealseedcompany.com
|founded = 2007
|founder = [[Angus]]
|base = England, United Kingdom
|registered_name = ZHI Trading Ltd
|company_number = 13276995
|scope = Asia, Africa, the Mediterranean and the Near East
|focus = Collection and sale of landrace cannabis seed
|other_sites = [[Kwik Seeds]]
}}

'''The Real Seed Company''' (RSC) is a cannabis seed vendor registered in the United Kingdom that collects and sells seed of [[Landrace Cannabis|landrace cannabis]] populations, chiefly from Asia. Its catalogue dates its trading to 2007.<ref name="rsc-about">{{cite web |title=About Us |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/about/ |access-date=17 September 2026}}</ref> RSC describes itself as a group of Asian and European plant hunters and seed collectors specialising in traditional cannabis domesticates and their wild-growing relatives.<ref name="rsc-about" />

Its listings record a collection year, a place of origin and a sourcing account for each line sold. Those listings are the documentary basis for the accessions catalogued below, each of which names RSC as its seed storage location.

== Corporate identity ==

The RSC website and domain are owned by ZHI Trading Ltd.<ref name="rsc-terms">{{cite web |title=Terms & Conditions |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/terms-conditions/ |access-date=17 September 2026}}</ref> ZHI Trading Limited was incorporated in England on 18 March 2021 with company number 13276995, under the standard industrial classification for retail sale of flowers, plants, seeds, fertilisers, pet animals and pet food in specialised stores. Its registered office is an accountancy address at Merlin House, Theale, Reading, Berkshire.<ref name="ch-zhi">{{cite web |title=ZHI Trading Limited, company number 13276995 |website=Companies House |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/13276995 |access-date=17 September 2026}}</ref> RSC notes on its contact page that the registered office takes neither mail nor orders. The same page gives a VAT number of GB 410837713.<ref name="rsc-contact">{{cite web |title=Contact Us |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/contact-us/ |access-date=17 September 2026}}</ref>

The incorporation date of the trading company postdates the 2007 trading date given on the site by 14 years. The sources consulted do not state what corporate arrangement, if any, preceded ZHI Trading Ltd.

RSC states that it sells cannabis seed as a collectable genetic preservation item, dispatches on the condition that the seed will not be used in conflict with local law and declines sales where it believes the buyer intends to cultivate in a country where cultivation is a criminal offence.<ref name="rsc-terms" />

== Origins and collecting ==

RSC attributes its founding to a collector named [[Angus]].<ref name="rsc-about" /> In an interview published in July 2019 he described the venture as having begun as a hobby that covered the cost of travel, with the original aim of documenting traditional cannabis across Asia rather than selling seed. He gave the first sourcing trip as Pakistan in 2007, to [[Peshawar]] and [[Chitral]], where he obtained Mazari seed from an Afghan merchant along with [[Hindu Kush]] material from the Pakistani mountains. He described himself as a collector rather than a grower or breeder.<ref name="grassyou2019">{{cite web |title=The Real Seed Company Interview |website=Landrace Blog |date=14 July 2019 |url=https://landrace.blog/2019/07/14/grassyou-interviews-angus-from-the-real-seed-company/ |access-date=17 September 2026}}</ref>

The About page names the Hindu Kush, [[India]], [[Lebanon]], [[Nepal]], [[Thailand]] and [[Laos]] as historic centres of cultivation where the group collects in person.<ref name="rsc-about" /> Angus discussed landrace taxonomy and the position of farmers in [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]] on the ''Curious About Cannabis'' podcast in May 2020, in an episode on the classification of high-THC cannabis published that year by John McPartland and Ernest Small.<ref name="cac-bts24">{{cite web |title=BTS #24 Angus of The Real Seed Co. on The New Taxonomy for Landrace Cultivars |website=Curious About Cannabis |date=28 May 2020 |url=https://cacpodcast.com/bts-24-angus-of-the-real-seed-co-on-the-new-taxonomy-for-landrace-cultivars-edited/ |access-date=17 September 2026}}</ref>

== Sourcing and disclosure practice ==

RSC states that it aims for the maximum possible transparency about the accessions it offers, that seed taken from ''[[Ex situ conservation|ex situ]]'' maintenance grows of an original accession or obtained indirectly is identified as such in the listing and that it does not sell covertly hybridised material. Where it judges that an accession may have been affected by modern hybrids, it says the listing indicates the risk.<ref name="rsc-about" />

Its FAQ names [[Parvati Valley]], including [[Malana]], together with much of Thailand and [[Cambodia]], as regions where modern hybrids have become common and authenticity cannot be guaranteed. It states that seed is shipped direct from the country of origin unless the listing says otherwise and that maintenance grows outside the source country use [[Open pollination|open pollination]] with as many healthy parents as is practical.<ref name="rsc-faq">{{cite web |title=FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions |website=The Real Seed Company |date=22 July 2019 |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/2019/07/faq/ |access-date=17 September 2026}}</ref>

RSC sells no [[Feminised seed|feminised seed]] under its own name and directs buyers who want it to [[Kwik Seeds]], a second shop that RSC calls its other site.<ref name="rsc-faq" /><ref name="rsc-hemp">{{cite web |title=Hemp & Multipurpose |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product-category/hemp-multipurpose-cultivars-landraces/ |access-date=17 September 2026}}</ref>

The FAQ is also critical of the wider landrace seed trade. It states that few online sellers of landrace seed are honest, advises against relying on grow forums and review sites, says that sellers commonly attach an orientalist backstory to their material and asserts that no such operation known to RSC has donated material to public-good preservation projects.<ref name="rsc-faq" />

== Position on landrace terminology ==

RSC argues that landraces are the creations of farmers and are specific to a region, a culture and a product. It rejects the description of landrace cannabis as wild, natural or unhybridised. It states that such framing obscures the communities that created and maintain the populations, naming [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]], [[Tajiks|Tajik]] and [[Pahari people|Pahari]] growers among them.<ref name="rsc-about" /><ref name="rsc-home">{{cite web |title=The Real Seed Company |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/ |access-date=17 September 2026}}</ref>

The FAQ draws a further distinction between drug-type landraces selected for resin and those selected for [[Ganja|ganja]] and states that Indica landraces are not uniformly high in THC.<ref name="rsc-faq" />

== Conservation aims ==

RSC describes the traditional varieties it sells as critically endangered and states that its aim is for the seed it collects to be preserved long term on a public-good basis, with any research findings arising from it freely available.<ref name="rsc-about" /> It says seed is supplied in packaging suited to long-term refrigerated storage with silica gel.<ref name="rsc-about" />

The photograph used on the site is of Machapuchare in Nepal, taken in 2008. RSC explains the choice by reference to Vishnu as the preserver in the Hindu ''trimurti'' and states that local [[Pahari people|Pahari]] people hold Vishnu to live on the peak.<ref name="rsc-about" />

== Accessions ==

Accessions recording The Real Seed Company as their seed storage location.

{{#ask:
[[Category:Accessions]]
[[Has seed storage location::The Real Seed Company]]
|?Has descriptive name=Name
|?Has collection date=Collected
|?Has country=Country
|?Has growing region=Region
|format=table
|class=wikitable sortable
|limit=500
|default=No accessions recorded against this organisation yet.
}}

== See also ==
* [[Landrace Cannabis]]
* [[Zomia Collective]]
* [[All accessions|Accessions]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Organisations]]

Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia of India (1869)

Eloise Zomia — Thu, 17 Sep 2026 22:07:10 GMT

Eloise Zomia:

{{Infobox Historical Source
|title_original = Supplement to the Pharmacopœia of India
|title_english =
|image = Supplement to the Pharmacopœia of India.png
|image_caption = Front matter of the 'Supplement to the Pharmacopœia of India'
|author = Moodeen Sheriff
|author_dates =
|editor =
|language = English
|composed = 1865–1869
|period = 19th century sources
|regional_cat = India
|published = 1869
|publisher = Government Gazette Press (printed by H. Morgan)
|place = Madras
|volumes = 1
|pages_total =
|cannabis_volume = Entry no. 138
|cannabis_pages = pp. 85–87
|cannabis_chapter = "CANNABIS SÁTIVA, ''Linn.'' (Indian Hemp plant.)", with separate name lists for the plant, the flowering tops, the leaves, the resin and the seeds
|cannabis_plates = none
|growing_regions = Names gathered in the [[Madras Presidency]], with further supplies bought in the bazaars of Calcutta, Hyderabad and Bombay; Cingalese names supplied from [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] and Burmese names from a manuscript list
|varieties = none described
|preparations = ''[[Ganja|gáñjá]]'' (flowering tops); ''[[Bhang|bháng]]'', ''sabzí'' and ''[[Siddhi|siddhí]]'' (leaves); ''[[Charas|charas]]'' (resin); ''maạjún'' (confection)
|uses_documented = Medicinal; the leaf names are also recorded as names for an intoxicating drink
|taxonomic_significance =
|digital_facsimile = https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.77544
|original_held_at = Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Mumbai; Central Library, University of Rajasthan
|translation =
}}

The '''''Supplement to the Pharmacopœia of India''''' is a catalogue of the Indian names of medicinal
plants and drugs, compiled by '''Moodeen Sheriff''', a Native Surgeon in the Indian Medical Service,
and printed at Madras by order of government in 1869. Its full title describes it as a "catalogue of
Indian synonymes of the medicinal plants, products, inorganic and organic substances included in
that work, with explanatory and descriptive remarks, &c., in fourteen languages", the work in
question being the ''[[Pharmacopoeia of India]]'' of 1868.<ref name="Sheriff1869">{{cite book |last=Sheriff |first=Moodeen |title=Supplement to the Pharmacopœia of India, or a catalogue of Indian synonymes of the medicinal plants, products, inorganic and organic substances included in that work, with explanatory and descriptive remarks, &c., in fourteen languages |location=Madras |publisher=Printed by H. Morgan, at the Government Gazette Press |year=1869 |at=title page |url=https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.77544 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
Its entry 138 gives the names of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' and of four of its parts in up to fourteen
languages.

The book was printed by order of government at the request of the committee of the ''Pharmacopoeia of
India''. Sheriff's preface states its purpose plainly: now that the ''Pharmacopoeia'' had
appeared, European practitioners who wanted to use Indian medicines would have to buy plants and
drugs in the bazaar, and could not do so without the local names.<ref name="Sheriff1869-preface">{{cite book |last=Sheriff |first=Moodeen |title=Supplement to the Pharmacopœia of India, or a catalogue of Indian synonymes of the medicinal plants, products, inorganic and organic substances included in that work, with explanatory and descriptive remarks, &c., in fourteen languages |location=Madras |publisher=Printed by H. Morgan, at the Government Gazette Press |year=1869 |at=preface, pp. vii–xviii |url=https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.77544 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
It is an official publication as much as a work of scholarship. The vocabulary it preserves is a
record of that administrative purpose as well as of the words themselves.

Sheriff writes of "Indian Hemp" and of the plant as ''Cannabis sativa''; this article uses cannabis
for the plant and keeps his spellings, accents and italics when quoting his names.

== Origins ==

Sheriff was brought into the ''Pharmacopoeia of India'' project by a circular memorandum of 7 August
1865 from the Secretary to the Principal Inspector General of the Medical Department, which reached
him with the proceedings of the Madras government of 28 July 1865 and with
[[Edward John Waring]]'s lists of medicinal plants. He had already been at work on vernacular
synonyms, having found the subject "blended with a great inaccuracy and confusion" in the materia
medica and botanical literature he had read. He answered the memorandum with a table of vernacular
synonyms in twelve languages besides Latin and English, the names given in native characters as well
as in English.<ref name="Sheriff1869-preface"/>

The table went to the Pharmacopoeia committee on 7 February 1866. Waring forwarded it to the India
Office in April with the committee's unanimous opinion "that a Table of this kind is an essential
part of the Pharmacopœia", describing it as the work of "Native Surgeon Moodeen Sheriff of
Triplicane Dispensary, Madras" and covering upwards of four hundred medicinal plants in twelve
Eastern languages. The committee wanted it printed and named two obstacles to printing it in
England: a deficiency of the requisite types and inadequate help with correcting the press. The
Secretary of State's despatch of 31 May 1866 accordingly asked the Madras government to arrange the
printing "under that Officer's supervision".<ref name="Sheriff1869-preface"/>

A memorandum of instructions followed. It asked Sheriff to arrange the synonyms in paragraphs after
the manner of Whitelaw Ainslie's ''Materia Indica'', to add the language of Ceylon, to add further
plants and some inorganic substances from a list Waring supplied, to follow Sir William Jones's
method of writing vernacular names in English characters, to consult named works for names current
beyond the Madras Presidency and to send the proofs to England in triplicate. The committee also
supplied manuscript lists: Mahratti from Henry Vandyke Carter, Tamil from [[Walter Elliot]], Burmese
from the Rev. M. Regnier and Cingalese from George Henry Kendrick Thwaites. With Cingalese and
Sanscrit added, the number of languages reached fourteen.<ref name="Sheriff1869-preface"/>

== Method ==

Sheriff states that he gathered the names himself. He examined, with several native practitioners and
druggists, the plants known as medicinal in many localities of Madras, including the gardens of the
Agri-Horticultural Society, and ascertained their names "without any reference to books"; the drugs
of the bazaar and plants sent from a distance were examined the same way. In revising the catalogue
he repeated the exercise with supplies bought in the bazaars of Calcutta, Hyderabad and Bombay. Where
a drug's identity stayed unclear he raised the suspected plant from seed. In a few cases, he writes,
the only way he found to reveal the true nature of a medicine "particularly with regard to their
medicinal and other properties, was to take them internally myself".<ref name="Sheriff1869-preface"/>

The printing depended on the types available in Madras. Only eight native founts were to hand.
Attempts to procure the rest, "particularly the Bengali, from Calcutta and other places", failed. The
columns for the missing scripts were left standing but empty, so that the Bengali, Sanscrit,
Mahratti, Guzratti, Cingalese and Burmese names throughout the book, including those in the cannabis
entry, appear in English characters only. Delays followed. The first proofs went to the committee in
September 1867 and printing then halted for want of type; at its final meeting the committee released
Sheriff to finish the work on his own responsibility, in communication with the professor of botany
at the [[Madras Medical College]], and fixed the edition at one thousand copies. Every proof as far
as the end of the text at p. 283 was read by George Bidie, that professor. Sheriff signed the preface
at Madras in November 1869.<ref name="Sheriff1869-preface"/>

== The catalogue ==

The body of the book runs from p. 13 to p. 264 as a numbered series of entries, each headed by a
botanical name and an English name and followed by the vernacular synonyms, language by language, in
native character where type existed and in English characters throughout. Addenda follow at p. 265.
The apparatus is substantial: a table of the method of transliteration at p. 287 with its explanatory
notes, an explanation of the initials and names attached to the botanical names at p. 325, the list
of books consulted at p. 331, an appendix on indigenous cathartics and emetics at p. 339, then
sixteen indexes, one for each of the fourteen languages plus English and botanical names, and last a
list of errata at p. 674.<ref name="Sheriff1869"/>

=== Reading the transliteration ===

Sheriff's spellings follow a system he sets out in a table of his own at the back of the book. It is
"chiefly according to Sir William Jones' method, modified by Sir Charles Trevelyan",
and it uses three devices and no others: accents mark long vowels; one, two or three dots above or
below a letter let one English letter stand for several native ones; and italic type marks two or
three letters that together stand for a single native character and are pronounced together. Where
two such italic groups meet, a hyphen separates them. The table sets out eighty-nine numbered
characters with English equivalents and spoken examples.<ref name="Sheriff1869-table">{{cite book |last=Sheriff |first=Moodeen |title=Supplement to the Pharmacopœia of India, or a catalogue of Indian synonymes of the medicinal plants, products, inorganic and organic substances included in that work, with explanatory and descriptive remarks, &c., in fourteen languages |location=Madras |publisher=Printed by H. Morgan, at the Government Gazette Press |year=1869 |at=table of transliteration and notes, pp. 287–322 |url=https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.77544 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

The cannabis names carry all three devices. In ''gáñjá'' both vowels are long and the ''ñ'' is the
nasal the table describes as sounding like ''n'' "but very short, as if only half pronounced"; in the
Tamil forms the nasal is a different letter, printed with three dots beneath and described as softer
than the strong nasal that sounds like ''ng'' in ''ring''; in ''charas'' the ''ch'' is a single
Indian character; the Sanscrit plant name ends in the visarga, which the table says is written ''ha''
and sounds like a final ''h''.<ref name="Sheriff1869-table"/> Tamil forms are given below with the
three-dot nasal written ''n̤'', there being no modern character for it.

== Cannabis in the catalogue ==

Cannabis is entry 138, "CANNABIS SÁTIVA, ''Linn.'' (Indian Hemp plant.)", on pp. 85 to 87, between
the black dammer of ''Canarium strictum'' and ''Capparis aphylla''. The entry gives no botanical
description, no account of cultivation and no medical directions, which is consistent with its
purpose: the ''Pharmacopoeia of India'' had described the drug and Sheriff was supplying the names it
lacked. Waring's own entry offers four Hindustani words, ''gunjah'' for the flowering tops,
''churrus'' for the resin, ''bang'', ''subjee'' or ''sidhee'' for the larger leaves and ''majoon''
for a confection.<ref name="Waring1868">{{cite book |last=Waring |first=Edward John |title=Pharmacopoeia of India |location=London |publisher=W. H. Allen for the India Office |year=1868 |page=216 |url=https://archive.org/details/pharmacopoeiaofi00wariuoft |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
Sheriff's entry answers with four separate name lists in up to fourteen languages.

=== The plant and its parts ===

The entry opens with the names of the plant itself, then states its organising principle: "Almost
every part of the above plant is a useful medicine, and there is a different name for each in India."
Four lists follow, headed ''Flowering-tops'', ''Leaves'', ''Resin'' and ''Seeds''. No name is given
for the root, the stalk or the fibre. No varieties are described.<ref name="Sheriff1869-138">{{cite book |last=Sheriff |first=Moodeen |title=Supplement to the Pharmacopœia of India, or a catalogue of Indian synonymes of the medicinal plants, products, inorganic and organic substances included in that work, with explanatory and descriptive remarks, &c., in fourteen languages |location=Madras |publisher=Printed by H. Morgan, at the Government Gazette Press |year=1869 |at=entry 138, ''Cannabis sativa'', pp. 85–87 |url=https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.77544 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

The plant is ''gáñjé-ká-péṛ'' in Hindustani and ''gáñjé-ká-jháṛ'' in Dukhni; ''nabátul-qinnab'' in
Arabic and ''daraḳhte-bang'' or ''daraḳhte-kinnab'' in Persian; ''gan̤já-cheḍi'' and
''kórkkar-múli'' in Tamil; ''ganjávi-cheṭṭu'' and ''kalpam-cheṭṭu'' in Telugu; ''kancháva-cheṭi'' in
Malyalim; ''bhangi-giḍá'' in Canarese; ''gáñjár-gáchh'' in Bengali; ''bhángácha-jháḍa'' in Mahratti;
''bháng-nu-jháḍa'' and ''gánjá-nu-jháḍa'' in Guzratti; ''ganjá-gahá'' and ''kansá-gahá'' in
Cingalese. The Sanscrit name is ''vajradru'', given in the nominative as
''vajradru-vrikshaha''.<ref name="Sheriff1869-138"/>

=== The four products ===

The flowering tops are ''qinnab'' or ''qunnab'' in Arabic, ''kinnab'' in Persian and ''gáñjá'' in
both Hindustani and Dukhni, with ''ganjá'' or ''bangi'' in Telugu, ''kanchá'' in Malyalim,
''bhangi'' in Canarese, ''vajradru'' in Sanscrit and ''kansá'' or ''ganjá'' in Cingalese; the Tamil
list adds ''kalpam'' and ''kórkkar-múli'' beside the cannabis word.<ref name="Sheriff1869-138"/>

The leaves are ''ḥashísh'' in Arabic as well as ''qinnab''; ''bang'' in Persian; ''bhang'',
''siddhí'' and ''sabzí'' in Hindustani and Dukhni; ''ganjá-áku'' and ''bangi-áku'' in Telugu;
''bháng'' in Bengali and in Guzratti; ''ganjá-kola'' and ''kansá-kolá'' in Cingalese. The resin is
''charas'' in Hindustani, Dukhni and Guzratti, ''choros'' in Bengali, ''ganjá-rasam'' and
''ganjá-pálu'' in Telugu and ''kansa-kiri'' or ''ganja-látu'' in Cingalese. The seeds are
''shahdánaj'' and ''bazrul-qinnab'' in Arabic, ''tuḳhme-kinnab'' and ''tuḳhme-bang'' in Persian,
''bhang-ké-bínj'' and ''gáñjé-ké-bínj'' in Hindustani and Dukhni, ''vajradru-bíjam'' in Sanscrit and
''ganjá-aṭṭa'' or ''kansá-aṭṭa'' in Cingalese.<ref name="Sheriff1869-138"/>

=== The three notes ===

Three remarks close the entry.

On the confection, Sheriff writes that ''maạjún'' "is a general name for Confection or Electuary of
any kind, but it is familiarly used for the Confection of Indian Hemp, which is commonly sold in the
bazaar".<ref name="Sheriff1869-138"/>

On the leaf names he notes that ''sabzí'' and ''bang'' or ''bhang'' "are properly the names of the
leaves of ''C. sativa'', but they are also often used for an intoxicating drink made from
them".<ref name="Sheriff1869-138"/>

On Burmese he records a trap for the compiler: the Burmese names of the leaves of Indian hemp and of
opium "are occasionally confounded with each other on account of the close resemblance of their
pronunciation".<ref name="Sheriff1869-138"/>

== See also ==

* [[Bhang]]
* [[Cannabis sativa]]
* [[Charas]]
* [[Ganja]]
* [[Indian Hemp Drugs Commission]]
* [[Pharmacopoeia of India]]
* [[Report on the Cultivation of, and Trade in, Ganjá in Bengal (1877)]]

== References ==

<references />

<div style="display:none;">
[[Has region documented::India]]
[[Has region documented::Madras Presidency]]
[[Has region documented::Bengal]]
[[Has region documented::Sri Lanka]]
[[Has region documented::Burma]]
[[Has preparation documented::Ganja]]
[[Has preparation documented::Bhang]]
[[Has preparation documented::Charas]]
[[Has preparation documented::Siddhi]]
[[Has preparation documented::Majum]]
[[Has use documented::Medicinal]]
[[Has use documented::Intoxicant]]
[[Has source type::Pharmacopoeia supplement]]
</div>

Government of India Resolution No. 1369 Ex. (1895)

Eloise Zomia — Thu, 17 Sep 2026 21:52:32 GMT

Eloise Zomia: Reception: the Resolution in the House of Commons (2 May 1895) and in the British Medical Journal (20 and 27 April 1895), checked against its text

{{Infobox Historical Source
|title_original = Resolution No. 1369 Ex.
|image = Resolution-1369-Ex-1895-p1.jpg
|image_caption = The first page of the Resolution, headed Indian Hemp Drugs Commission and dated Calcutta, 21 March 1895.
|author = Government of India, Finance and Commerce Department
|language = English
|published = 21 March 1895
|place = Calcutta
|pages_total = 23, with a 5-page appendix
|period = 19th century sources
|regional_cat = India
|growing_regions = [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[Central Provinces (British India)|Central Provinces]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[Punjab]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], [[Sind]], [[Berar Province|Berar]], Ajmere, Coorg, Quetta-Pishin, [[Burma]]
|varieties = Ganja; bhang; charas
|preparations = Ganja smoking; bhang as a drink; sweetmeats
|uses_documented = Medicinal, recreational, religious
|digital_facsimile = https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74915572
|original_held_at = National Library of Scotland, India Papers (shelfmark IP/DA.1)
}}

'''Resolution No. 1369 Ex.''', issued by the Finance and Commerce Department of the [[British Raj|Government of India]] at [[Calcutta]] on 21 March 1895, is the government's formal answer to the report of the [[Indian Hemp Drugs Commission]]. In 69 numbered paragraphs it reviews what the commission found about the cultivation, products, consumption and effects of cannabis in British India. It accepts the commission's conclusion that moderate use was not injurious, refuses prohibition, and orders one system of licensed cultivation and higher taxation across the provinces.<ref name="GoIRes1895">{{cite report |author=Government of India |publisher=Finance and Commerce Department, Separate Revenue (Excise) |title=Resolution No. 1369 Ex. [on the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission] |date=21 March 1895 |location=Calcutta |url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74915572 |via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref> Copies were ordered to every local government and administration, and the Resolution was to be published in the ''Gazette of India''.<ref name="GoIRes1895-conclusion">{{cite report |author=Government of India |publisher=Finance and Commerce Department, Separate Revenue (Excise) |title=Resolution No. 1369 Ex. [on the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission] |date=21 March 1895 |location=Calcutta |at=IX. Conclusion, paras. 68–69 and the Order, pp. 22–23 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74915572 |via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref>

The Resolution and the commission both call the preparations of the plant ''hemp drugs''. This article uses ''cannabis'' as the general term, keeping ''hemp'' in quotation and in the names of bodies and documents. Where the Resolution names provinces, districts and officers, it does so in the spellings of 1895, which are kept in quotation and given in their current forms elsewhere.

As a revenue document of the colonial administration, the Resolution is evidence of how the Government of India reasoned about intoxicants, about its own revenue and about the limits of its authority over its subjects, as much as it is a record of cannabis. The passages on individual liberty stand beside orders to tax the same drugs as heavily as the traffic would bear, and the document should be read in that double light.<ref name="GoIRes1895-control">{{cite report |author=Government of India |publisher=Finance and Commerce Department, Separate Revenue (Excise) |title=Resolution No. 1369 Ex. [on the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission] |date=21 March 1895 |location=Calcutta |at=VIII. Control and taxation, paras. 46–67, pp. 14–22 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74915572 |via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref>

== Origins ==

The commission's report reached the Government of India in proof on 7 August 1894 and was considered by the Governor General in Council.<ref name="GoIRes1895-preamble">{{cite report |author=Government of India |publisher=Finance and Commerce Department, Separate Revenue (Excise) |title=Resolution No. 1369 Ex. [on the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission] |date=21 March 1895 |location=Calcutta |at=paras. 1–2, pp. 1–2 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74915572 |via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref> The Resolution opens by recounting the inquiry's origins: the commission had been appointed under orders of the Government of India at the request of the Secretary of State for India, who, answering a question in the House of Commons, had agreed to an inquiry into the cultivation of the plant in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], the preparation of and trade in its drugs, the effects of consumption on the social and moral condition of the people and the desirability of prohibiting cultivation and the sale of [[ganja]]. On the Secretary of State's view that the inquiry could hardly be confined to Bengal, it was extended to the whole of India.<ref name="GoIRes1895-preamble"/>

The Resolution records the commission's method and endorses it. After circulating questions, the commission made a first tour from 22 August to 6 October 1893 and a second, given chiefly to the examination of witnesses, from 25 October 1893 to 25 April 1894, and then discussed the subject and drew up the report by 6 August. The only restriction placed on the inquiry was that it should not sit in the Native States. The Governor General in Council was "of opinion that the Commission have fully acted up to the instructions they received, and that the inquiry made has been as complete, full, and exhaustive as it was intended that it should be".<ref name="GoIRes1895-preamble"/>

== The document ==

The Resolution is a printed pamphlet of 23 pages with a five-page appendix. Its heading names the subject, the number and the issuing offices: the Government of India, Finance and Commerce Department, Separate Revenue, Excise. Below the heading the word "READ" introduces the paper before the Council, the report itself. The 69 paragraphs are grouped in nine divisions, numbered I to IX and titled Cultivation, Products, Consumption, Effects, Policy of Government, Question of prohibition, Dissents, Control and taxation, Conclusion. A side-note beside the opening of most paragraphs gives its subject, in the manner of a government resolution of the period. Long passages of the commission's report are set in smaller type and quoted by paragraph number.<ref name="GoIRes1895"/>

The orders close the document. Copies of the Resolution and of the report were to go to all local governments and administrations and to the Agent to the Governor General in [[Baluchistan]], copies of the Resolution to the president and members of the commission, and the Resolution itself was to be published in the ''Gazette of India''. It is signed by Stephen Jacob, Officiating Secretary to the Government of India.<ref name="GoIRes1895-conclusion"/> No printer is named, beyond the initials "G. I. C. P. O." in the colophon on the docket leaf, which also records the print run as 300 copies and the date of printing as the day of the Resolution itself.<ref name="GoIRes1895"/>

== Cannabis of British India as recorded in the Resolution ==

The Resolution summarises the commission's evidence division by division, and carries figures and descriptions the report gives at greater length.

=== Extent of cultivation ===

The Resolution reproduces the commission's table of the area under the plant, province by province, which totals 5,769 acres. It notes that the table omits the irregular cultivation of the [[Madras Presidency]], the Garhjat states of Bengal and the plains of the [[North-Western Provinces]], along with a fibre cultivation in the Himalayas amounting to some hundreds of acres, and records the commission's opinion that the area grown for the drugs did not exceed 6,000 acres, which the Governor General in Council accepted as "sufficiently near the mark".<ref name="GoIRes1895-cultivation">{{cite report |author=Government of India |publisher=Finance and Commerce Department, Separate Revenue (Excise) |title=Resolution No. 1369 Ex. [on the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission] |date=21 March 1895 |location=Calcutta |at=I. Cultivation, paras. 3–14, pp. 2–5 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74915572 |via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref>

In Bengal, where cultivation of the plants yielding intoxicating drugs required a licence from the Collector, the crop was "confined to a compact area having a radius of about 16 miles and lying in the three districts of [[Dinajpur]], [[Rajshahi]], and [[Bogra]]", and 824 acres was the average area cultivated over the previous five years. The Resolution adds the remark of the first Assistant Supervisor of ganja cultivation that the tract then lay within a radius of about 14 miles, reduced from 20 miles since 1866, because jungle had been cleared and more land had become available near [[Naogaon]], "which is the central supply depôt". Outside the tract it reports scattered and secret rearing, most prevalent in the Bhagalpur, Patna, Dacca and Rajshahi divisions, hard to detect where the plant grew wild. Cultivation was prohibited in Kuch Behar, though the Resolution supposes secret cultivation there on the scale of the surrounding British districts, and in the Tributary States of Orissa it records garden cultivation in the Garhjat as "quite uncontrolled and extremely common".<ref name="GoIRes1895-cultivation"/>

Elsewhere the picture was of smaller and less regulated industries. In the [[Central Provinces (British India)|Central Provinces]] licensing dated from 1873–74; cultivation had been carried on chiefly in Nagpur and Nimar and since 1890–91 was restricted to the western half of the [[Khandwa]] tahsil, with a normal area of about 950 acres. In the [[Bombay Presidency]] the regular crop was in Ahmednagar and Satara and carried no tax or licence, and in [[Sind]] the normal area was 350 acres. In [[Berar Province|Berar]] cultivation "was not restricted till 1875", when a licence fee of R8 was introduced "irrespective of area", raised in 1884 to R10 per acre; the crop was "insignificant", confined to three districts, and had lately tended to increase because local production no longer met the home market. In the [[Punjab]] there was no legal prohibition and the small cultivation was for bhang, ganja not being smoked there. The North-Western Provinces grew the plant extensively in the Himalayan division, principally for fibre, with charas, bhang and seed as secondary products. Madras kept no accounts, and gave 345.25 acres as the area under regular cultivation in 1893–94.<ref name="GoIRes1895-cultivation"/>

=== Products ===

The Resolution takes the definitions of the three products from the [[Report on the Cultivation and Use of Gánjá (1893)|1893 report]] of the botanist [[David Prain]], as the commission had: ganja is "the dried flowering tops of cultivated female hemp plants which have become coated with resin in consequence of having been unable to set seeds freely"; charas "the resinous matter which forms the active principle when collected separately"; and "Siddhi, bhang, subzi or patti" the dry leaves of either sex, cultivated or not, ''bhang'' being also the name of the drink infused from them. It notes that the same words were used differently in different provinces, that this confused the answers to the commission's questions, and that the distinctions were observed carefully only in the later stages of the inquiry.<ref name="GoIRes1895-products">{{cite report |author=Government of India |publisher=Finance and Commerce Department, Separate Revenue (Excise) |title=Resolution No. 1369 Ex. [on the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission] |date=21 March 1895 |location=Calcutta |at=II. Products, paras. 15–16, p. 5 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74915572 |via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref>

On the relation between the products and the plant, the Governor General in Council held it "a well-established fact that the cultivation and preparation of the finest sort of ganja is a difficult process requiring skill and knowledge", while the drink was easily made from the dried leaf. Most witnesses stated that ganja could not be got from wild plants, and the commission found that what was ordinarily accepted as ganja could not. [[Charas]] might be made in small quantity from wild growth, but almost all of it was imported through the Punjab from Yarkand and Bokhara.<ref name="GoIRes1895-products"/>

=== Consumption ===

The Resolution sets out the commission's estimates of how many people used the drugs and how. In Bengal 1 person in 200 consumed ganja and not more than 1 in 20 of those was classed as excessive; a maund of ganja sufficed 15,000 people for a year. In the Central Provinces 1 in 160 consumed it, in Madras 1 in 500 and in Bombay 1 in 220. Ganja and charas were smoked, usually with tobacco and sometimes with other substances, among which the Resolution lists the seeds of dhatura, opium, nux vomica and several plant roots; bhang was drunk, and both were eaten in sweetmeats. On the trend of use the Governor General in Council was "not convinced that there is anything to show that the use of hemp drugs is increasing in a greater ratio than can be accounted for by the growth of the population and by improved administration and means of information".<ref name="GoIRes1895-consumption">{{cite report |author=Government of India |publisher=Finance and Commerce Department, Separate Revenue (Excise) |title=Resolution No. 1369 Ex. [on the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission] |date=21 March 1895 |location=Calcutta |at=III. Consumption, paras. 17–21, pp. 5–7 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74915572 |via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref>

On religious use the Resolution quotes at length the commission's own summary, that the use of bhang was "more or less common everywhere in connection with the social and religious customs of the people", that certain classes everywhere but the Punjab used ganja in such observances, and that interference would be felt as an encroachment on religious liberty. The Governor General in Council accepted those conclusions. The Resolution adds, in its own voice, that such use "is confined to Hindus, and in no way affects the Mohamedans, as the Mohamedan religion condemns such practices", a characterisation it attributes to paragraph 437 of the report.<ref name="GoIRes1895-consumption"/>

== What the government accepted ==

On the effects of the drugs the Resolution follows the commission closely. Bhang "may be disposed of in a word. It is a harmless and refreshing drink, used as such, especially during the hot weather, by the best classes of native society", the Resolution states, noting that even the two members who wanted ganja prohibited objected to interfering with bhang or taxing it. Ganja was held harmless in moderation by a proportion of seven witnesses to five, and of the minority who compared the two, nine to one held alcohol more injurious than the hemp drugs; on moderation generally, "This conclusion of the Commission the Governor General in Council feels bound to accept".<ref name="GoIRes1895-effects">{{cite report |author=Government of India |publisher=Finance and Commerce Department, Separate Revenue (Excise) |title=Resolution No. 1369 Ex. [on the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission] |date=21 March 1895 |location=Calcutta |at=IV. Effects, paras. 22–29, pp. 7–9 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74915572 |via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref>

On the claim that cannabis caused insanity, which had prompted the inquiry, the Resolution sets aside the government's own earlier position. Of 222 cases attributed to the drugs in the asylum statements for 1892, careful enquiry had found only 98 with any connection to them, which put the share of admissions ascribable to cannabis at 7.3 per cent, or 4.5 per cent if cases with several possible causes were set aside. The Governor General in Council found that the drugs "cause insanity in far fewer cases than has hitherto been popularly understood, and that the insanity so caused is usually of a temporary character and is of shorter duration than insanity which is due to other causes". On moral effects it recorded that 600 of 700 witnesses held moderate consumers inoffensive to their neighbours, and concluded that there were "no such marked ill-effects, physical, mental or moral, attendant on the use of hemp drugs as there were popularly believed to be before the present inquiry was made".<ref name="GoIRes1895-effects"/>

== The refusal to prohibit ==

The Resolution treats prohibition as a question of policy and of the proper limits of government, and quotes the commission's chapter on sumptuary law at length, including its citations of Froude and of Mill on non-interference. Its own conclusion is narrower: in sumptuary matters government "ought to be careful to keep touch with public opinion and ought not to interfere in matters affecting the conscience of individuals, in which the exercise of individual freedom is not harmful to the public", acts injurious to nobody but their doers should not be made penal, and prohibitions that cannot be enforced are inexpedient.<ref name="GoIRes1895-policy">{{cite report |author=Government of India |publisher=Finance and Commerce Department, Separate Revenue (Excise) |title=Resolution No. 1369 Ex. [on the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission] |date=21 March 1895 |location=Calcutta |at=V. Policy of Government, paras. 30–32, pp. 9–10 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74915572 |via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref>

Against its own earlier position the Resolution quotes the Government of India's resolution No. 3773 of 17 December 1873, which had said of hemp that "There can be no doubt that its habitual use does tend to produce insanity", and records that the present inquiry "cast grave doubts upon this conclusion". It accepts that the drugs do cause insanity, and that at 7.3 per cent of known cases against 4.4 per cent for alcohol "hemp is a more potent cause of insanity than alcohol in India", but sets against this that asylum admissions for the cause numbered about one for every 2¼ million people, and declines to prohibit on that ground. On bhang it quotes the commission's finding that suppression "would be totally unjustifiable" and declares itself "entirely in agreement".<ref name="GoIRes1895-prohibition">{{cite report |author=Government of India |publisher=Finance and Commerce Department, Separate Revenue (Excise) |title=Resolution No. 1369 Ex. [on the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission] |date=21 March 1895 |location=Calcutta |at=VI. Question of prohibition, paras. 33–37, pp. 11–12 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74915572 |via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref>

For ganja and charas the Resolution weighs practicability and evidence together. Charas was an import and could be stopped, but stopping it "would paralyse the trade with Yarkand", which paid for its purchases of Indian goods in charas. Ganja was grown in Bengal, the Central Provinces, Madras, Bombay and Berar. Cultivation could be controlled, but preventing it altogether would need the Native States to act, a large preventive force and interference with individuals, with "a great risk of oppression on the part of preventive officers". Of 575 witnesses with a decided opinion, 99 favoured prohibition. The government then stated its own position:<ref name="GoIRes1895-prohibition"/>
{{Quote|The prohibition of ganja is an interference with liberty which the Government of India is not justified in undertaking, except upon evidence which clearly establishes the fact that the harm permitted by non-prohibition is great and manifest. Not only is this not the case, but the evidence has rendered it abundantly manifest that those who have hitherto recommended the prohibition of ganja have done so under an erroneous, or at least a greatly exaggerated, impression as to its real effects. To a million people in India, ganja affords a harmless pleasure, and in some cases even a beneficial stimulant.<ref name="GoIRes1895-prohibition"/>}}

It adds that suppressing ganja, "which is the form in which the poor man uses the drug", while permitting bhang, "the milder form in which the better situated classes enjoy it", would be unequal, and that no argument for prohibiting ganja would not apply equally to enforcing total abstinence from intoxicants throughout India, "a proposal which is not within the range of practical politics".<ref name="GoIRes1895-prohibition"/>

== The dissents and the appendix ==

Two of the commission's three non-official Indian members had signed the report subject to notes of dissent, and the Resolution answers both. Raja Soshi Sikareshwar Ray held the drugs more harmful than his colleagues allowed and favoured gradual prohibition; the Governor General in Council replied that even accepting his estimate of the evidence, prohibition would not become a duty of government, since "There are many matters in which adults must be allowed to judge for themselves and to use their own discretion". Lala Nihal Chand had made a numerical analysis of the evidence and argued that his colleagues' conclusions of fact should not be accepted. The Resolution notes that ill health had kept him from all but 5 of the 86 days on which cross-examinations were recorded, and that his dissent was drawn up after the commission dispersed and was not discussed with his colleagues.<ref name="GoIRes1895-dissents">{{cite report |author=Government of India |publisher=Finance and Commerce Department, Separate Revenue (Excise) |title=Resolution No. 1369 Ex. [on the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission] |date=21 March 1895 |location=Calcutta |at=VII. Dissents, paras. 38–45, pp. 12–14 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74915572 |via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref>

The five-page appendix is the government's examination of the witnesses Nihal Chand had cited, arranged under his own five statements: social and religious customs, the deleterious effects of moderate use, the opinions of medical witnesses, the opinions of witnesses on crime and the political danger of prohibition. It quotes from the evidence of the witnesses listed in each statement and concludes in each case that they cannot be quoted in support of the proposition the dissent drew from them; of the 130 witnesses in the statement on political danger, it counts 89 who said prohibition would cause discontent and 97 opposed to it.<ref name="GoIRes1895-appendix">{{cite report |author=Government of India |publisher=Finance and Commerce Department, Separate Revenue (Excise) |title=Resolution No. 1369 Ex. [on the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission] |date=21 March 1895 |location=Calcutta |at=appendix, pp. 1–5 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74915572 |via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref> The Resolution's own account of why the evidence of the Native States and of the native army was not printed is that the first could not be published for political reasons and the second contained confidential particulars.<ref name="GoIRes1895-dissents"/>

== The orders ==

The Resolution's substantive orders are on cultivation, control and taxation. On cultivation the Governor General in Council was "of opinion that there should be one system throughout all the provinces of India in which the cultivation of the hemp plant is permitted, and this policy should be that of forbidding all cultivation, except under license". Cultivation was also to be "concentrated into selected areas in each province, which should be no larger than is absolutely necessary", and the same system was to be introduced in the Native States so far as might be.<ref name="GoIRes1895-cultivation"/>

On revenue the Resolution adheres to the policy it had summarised from the report, of restraining use by taxation: "The best way to restrict the consumption of drugs is to tax them", and the wisest course was to control consumption by making the drugs "as expensive as possible without driving people to resort to more noxious intoxicants than hemp".<ref name="GoIRes1895-control"/> The commission's fourteen suggestions are quoted in full and approved generally, and the Bengal system of ganja administration is named as "the one which should be generally followed as being on the whole the best". The Resolution then describes the Bengal system in the report's words, including the tract of about 64 square miles in the Rajshahi Division placed under the Collector of Rajshahi, the free licence every cultivator took out, the average of 2,220 bighas or 740 acres under the crop, the raiyat's own store in place of the public warehouse the rules intended, and the sale of the right of retail vend by auction. Its weak points, the Resolution records, were the storage arrangements and the smuggling of Garhjat produce into Orissa, to which the Governor General in Council added the defective control of bhang; against them it sets the result that complete control of supply had let the Bengal government raise taxation far above what was possible elsewhere.<ref name="GoIRes1895-control"/>

Province by province the Resolution then gives directions: the Central Provinces duty of R2 a sér was too low and its fixed wholesale price was to go; the North-Western Provinces proposals to prohibit cultivation and manufacture and to establish bonded warehouses were accepted; Madras and Bombay were to restrict the area, licence cultivation, supervise manufacture and storage and impose a fixed duty, and Madras was to control import and export; and "In Berar, Ajmere, Coorg, and Quetta-Peshin the system should be assimilated to that in force in other provinces". In the Punjab a duty the commission put at R80 a maund was to be levied on charas issued from bonded warehouses. General orders followed: bhang was to be controlled and taxed where possible, retail licences were not to go to wholesale vendors, shops were to be sold separately and only where there was a real demand, municipal committees were to be consulted before a shop opened in a town, licences were not to be granted to women, sale to children and to insane persons was to be prohibited, and lawful possession was fixed at 5 tolas of ganja or charas and 20 tolas, a quarter of a sér, of bhang, a limit that required legislation in Bengal. Taxing the drugs by their strength was considered and rejected as impracticable. Reviewing the table of retail prices, the Resolution found that "Except in Bengal and Assam the incidence of taxation is very much too low in all provinces", and directed that the Bengal standard be worked up to.<ref name="GoIRes1895-control"/>

The Resolution did not follow the commission in everything. It doubted whether the commission was right to advocate extirpating the spontaneous growth of the plant, thinking it hardly worth while given "the generally innocuous character of bhang" except where it interfered with the control of ganja, and asked the Bengal government to re-examine the question. It left to local governments the questions of separate licences for the different drugs and of consumption on or off the premises of shops. It declined the commission's proposal to split the charas duty between the province of issue and the province of consumption, holding that this would complicate the levy, and ordered the whole duty taken when the drug left the warehouse. On Burma, where the commission would have kept prohibition for Burmans while licensing sale to natives of India, the Resolution agreed that the existing demand were better met licitly than illicitly but referred the question to the Chief Commissioner before deciding.<ref name="GoIRes1895-control"/>

In its closing paragraphs the Governor General in Council thanked the president and members for an inquiry whose thoroughness "leaves nothing to be desired", observed that the report "has shown how little foundation there is for many of the popular beliefs and impressions which have prevailed in regard to the preparations made from the hemp plant", and recorded that its inability to agree with the two dissenting members did not lessen its appreciation of their work.<ref name="GoIRes1895-conclusion"/>

== Reception ==

Henry Fowler, the Secretary of State for India, told the House of Commons on 2 May 1895 that the "Orders of the Government of India on the Report" had been published on 23 March and had not reached him until 5 April. An advance copy of the report alone had reached him on 14 November 1894. He had not thought it desirable to make its contents known until he could communicate the orders with it. So far as he was aware the report could not be obtained in Britain; he offered to lay it before the House with the orders if they were moved for. He was answering [[William Sproston Caine|W. S. Caine]], the member for Bradford East, who described himself as the member "on whose initiative the Commission was appointed" and said that he had applied to the India Office for a copy on 22 September 1894 and received one only the previous Saturday.<ref name="Hansard-Caine-1895-05-02">{{cite hansard |title=The Hemp Drugs Commission |house=House of Commons |date=2 May 1895 |volume=33 |column=270–271 |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1895/may/02/the-hemp-drugs-commission}}</ref>

The ''British Medical Journal'' noticed the Resolution on 20 April 1895. Its note gave the government's policy almost in the Resolution's own words, as controlling consumption, "and especially their harmful use", by making the drugs "as expensive as possible without driving people to resort to more noxious intoxicants than hemp". It reported that the government had "expressed its entire concurrence" with the commission's policy of restriction and control.<ref name="BMJ1895-04-20">{{cite journal |title=The Hemp Drugs Commission |journal=British Medical Journal |date=20 April 1895 |volume=1 |issue=1790 |page=886 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_january-june-1895_1/page/n897/mode/1up |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The Resolution's own words are that the Governor General in Council "approves generally of the suggestions of the Commission"; it departs from them on several points.<ref name="GoIRes1895-control"/>

A leading article in the journal a week later, "The Indian Hemp Drugs Commission", opened with the report of the Royal Commission on Opium, which it said had "effectually dispelled the cloud of delusion and prejudice" with which "well-meaning but strangely-misinformed philanthropists" had invested the opium question. It held that the Hemp Drugs Commission had shown the harms credited to the drugs to be "grossly exaggerated" and quoted the Resolution's sentence on the "million people in India" to whom ganja afforded "a harmless pleasure". It set out the government's decision as a refusal to prohibit together with restrictions on sale.<ref name="BMJ1895-04-27">{{cite journal |title=The Indian Hemp Drugs Commission |journal=British Medical Journal |date=27 April 1895 |volume=1 |issue=1791 |page=938 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_january-june-1895_1/page/n949/mode/1up |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bengal Presidency cannabis trade]]
* [[Cannabis in West Bengal]]
* [[Cannabis trade in West Bengal]]
* [[Ganja Mahal]]
* [[Indian Hemp Drugs Commission]]
* [[Report on the Cultivation and Use of Gánjá (1893)]]
* [[Report on the Cultivation of, and Trade in, Ganjá in Bengal (1877)]]

== References ==

<references />

<div style="display:none;">
[[Has region documented::Bengal]]
[[Has region documented::Assam]]
[[Has region documented::North-Western Provinces]]
[[Has region documented::Punjab]]
[[Has region documented::Central Provinces]]
[[Has region documented::Madras]]
[[Has region documented::Bombay Presidency]]
[[Has region documented::Sind]]
[[Has region documented::Berar Province]]
[[Has region documented::Burma]]
[[Has region documented::Rajputana]]
[[Has region documented::Central India]]
[[Has variety described::Ganja]]
[[Has variety described::Bhang]]
[[Has variety described::Charas]]
[[Has preparation documented::Ganja smoking]]
[[Has preparation documented::Bhang infusion]]
[[Has preparation documented::Charas]]
[[Has use documented::Medicinal]]
[[Has use documented::Recreational]]
[[Has use documented::Religious]]
[[Has source type::Government resolution]]
</div>

RSC-MMR-SHA-0120230001

Eloise Zomia — Thu, 17 Sep 2026 21:49:29 GMT

Eloise Zomia: Accession split from its listing: a collection and the material grown from it are separate accessions (Éloïse's ruling, 17 September 2026); sourced statements only, reasoning on Talk

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Burmese General Population 2023
|accession_id = RSC-MMR-SHA-0120230001
|image =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|show_map = yes


|classification = Landrace
|accession_type = General population
|selection_type =
|sexual_characteristics =
|pollination_type =
|chemotype =
|primary_purpose = Recreation


|minimum_flowering_time =
|maximum_flowering_time =
|minimum_height = 2
|maximum_height = 4
|photoperiod_response = Short-day


|growth_pattern = Christmas tree
|branching =
|leaf_shape =
|leaflet_count =
|leaf_color =
|stem_color =
|stigma_color =
|serration =
|flower_structure =


|processing_method = Ganja
|processing_notes =
|aroma =
|effects =
|terpene_profile =


|gene_pool =
|regional_complex =
|growing_region =
|growing_area =
|appellation =
|field =


|country = Myanmar
|province = Shan State
|admin_2 =
|admin_2_label =
|admin_3 =
|admin_3_label =
|admin_4 =
|admin_4_label =
|locality =
|coordinates = 21.00, 97.00
|elevation =
|aspect =


|local_name =
|pronunciation =
|vernacular_translation =
|synonyms =


|collection_method = Seeds
|sourcing_type = Point of Origin
|autochtonous = Yes
|collection_date = 2023
|sample_harvest_date =
|collector =
|farmer_name =
|expedition_id =


|conservation_priority =
|cultivation_status =
|cultivation_system_type =
|cultivation_scale =
|legal_enforcement_threats =
|eradication_date =
|population_estimate =
|male_female_ratio =
|population_hermaphroditism =
|culling =
|perceived_introgression_level = Minimal


|seed_sourcing =
|planting_method =
|cycle_1_earliest_planting =
|cycle_1_latest_planting =
|cycle_1_harvest_start = December
|cycle_1_harvest_end = March
|cycle_2_earliest_planting =
|cycle_2_latest_planting =
|cycle_2_harvest_start =
|cycle_2_harvest_end =
|observed_soil_type =
|soil_ph =


|seed_storage_location = The Real Seed Company
|seed_quantity =
|seed_weight =
|seed_viability =


|parent_accession =
|mother_plant_id =
|father_plant_id =
|related_accession =
|same_population_accessions = RSC-MMR-SHA-0120210001, RSC-MMR-SHA-0120250001
}}

'''Burmese General Population 2023''' is a [[Landrace Cannabis|landrace cannabis]] [[All accessions|accession]] collected in 2023 in [[Shan State]], [[Myanmar|Burma]]. It was the stock [[The Real Seed Company]] (RSC) sold under the listing ''Burmese'' until a later collection replaced it.<ref name="rsc-2023">{{cite web |title=Burmese |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/burmese-landrace-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525204449/https://therealseedcompany.com/product/burmese-landrace-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-date=25 May 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=17 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection Details ==

The listing gave the sourcing as The Real Seed Company, Shan State, Southeast Asia, 2023, and a latitude of about 21° N.<ref name="rsc-2023" /> It described the seed as collected direct from Shan State, an ethnically Tai region of Burma, by an aficionado and cultivator from Laos who was impressed by the ganja and brought back seed to cultivate at home.<ref name="rsc-2023" /> The listing names no village, farmer or collector.

RSC called it "new winter 2023 stock" and quoted at length a grower who ran a large number of plants indoors, describing a big, vigorous Sativa with large, fluffy buds, mango-carrot and spicy aromas when growing, peppery, herbal and incense notes when dried, and a strongly stimulating high.<ref name="rsc-2023" />

== Botanical Characteristics ==

While this stock was on sale the listing gave a height of 2 to 4 metres and the characteristics "rich aromas, soaring high, Sativa-type architecture".<ref name="rsc-2023" />

== Cultivation Details ==

RSC gave the purpose as ganja, which it glosses as seedless or lightly seeded buds, and the regional harvest as December to March.<ref name="rsc-2023" />

== Smoke Reports ==

{{Accession smoke reports}}

== See Also ==
* [[RSC-MMR-SHA-0120250001|Burmese General Population 2025]]
* [[Landrace Cannabis]]
* [[The Real Seed Company]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

RSC-MMR-SHA-0120210001

Eloise Zomia — Thu, 17 Sep 2026 21:49:16 GMT

Eloise Zomia: Accession split from its listing: a collection and the material grown from it are separate accessions (Éloïse's ruling, 17 September 2026); sourced statements only, reasoning on Talk

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Burmese General Population 2021
|accession_id = RSC-MMR-SHA-0120210001
|image =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|show_map = yes


|classification = Landrace
|accession_type = General population
|selection_type =
|sexual_characteristics =
|pollination_type =
|chemotype =
|primary_purpose = Recreation


|minimum_flowering_time =
|maximum_flowering_time =
|minimum_height = 2
|maximum_height = 4
|photoperiod_response = Short-day


|growth_pattern = Christmas tree
|branching =
|leaf_shape =
|leaflet_count =
|leaf_color =
|stem_color =
|stigma_color =
|serration =
|flower_structure =


|processing_method = Ganja
|processing_notes =
|aroma =
|effects =
|terpene_profile =


|gene_pool =
|regional_complex =
|growing_region =
|growing_area =
|appellation =
|field =


|country = Myanmar
|province = Shan State
|admin_2 =
|admin_2_label =
|admin_3 =
|admin_3_label =
|admin_4 =
|admin_4_label =
|locality =
|coordinates = 21.00, 97.00
|elevation =
|aspect =


|local_name =
|pronunciation =
|vernacular_translation =
|synonyms =


|collection_method = Seeds
|sourcing_type = Point of Origin
|autochtonous = Yes
|collection_date = 2021
|sample_harvest_date =
|collector =
|farmer_name =
|expedition_id =


|conservation_priority =
|cultivation_status =
|cultivation_system_type =
|cultivation_scale =
|legal_enforcement_threats =
|eradication_date =
|population_estimate =
|male_female_ratio =
|population_hermaphroditism =
|culling =
|perceived_introgression_level = Minimal


|seed_sourcing =
|planting_method =
|cycle_1_earliest_planting =
|cycle_1_latest_planting =
|cycle_1_harvest_start = December
|cycle_1_harvest_end = March
|cycle_2_earliest_planting =
|cycle_2_latest_planting =
|cycle_2_harvest_start =
|cycle_2_harvest_end =
|observed_soil_type =
|soil_ph =


|seed_storage_location = The Real Seed Company
|seed_quantity =
|seed_weight =
|seed_viability =


|parent_accession =
|mother_plant_id =
|father_plant_id =
|related_accession =
|same_population_accessions = RSC-MMR-SHA-0120230001, RSC-MMR-SHA-0120250001
}}

'''Burmese General Population 2021''' is a [[Landrace Cannabis|landrace cannabis]] [[All accessions|accession]] collected in 2021 in [[Shan State]], [[Myanmar|Burma]]. It was the stock [[The Real Seed Company]] (RSC) sold under the listing ''Burmese'' until a later collection replaced it.<ref name="rsc-2021">{{cite web |title=Burmese |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/burmese-landrace-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126235324/https://therealseedcompany.com/product/burmese-landrace-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-date=26 November 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=17 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection Details ==

The listing gave the sourcing as The Real Seed Company, Shan State, Southeast Asia, 2021, and a latitude of about 21° N.<ref name="rsc-2021" /> It described the seed as collected direct from Shan State, an ethnically Tai region of Burma, by an aficionado and cultivator from Laos who was impressed by the ganja and brought back seed to cultivate at home.<ref name="rsc-2021" /> The listing names no village, farmer or collector.

Of this stock RSC wrote that whether the accession from Burma is pristine it could not yet claim with confidence, though it called that a safe assumption for the time being.<ref name="rsc-2021" /> The version offering it also carried the classification ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' subsp. ''indica'' var. ''indica''.<ref name="rsc-2021" />

== Botanical Characteristics ==

While this stock was on sale the listing gave a height of 2 to 4 metres and the characteristics "rich aromas, soaring high, Sativa-type architecture".<ref name="rsc-2021" />

== Cultivation Details ==

RSC gave the purpose as ganja, which it glosses as seedless or lightly seeded buds, and the regional harvest as December to March.<ref name="rsc-2021" />

== Smoke Reports ==

{{Accession smoke reports}}

== See Also ==
* [[RSC-MMR-SHA-0120250001|Burmese General Population 2025]]
* [[Landrace Cannabis]]
* [[The Real Seed Company]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

RSC-PAK-KHY-0120190001

Eloise Zomia — Thu, 17 Sep 2026 21:48:57 GMT

Eloise Zomia: Accession split from its listing: a collection and the material grown from it are separate accessions (Éloïse's ruling, 17 September 2026); sourced statements only, reasoning on Talk

{{Accession
|descriptive_name = Chitrali General Population 2019
|accession_id = RSC-PAK-KHY-0120190001
|image =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|show_map = yes


|classification = Landrace
|accession_type = General population
|selection_type =
|sexual_characteristics =
|pollination_type =
|chemotype =
|primary_purpose = Recreation


|minimum_flowering_time =
|maximum_flowering_time =
|minimum_height = 1
|maximum_height = 4
|photoperiod_response = Short-day


|growth_pattern =
|branching =
|leaf_shape = Intermediate
|leaflet_count =
|leaf_color =
|stem_color =
|stigma_color = Pink hairs
|serration =
|flower_structure =


|processing_method = Dry-sift
|processing_notes =
|aroma = Hash, tangy candy, mandarin, gasoline
|effects =
|terpene_profile =


|gene_pool =
|regional_complex =
|growing_region = Chitral
|growing_area =
|appellation =
|field =


|country = Pakistan
|province = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
|admin_2 = Upper Chitral District
|admin_2_label = District
|admin_3 =
|admin_3_label =
|admin_4 =
|admin_4_label =
|locality =
|coordinates = 36.30, 72.50
|elevation =
|aspect =


|local_name =
|pronunciation =
|vernacular_translation =
|synonyms =


|collection_method = Seeds
|sourcing_type = Point of Origin
|autochtonous = Yes
|collection_date = 2019
|sample_harvest_date =
|collector = Angus
|farmer_name =
|expedition_id =


|conservation_priority =
|cultivation_status =
|cultivation_system_type =
|cultivation_scale =
|legal_enforcement_threats =
|eradication_date =
|population_estimate =
|male_female_ratio =
|population_hermaphroditism =
|culling =
|perceived_introgression_level = Minimal


|seed_sourcing =
|planting_method =
|cycle_1_earliest_planting =
|cycle_1_latest_planting =
|cycle_1_harvest_start = Late September
|cycle_1_harvest_end = Early November
|cycle_2_earliest_planting =
|cycle_2_latest_planting =
|cycle_2_harvest_start =
|cycle_2_harvest_end =
|observed_soil_type =
|soil_ph =


|seed_storage_location = The Real Seed Company
|seed_quantity =
|seed_weight =
|seed_viability = Marginal


|parent_accession =
|mother_plant_id =
|father_plant_id =
|related_accession =
|same_population_accessions = RSC-PAK-KHY-0120150001, RSC-PAK-KHY-0120180001, RSC-PAK-KHY-0120210001
}}

'''Chitrali General Population 2019''' is a [[Landrace Cannabis|landrace cannabis]] [[All accessions|accession]] collected in 2019 in the Chitral region of the [[Hindu Kush]], [[Pakistan]]. It was the stock [[The Real Seed Company]] (RSC) sold under the listing ''Chitrali'' until a later collection replaced it.<ref name="rsc-2019">{{cite web |title=Chitrali |website=The Real Seed Company |url=https://therealseedcompany.com/product/chitrali-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805213430/https://therealseedcompany.com/product/chitrali-landrace-strain-cannabis-seeds/ |archive-date=5 August 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=17 September 2026}}</ref>

== Collection Details ==

The listing gave the sourcing as Landrace Genetics, Yarkhun Valley, Chitral, Hindu Kush, 2019 Harvest.<ref name="rsc-2019" /> That line stands in the archived version of 5 August 2020.<ref name="rsc-2019" /> The listing names no village or farmer.

The listing sold this stock at a 50 per cent discount with a note that it was testing at around 60 to 70 per cent viability, below RSC's usual policy of not listing seed that tests below 80 per cent, and that seedlings were healthy and vigorous.<ref name="rsc-2019" /> Versions offering it also carried the classification ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' subsp. ''indica'' var. ''afghanica'' × ''C. sativa'' subsp. ''indica'' var. ''indica''.<ref name="rsc-2019" />

== Botanical Characteristics ==

While this stock was on sale the listing described a landrace of wide phenotypic range, from small, compact, broad-leafleted Indica types to tall, narrow- or broad-leafleted Sativa types, with plants varying outdoors from 1 metre to over 3 metres, dense and resinous buds, and pink stigmas as a common trait.<ref name="rsc-2019" /> It gave aromas ranging from intense mandarin and sour "kushy" scents to gasoline, and reported that a high proportion of plants show [[Cannabidiol|CBD]].<ref name="rsc-2019" />

== Cultivation Details ==

RSC gave the purpose as charas (sieved resin), a latitude of about 35° N and a harvest from late September to early November.<ref name="rsc-2019" />

== Smoke Reports ==

{{Accession smoke reports}}

== See Also ==
* [[RSC-PAK-KHY-0120210001|Chitrali General Population 2021]]
* [[Landrace Cannabis]]
* [[The Real Seed Company]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}